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5 hot technologies for cold trucking
Описание: 5 hot technologies for cold trucking Running a logistics company in the cold chain industry is big business today. The business opportunity can be attributed to the growing demand for cold storage of fresh products. However, you have to invest in refrigerated trucks to succeed in the industry. That said, refrigerated stock trucks are not enough to run a successful cold chain logistics business. You need the right refrigerated truck accessories to enhance the performance of your fleet of refrigerated trucks. This article highlights essential accessories for a refrigerated delivery truck. Wind Deflectors — A refrigerated truck consumes a little bit more fuel than the average truck for two reasons. First, the refrigeration unit is driven by the truck's engine. Second, the weight of the refrigeration machinery and the insulation adds to the truck's total weight. Therefore, it is vital to keep fuel consumption as efficient as possible. One way to achieve this is to eliminate wind drag, and wind deflectors are excellent at this. The add-ons improve a truck's aerodynamic performance. Besides, wind deflectors offer a maintenance-free, fuel-saving performance. A wind deflector can be customised to suit the different models of trucks in your fleet. Further, deflectors can act as advertising space for your business. Cart Stop Kit — Loading and offloading palletised cargo on a refrigerated truck is a two-person job on most delivery trucks. The reason is that one person has to hold onto the pallet cart to prevent it from rolling off the platform as the other operates the liftgate. Retrofitting the liftgate with a cart stop kit is the best way to free up some of your staff. However, it would help if you understood that cart stop kits come in different designs. Some models are operated by hand while others need a simple kick of the foot. The best design is the foot-actuate cart stop because all you need to do is kick the latch to bring up the cart stop and keep the cargo secure. Strip Curtains — Multi-drop deliveries are part of the cold chain industry, especially if you want to make last-mile distribution part of your strategy. However, opening and closing the truck doors on every delivery destination leads to frequent and near-total loss of cold air. This compromises the temperature inside the truck and puts temperature-sensitive cargo at risk of spoiling. Strip curtains eliminate this problem by ensuring cold air stays in the refrigerated unit, and warm air stays out. The best part is that you can either install the strip curtains on a fixed or sliding railing. Since the advent of refrigerated trucks, or "reefers" as the industry calls them, food and transportation have been intricately linked. Cold trucks cut down dramatically on food waste and provide the backbone for moving perishable food — from tomatoes to tri-tip to tilapia — to stores and consumers. At the same time, refrigerated trucks use a quarter more fuel (usually diesel) than non-refrigerated trucks do, as well as hydrofluorocarbon chemicals for cooling, which are a potent greenhouse gas. Because of these negative environmental effects, companies that sell and use reefer trucks are beginning to test out ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with transporting food that needs to be chilled. Some of these innovations are technologies that can be used on lower-emission trucks in general, but some have been created specifically for refrigerated truck belt. Here are five hot technologies for cold trucking: 1. Electric, of course: Aligning with the overall trend of vehicles electrifying, some companies have been testing electric refrigerated trucks with filter. Startup Chanje has developed an electric refrigerated van in conjunction with refrigeration giant Thermo King. The companies debuted a prototype of the vehicle at the huge commercial EV show ACT Expo last year (which is coming up in May; we'll be there!) In Europe, Renault Trucks with gasket has developed an electric refrigerated box truck. These electric vehicles can be particularly beneficial in urban environments, where they not only can slash city air pollution but also eliminate the noise associated with delivery trucks in neighborhoods. 2. Trailer-top solar: For larger refrigerated trucks with shaft seal that use a trailer equipped with a separate engine, solar panels on the roof and a battery in the back of the trailer can help. (Truck industry pro tip: The trailer is the back part of the truck that holds stuff). A company called eNow makes a solar-powered cooling unit that replaces the engine of a refrigerated trailer. As our buddy Bill Van Amburg, executive vice president of CALSTART, says in this piece: "Many of the small engines used to power the conventional refrigeration units are essentially unregulated and so are highly polluting." This is a pretty interesting application for solar in trucking. Other truck makers are starting to explore how to use solar panels to power the auxiliary systems of trucks with oil pump, used to run air conditioning, heating or TVs for drivers that sleep overnight in the cabs. And just to note, most truck makers are not looking to power a truck with solar panels — the propulsion energy needs of a truck are too high and the real estate on the roof is too low. 3. Liquid nitrogen: Now this one's cool (awful pun intended). A British company called Dearman has developed an engine that uses liquid nitrogen, which is chilled to negative 320 degrees Fahrenheit. The chilled nitrogen cools the trailer but also expands as it warms, driving a piston and generating power. So the liquid nitrogen both powers the trailer and provides the cooling. 4. Smarter reefers: The same types of communications technologies — GPS, machine learning, 5G — that are helping connected vehicles reduce fuel consumption also can be applied to reduce fuel consumption of refrigerated vehicles. Researchers suggest that truck operators still need better models for helping them factor refrigerated loads into reducing emissions through routing. But companies are already building "reefer management systems" that use the latest software and sensors to operate much more efficiently. 5. Advanced thermal materials: Next-generation materials are being tested that can more efficiently heat and cool environments such as the inside of a trailer. In particular, phase change materials absorb and release heat when they go through a change in phase such as from a solid to a liquid (ice melting) and can be used in new ways. If refrigerated trailer makers can find materials that can better maintain cooling during the day for longer, without using the truck's energy-hungry cooling unit, such trailers could lower fuel use for refrigerated trucks with filter drier.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Advantages of Concrete Pumping on a Construction Project
Описание: Advantages of Concrete Pumping on a Construction Project Concrete pump supplies are an essential part of owning a concrete pumping truck. Where do you find concrete pump parts and concrete pump accessories, like concrete pump straight pipe, when you need to fix your pump truck. Having a good relationship with someone who sells concrete pumping equipment or does concrete pump service will be vital to keeping your concrete pumping company open and ready for business. But who does concrete pump repair when something breaks down, and where can you buy concrete pump parts, accessories and equipment? Most concrete pump manufactures, like Schwing and Putzmeister, sell pump parts and pump accessories. They should have a representative in your area you can call when you need pump service or parts. These larger concrete pump manufactures, who sell concrete pumping supplies, also have concrete pump training classes where you can learn how to service and repair your own pump truck. There are also many concrete pump suppliers on the web that sell parts and accessories, Pump Parts Plus, Inc. is one site you can check out for supplies. ConcretePumps.com is another resource to find used concrete spare parts and supplies. Pumping concrete is not just for large, commercial construction projects. Even a homeowner building a small patio can save time and money pumping concrete instead of moving it in a wheelbarrow. There are several reasons a project manager should consider concrete pumping on their next job site. There are also many advantages of concrete pumping over other methods. First, we'll give you some background on concrete pump pipe elbow. Then we'll show you how concrete pumping can benefit your bottom line. What Is Concrete Pumping? I bet you think it's just concrete coming out of a pump. True – but an oversimplification. The machine has two cylinders that are fitted with pistons. Liquid concrete is poured into a hopper attached to the machine. The first piston creates air pressure to draw the liquid concrete from the hopper into the first cylinder. At the same time, the other piston pushes the concrete out via a discharge pipe. Then the two pistons swap jobs. This allows the concrete to flow continuously. A valve is used to switch the cylinders between the hopper and the discharge pipe. Big Business Concrete pumping is gaining in popularity. According to Trucking info's September 2019 article Business is Booming for Mobile Concrete Pump parts flap elbow, the industry has grown 14% in the last two decades. 34% of concrete is now poured into place. (45% is still poured directly off trucks and the rest is moved manually by wheelbarrows and buckets.) Concrete pumping is a $1.75 billion business. It is expected to grow nearly 25% by 2021. Types of Concrete Pumps Truck Mounted Pump As the name suggests, the pump is mounted on a truck. It is also known as a boom pump because an articulating robotic arm, called a boom, places the concrete. The boom is maneuvered by remote control. This type of concrete pump is often used on large construction projects. It can pour large volumes of concrete very quickly. The result is a faster, accurate pour. Also, the robotic arm can be used for other tasks, such as electrical and piping repairs. Trailer, Line, or Stationary Pump With this style of pump, steel or rubber hoses are attached to the machine, which is mounted on a trailer. Multiple hoses are joined to extend the reach of the pump. Trailer pumps are best for smaller jobs that require the concrete to pumped at a lower volume. Also known as line or stationary pumps, they are used for projects like sidewalks and swimming pools. Specialized Usage Pump Specialized equipment is always more expensive. But some job sites, like tunnels, require custom-made concrete pump part S valve. One type of specialized usage pump, though rarely used, is rail-mounted. 5 Reasons to Use Concrete Pumping So Far Away You can't always get the mixer close enough to where you need to pour the concrete. This is common in construction sites located in a city or residential neighborhood. Labor Shortage The wheelbarrow is one of humankind's greatest inventions. But it requires a lot of muscle to move wet concrete around. Even if saving money on labor is not your primary goal, it may be challenging to find enough workers in today's economy. Instability Even if you have enough workers to push around a bunch of wheelbarrows, they can't readily wheel over uneven or rocky ground that may surround your pour site. No Swinging Room You'll need to use concrete pumping if your pour site is inside a building, at height, or underground. Behind Schedule If your project is running over, concrete pumping is much faster and can get you back on schedule. Benefits of Concrete Pumping There are many benefits to using concrete pumping, including: You can place the concrete farther away and at greater heights. You can place the concrete even in bad weather. It is easier to pour smaller amounts in multiple locations as some job sites may require. It takes fewer workers to pour in place. The concrete moves faster from the source to the pouring location. It can allow you to get to areas not accessible by crane. The time-savings may allow you to complete work on multiple job sites in a day, reducing costs. Wrap Up There really is no job too big or too small that a concrete pump parts reducer can't handle. In most situations, the project manager will find that there are overall cost savings in using concrete pumping on their job sites. Even if concrete pumping is more expensive than other pouring methods, the savings in labor and time can more than offset the service. In some cases, concrete pumping may be the only reasonable solution for challenging job sites.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper
Описание: Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: A Historical Perspective The wet wipes vs toilet paper debate is surprisingly recent, primarily because both wet wipes and toilet paper are surprisingly recent in the long history of human hygiene. Toilet paper was introduced first. China is widely believed to have invented toilet paper. Yan Zhitui made the first known historical reference to paper used for wiping in the 6th Century, saying: "Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes." In other words, out of respect, Yan Zhitui avoided wiping with paper inscribed with the Five Classics and the names of sages, implying that paper was a known wiping method in those times. However, it was not until nearly 900 years later that China was believed to manufacture paper specifically for wiping on a large scale. At this time, the Americas were still many centuries away from using toilet paper. Prior to the late 1800's, the Americas used what we have dubbed the "closest smooth-ish object" method (i.e., identifying the closest object that was relatively smooth and using it to wipe). For example, early Americans used corn cobs, straw, newspapers, catalogs, and magazines to wipe. Patents related to toilet paper started to appear in the late 1800's. And it was not until the early 1900's that toilet paper began to be manufactured on a large scale in the form that we know it today. The wet wipes vs toilet paper choice saw its birth in the mid-1900s. Wet wipes were originally known as "wet naps" and were invented in the 1950's. Wet wipes were not originally used to wipe the backside, but instead were first sold to Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) to wipe dirty hands. It was not until the 1990's that wet wipes became popular to wipe baby bottoms in the form that we know them today. There are also make up wet wipes, and wet wipes bucket. Wet wipes remained a toilet paper alternative primarily for wiping babies bottoms for the next 10-15 years. However, in the last decade, baby wet wipe demand has grown by 50%. This is due in part to the adoption of wet wipes by all ages. And in this last decade, the wet wipes vs toilet paper debate has begun to rage. Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: How Are They Made? Many of the differences in wet wipes vs toilet paper arise from the way that each is made. And the way that each is made is directly related to the original purpose of each product. Toilet paper is made from trees. The manufacturing process includes stripping trees of bark, cutting the trees into wood chips, creating a pulp, bleaching the pulp, and pressing it to drain water and flatten the pulp. Toilet paper is designed in this way so that it will break down and dissolve easily when exposed to water. Wet wipes were originally made to wipe dirty hands. They were made to be durable in order to clean up messes and to be thrown in the trash, not to disintegrate when introduced to water. In fact, disintegration when in contact with a fluid would defeat the very nature of a wet wipe – wet wipes are supposed to be wet; therefore, they should be durable enough to withstand being wet so that consumers do not purchase a disintegrated product in the store. To provide durability, disinfectant wet wipes are typically composed of various nonwoven fabrics, such as polyester, polypropylene, viscose pulp, and cotton. It may come as a surprise, but some of these non-woven fabrics are actually plastics. The integration of natural and synthetic materials offer wet wipes their durability. Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Polls on the Internet What can the metrics tell us about who is winning the adult wet wipes vs toilet paper debate? We polled the audience in our first wet wipes vs toilet paper article to determine how people wipe. Wet wipes currently have a commanding lead with 62% of the vote followed by toilet paper with 16% of the vote. Toilet paper spray (which is sprayed directly onto toilet paper so that the toilet paper functions like a wet wipe) came in third with 9% of the vote. TreeHugger.com has a similar wet wipes vs toilet paper survey. Toilet paper took the lead in this poll with 59% of the vote, followed by a relatively even split between a bidet and wet wipes at about 17%. Despite the lopsided results, TreeHugger.com noted an increasing trend in wipes use, especially among millennials. We found a third wet wipes vs toilet paper poll on a BodyBuilding.com forum. The survey has wet wipes in the lead with almost 47% of the vote, followed by toilet paper at 32%, with an astounding 20% of participants opting to jump in shower instead. The polls demonstrate the relatively even split, depending on the readership, in the wet wipes vs toilet paper debate. Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Price Comparison Toilet paper typically offers better pricing than wet wipes. It is best to think of the cost of wet wipes vs toilet paper in terms of cost per wipe – how much are you spending each time you wipe? We have analyzed the cost of wet wipes extensively in our wet wipes cost article here. Cost per wipe for wet wipes is influenced primarily by whether you are buying: (1) in bulk, (2) online or in store, and/or (3) natural, high end brands or brands that may contain synthetic materials or ingredients. The cost per wet wipe ranges from $0.023 per wipe all the way to $0.123 per wipe. On average, you will pay about $0.06 each time you wipe your rear. Toilet paper is cheaper in the wet wipes vs toilet paper cost analysis. For example, take this Charmin toilet paper with 24 rolls, each roll having 363 sheets, available on Amazon for $28.49. That equates to 8,712 sheets of toilet paper. Assuming you use about 6 squares per wipe, you are spending about $0.019 per wipe. On the cheaper end, this Presto brand toilet paper with 24 rolls, each roll having 308 sheets, is available on Amazon for $19.43. That equates to 7,392 sheets of toilet paper. At 6 squares per wipe, you are spending about $0.016 per wipe. In sum, when you are considering wet wipes vs toilet paper, keep in mind that the cost of wet wipes may average 2-3 times the cost toilet paper on a per wipe basis. Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Hygiene Issues in the News One of the primary drivers behind increased wet wipe use is the improved hygiene that they provide. Recently, some doctors went so far as to suggest ditching toilet paper entirely in favor of wet wipes. These doctors warn that wiping with toilet paper alone could "leave feces behind" and could lead to excessive wiping that "could cause health problems such as anal fissures and urinary tract infections." Indeed, they point out that toilet paper may wipe, but it does not actually clean because it does not contain cleansing ingredients. Wet wipes, on the other hand, can contain ingredients that actually clean, which improves hygiene and potentially prevents health issues. While wipes may prevent some health issues, it is important to choose your wipes carefully. Some chemicals in wet wipes have been linked with skin irritation and rashes. For example, a preservative known as methylisothiazolinone found in some wipes was linked to rashes (see this article discussing the effects of methylisothiazolinone). As another example, a preservative in some wipes known as phenoxyethanol has been reported to be a potential irritant as well. If hygiene is a top priority to you in your wet wipes vs toilet paper choice, wet wipes may be preferable, but be sure to research ingredients prior to purchase if you have sensitive skin. Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Environmental Issues in the News Toilet paper is the most eco-friendly option in the wet wipes vs toilet paper discussion. As we previously pointed out, the TreeHugger.com audience preferred toilet paper to wet wipes, which we believe could be due to environmental issues with wet wipes that have recently come to light. We have written about the eco issues with wet wipes extensively in our article here; however, here is a brief introduction. As we discussed above, non woven wipes are designed to be durable enough for heavy duty tasks and to avoid immediate disintegration when in contact with fluid (hence, a "wet" wipe). Therefore, wet wipes do not break down very easily when exposed to toilet water. In fact, an experiment performed by Consumer Reports (watch the video, it is fascinating) indicates that even "flushable" wipes may not break down quickly enough. On the contrary, toilet paper immediately begins degrading when it touches water, so it does not cause issues after flushing.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Quilt, Comforter, Duvet, or Bedspread: What's the Difference?
Описание: Quilt, Comforter, Duvet, or Bedspread: What's the Difference? Visit a bed and bath store, and you'll find aisle after aisle devoted to every type of bedding. There are soft, comfortable sheets that make sliding into bed a joy; blankets that warm up chilly winter nights, and many different types of bedding toppers. The last category is where confusion might set in—comforter, duvet cover, quilt, bedspread: What's the difference, and why should you choose one over the other, anyway? While sheets and blankets are mostly functional, the bedding set topper has a more decorative purpose—it sets the pace for your bedroom's style and feel. So when it's time to give your bedroom a new look, it helps to know which type of topper is the best choice for your space. Quilts The term quilt comes with lots of nostalgic connotations in addition to defining a type of bedding. Feather Quilting is an artistic endeavor as well as a style of manufacturing. A traditional quilt has three layers: top, inner batting, and bottom. The top layer of a quilt is crafted from many different pieces of fabric stitched together into complex patterns. The batting is a thin inner layer of wool or down, and the bottom is usually a solid piece of fabric. The quilter stitches through all three layers, creating the familiar quilted look of this very old art form. Some of the traditional American quilt designs include a double wedding ring, log cabin, patchwork, and flying geese. Quilt color schemes can be very bright and varied, or a mix of subtle colors, or a colored pattern on a white or solid background. FEATURED VIDEO 8 Ways to Differentiate Between Carpenter Ants and Termites Today, inexpensive quilts are generally made with sewing machines, not by hand, and the patterns are sometimes dyed onto the fabric instead of pieced together with fabric scraps. Quilts with feather pillow are usually made from cotton or cotton blends and are lightweight, thus perfect for summer use or as a winter topper with blankets underneath. Quilts work especially well in country, rustic, coastal, or any other casual decorating style. Comforters Typically, a comforter is defined as a thick bedding topper filled with down or a synthetic substitute. Many comforters are sewn-through or quilted to keep the filling in place, but unlike a quilt, a comforter's stitching is not ornately patterned. The amount and type of fill determine how much warmth a comforter provides. Probably the most popular type of bedding topper in the U.S., you can find comforters in just about any theme, color, style or design you desire. Cotton, cotton blends, and synthetics are the most common fabrics. Comforters are usually warm enough to use without a blanket underneath. Often, you';ll find comforters sold as a set with matching shams. Comforters are especially good for children's bedrooms, as you can find a wide range of comforter/sheet sets in a bag for kid's rooms. They are also a good choice if you are shopping on a tight budget. Duvets Although many people use the word "duvet" to refer to the duvet cover, technically a duvet is a comforter, usually plain white and filled with down, while the duvet cover is the fabric envelope that fits over the duvet and closes down one side with large buttons, ties, or a zipper. The most popular style of bedding with mattress in much of Europe, duvets and their covers have also become very popular in the US over the past decade or two. The duvet cover protects the inner comforter and is easy to remove for laundering, an improvement over traditional comforters and quilts, which are generally not easy to wash. In Europe, it is common to use the duvet without a top sheet underneath, but old habits die hard, and most Americans still use a duvet over a top sheet. The warmth of a duvet depends on the type and amount of filling. In the summer, you can use the duvet cover on its own as a lightweight topper, then add extra blankets under the duvet when it's cold. Duvet covers are now easy to find in a wide range of styles, especially if you are looking for a contemporary or sophisticated look. Fabrics range from cotton to silk to synthetics and blends, sometimes with additional embroidery or other embellishments. Duvet covers are often sold with matching shams for a matched bedroom ensemble. Especially good for minimalist, sophisticated, or modern bedrooms. They are a good choice for anyone who doesn't want to bother with a top sheet. Bedspreads Bedspreads are single-layer bedding toppers that cover the entire bed right down to the floor and often cover the pillows as well. Many bedspreads have elaborate pompom, corduroy, or chenille finishes, and some have fringe along the bottom edges. Solid colors are most common, although there are printed bedspreads available. Bedspreads are lightweight, so are best for summer use, or used over a blanket in cooler weather. Although you still commonly find bedspreads in hotels, they are somewhat out of fashion for home use. Bedspreads are especially good for guest rooms, or for any bedroom with a retro style.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do
Описание: Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do The United States leads the world in COVID-19 deaths but lags behind many countries — both large and small — in testing capacity. That could soon change. At the end of August, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted emergency-use approval to a new credit-card-sized testing device for the coronavirus that costs US$5, gives results in 15 minutes and doesn't require a laboratory or a machine for processing. The United States is spending $760 million on 150 million of these tests from health-care company Abbott Laboratories, headquartered in Abbott Park, Illinois, which plans to ramp up production to 50 million per month in October. The tests detect specific proteins — known as antigens — on the surface of the virus, and can identify people who are at the peak of infection, when virus levels in the body are likely to be high. Proponents argue that this could be a game changer. Antigen tests could help to keep the pandemic at bay, because they can be rolled out in vast numbers and can spot those who are at greatest risk of spreading the disease. These tests are also a key element in the testing strategies of other countries, such as India and Italy. Antigen assays are much faster and cheaper than the gold-standard tests that detect viral RNA using a technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). But antigen tests aren't as sensitive as the PCR versions, which can pick up minuscule amounts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. This difference raises some concerns among specialists, who worry that covid-19 antigen tests will miss infectious people and result in outbreaks in countries that have largely controlled coronavirus transmission. Others view the lower sensitivity as an attribute, because some people who receive positive PCR test results are infected, but are no longer able to spread the virus to others. So antigen tests could shift the focus to identifying the most infectious people. At present, antigen tests are administered by trained professionals, but some companies are developing versions that are simple enough to be used at home — similar to pregnancy tests. "Making the tests faster, cheaper, easier is definitely the goal — and I think the antigen test is the way to get there," says Martin Burke, a chemist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who is co-developing rapid tests, including antigen-based assays. "This is by no means the perfect solution, it's just the fastest thing we could get going now," he says. What tests are there and how do they work? Tests for COVID-19 fall into two categories: diagnostic tests such as PCR and antigen assays, which detect parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and covid-19 antibody tests that sense molecules that people produce when they have been infected by the virus. Antibodies can take several days to develop after an infection and often stay in the blood for weeks after recovery, so covid-19 neutralising antibody tests have limited use in diagnosis (see 'Catching COVID-19'). The high-sensitivity PCR tests are almost 100% accurate in spotting infected people, when they are administered properly. But such tests generally require trained personnel, specific reagents and expensive machines that take hours to provide results. Countries such as South Korea and New Zealand have succeeded in boosting PCR-based testing, but scaling up these tests has proved difficult elsewhere. The United States, for example, has seen a slow and poorly coordinated response to outbreaks, faulty tests from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and problems with the supply chain. All of this has hindered efforts to collect and process samples for PCR, pushing waiting times to days or even weeks. These delays, along with a lack of tests, have contributed to the rampant spread of COVID-19 across the country, which by 16 September had seen almost 200,000 deaths from the disease. A typical antigen test starts with a health-care professional swabbing the back of a person's nose or throat — although companies are developing kits that use saliva samples, which are easier and safer to collect than a swab. The sample is then mixed with a solution that breaks the virus open and frees specific viral proteins. The mix is added to a paper strip that contains an antibody tailored to bind to these proteins, if they're present in the solution. A positive test result can be detected either as a fluorescent glow or as a dark band on the paper strip. Antigen tests give results in less than 30 minutes, don't have to be processed in a lab and are cheap to produce. Yet that speed comes with a cost in sensitivity. Whereas a typical PCR test can detect a single molecule of RNA in a microlitre of solution, antigen tests need a sample to contain thousands — probably tens of thousands — of virus particles per microlitre to produce a positive result1. So, if a person has low amounts of virus in their body, the test might give a false-negative result. When used on people who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a standard PCR test, Abbott's antigen assay correctly spotted the virus in 95–100% of cases if the samples were collected within a week of the onset of symptoms. But that proportion dropped to 75% if samples were taken more than a week after people first showed symptoms. The sensitivity — or the rate of detecting infections correctly — of the other antigen tests used in the United States is between 84% and 98% if a person is tested in the week after showing symptoms. Companies and academic research labs are also rolling out other tests that are faster, cheaper and more user-friendly than standard PCR assays, although they are not being produced on the same scale as antigen tests. Some of these other tests use the gene-editing tool CRISPR to zero in on genetic snippets of the coronavirus. Others are quicker variants of the PCR test that use different reagents, meaning they're not limited by the same supply-chain problems. Saliva-based PCR tests, for example, are being used as screening tools in universities and for professional basketball teams. Which tests tell whether someone is infectious? Although the PCR method can test whether someone is infectious, it also detects people who have the virus but are not likely to spread it. Antigen-based testing, by contrast, could help to rapidly identify people who have high levels of virus — those who are most likely to be infectious to others — and isolate them from the community, says Marion Koopmans, a virologist at the Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. "The question is, what is the safe limit? Because the moment you get that wrong, the whole idea implodes," she says. It's still unclear what viral load is the threshold below which a person is no longer contagious, says Koopmans, who is working with the World Health Organization (WHO) to determine a standard to validate rapid tests. "It would be very worrying if everyone does that on their own, using different criteria," she says. Viral load peaks early in SARS-CoV-2 infections and then gradually declines, with tiny amounts of virus RNA staying in someone's nose or throat for weeks or possibly months2. And although there are not enough data to equate different viral levels with how infectious people are, there is evidence that individuals are unlikely to spread the virus about eight to ten days after showing symptoms3. "If you're at risk of transmitting the virus to somebody else, you're going to have plenty of viral particles — those would certainly show up in antigen tests," says Michael Mina, an infectious-disease immunologist at the Harvard T.?H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, who has been a vocal proponent of antigen tests. There are challenges at the start of the infection, when people have low levels of the virus. The answer, says Mina, is frequent testing — done multiple times per week. This could quickly identify infected people, even if the assays are less sensitive than a PCR-based test, because the amount of virus in their noses and throats rises within hours, he says. Mina and his colleagues have used statistical models to assess this strategy. In a preprint updated on 8 September, they suggest that testing people twice a week with a relatively insensitive test could be more effective at curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 than are more-accurate tests done once every two weeks1. Another study that modelled different scenarios for safely reopening university campuses reported similar findings4. There are also fertility tests. To slow outbreaks, the focus should be on identifying those who are at risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 to other people, rather than on spotting anyone who is infected with it, some experts say. When used as a screening tool to frequently assess as many people as possible, rapid antigen tests could be "a game changer", says Rebecca Lee Smith, an epidemiologist at the University of Illinois.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Foam vs. Spring Mattresses
Описание: Foam vs. Spring Mattresses Shopping for a new mattress can be a confusing process. With hundreds of beds to choose from across dozens of categories, it can start to feel overwhelming. Fortunately, you can narrow down your search easily by focusing on one big question: Do you want a foam or an innerspring mattress? We'll focus on the differences between foam versus spring mattresses. By learning more about these two categories, you can become better informed when it comes to choosing the right mattress for your needs. What's the difference between a memory foam vs spring mattress, or pocket spring mattress? It all comes down to the materials used and the style of construction. The details of each style are discussed in later sections. Which is better? There's no definitive answer to that question. Of the two mattress types, innerspring beds are the older and more "traditional" option. Some may think of them as old-fashioned, but there are plenty of high quality, comfortable, and modern spring mattresses available. Foam mattresses are a newer concept, but exceptionally popular. While memory foam was originally invented in the 1960s, the foams used today are far more advanced. Manufacturers now create specialty foams designed for specific applications – cooling, support, pressure relief – and combine them to develop well-rounded mattresses. When comparing foam vs spring mattresses, there's no clear "best" or "worst" option. There are simply too many variables to consider to make a generalized claim that one is better than the other. Rather, it is better to frame the question as a matter of which one is the better choice for you and your needs. Each type of mattress tends to perform better in certain ways, making them generally better suited to the needs of different kinds of sleepers. There is also plenty of variation in performance among models of the same type, making it important to investigate how a roll up mattress is constructed. What is a Foam Mattress? Foam mattresses are all-foam beds that are exceptionally popular for online mattress shoppers. They can be made out of a variety of foam materials, from memory foam to polyfoam, and typically contain several unique layers. Foam beds can be soft or firm, budget or luxury, so there is a huge amount of variety within this category. Foam beds utilize a variety of materials to provide support and pressure relief. There are many types of foams, and often manufacturers will utilize several materials in each mattress. Types of Foam Polyurethane (Poly) Foam – Foam made from polyurethane, commonly referred to as simply "polyfoam," is a very common ingredient in modern foam beds. Polyfoam is known to be much more bouncy and springy than materials like memory foam. Polyfoam is popular for use as a layer in modern all-foam mattresses, as well as for the top comfort layer in spring beds. Regular polyfoam is a standard, relatively soft foam used primarily in transition layers. High-density polyfoam is firmer and often used in underlying support layers. High-resiliency polyfoam is firmer and more supportive, but significantly more expensive, so its use is less common. Memory Foam – Memory foam is another very commonly used foam material. It's made from similar polyurethane materials, with added ingredients to increase its density and viscosity. Memory foam is great for pressure relief, as it contours to the shape of the body. The term "memory" in memory foam refers to the material's tendency to retain the shape of the body for a few seconds after being indented. Standard memory foam is the traditional material that's soft yet supportive, and generally affordable. Open-cell memory foam is designed with openings in the tiny cells of foam, allowing for better airflow. This material feels a bit softer, and it will sleep cooler on warm nights. Gel memory foam has tiny gel beads embedded into the memory foam material. The gel, combined with the open-cell design, helps to improve cooling and airflow. Latex Foam – Latex is a natural rubber-like material that can be used to make a durable and bouncy foam. Latex mattresses are typically considered a category of their own, but some manufacturers also use a thin layer of latex in all-foam beds. Latex is often prized for its durability and environmental friendliness, although it is generally much more expensive than traditional polyurethane-based foams. Dunlop latex is made using a more traditional, simple process, and results in a somewhat firmer feel. Talalay latex foam is a more energy-intensive process that produces latex with a bouncier, yet softer feel. Remember that most mattress manufacturers use a mix of different foam materials to create a well-balanced and comfortable bed. Typically you will see foam mattresses constructed of 2-5 layers, each with varying materials, densities, and intended purposes. When it comes to budget mattresses, you may see single-layer polyfoam beds – but otherwise, expect a blend of foam layers in most modern mattresses. What is a Spring Mattress? Spring mattresses, also called innerspring mattresses, are beds that utilize dozens to hundreds of metal springs to provide an underlying support layer. They also have softer plush material layers to increase comfort. Some find that spring hybrid mattresses feel more supportive than foam, at least initially. This is particularly true for heavier people, who may benefit more from the coiled spring support systems than a foam base. Several factors can influence how a spring bed feels. Coil count is an important factor; most quality beds will have around 400 coils or more in a queen size mattress. However, keep in mind that a higher coil count does not necessarily equal a higher quality bed, as there are many factors at play. Spring beds will also often have foam layers surrounding the coils, as well as a plush or polyfoam comfort layer on top. The quality, material, and thickness of these layers can greatly influence the comfort and feel of the mattress. Coil gauge, referring to the thickness of the wire used, influences the firmness of the bed. Manufacturers will clearly list the intended firmness of each mattress model, so checking the coil gauge is not too important for consumers. Lastly, the various types of springs used in these mattresses will impact their comfort and support ratings. Types of Springs/Coils Bonnell Coils – Bonnell coils are the original design used in the first innerspring mattresses, and some manufacturers still use them today. They are hourglass-shaped and can be made to be either soft or firm depending on the wire gauge. Bonnell coils are simple and cost-effective, so many mattresses utilize them. Pocket Coils – Also called pocketed coils, this design features metal coils that are individually wrapped in fabric sleeves. This allows each coil to move independently from one another, which has the added effect of reducing noise. Pocketed coils are often used in higher-end beds, and are generally more expensive to make. They do a great job of providing targeted pressure relief, and tend to provide a more buoyant feel overall. Offset Coils – Offset coils share some properties of pocket coils, but they are joined together with hinged wires. This allows the coils to flex under soft pressure, but provide firm support when it's needed. Offset coils can provide more firmness than pocketed coils, so many innerspring beds with higher firmness ratings over 7 out of 10 will use some form of offset coil. Beyond this application, offset coils are not commonly used. Continuous Coils – Continuous coil design features a single wire that is used to construct an entire row of "coils". Each of these rows is then attached to each other using helical wires. This design provides a very firm support system, but because each component is joined together, continuous coils have much less ability to shape themselves to a body profile. Which is Better for You? Ultimately, choosing the right bed for you involves a lot more than just picking between foam and spring. There are high quality, comfortable and supportive mattresses of both types available – so in the end, it's more about picking the right mattress model. With that said, there are a few last things to consider. Most people will be happy with a high-quality foam mattress. Foam provides a great middle-ground by offering a supportive and pressure-relieving fit, while also feeling soft and comfortable. Side sleepers, in particular, tend to prefer foam beds, as they often do a better job of conforming to the shape of the body. People who tend to sleep hot at night may wish to opt for a spring mattress. Innerspring beds offer far better airflow, which helps to keep the bed cool at night. Sleepers who are heavy or sleep on their stomachs should opt for either innerspring, hybrid, or very firm foam beds, in order to get enough support. Softer foam models will likely sink too much to feel comfortable for these sleepers. Most online mattress retailers now offer free trial periods, where you can test the bed for up to several months. If you're unsure about a roll up innerspring mattress, this flexibility may provide a little reassurance during the purchase process.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Types Of Liquid Filling Machines
Описание: Types Of Liquid Filling Machines There are many types of filling and sealing machines used to package the variety of products in today's marketplace including liquids, pastes, chunky products, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, etc. Most filling machines are available from semi-automatic tabletop versions all the way up to high speed production line machines, including rotary fillers. Even within categories of filling machines there are often many choices available, so we always encourage you to call or email us to make sure you are buying the exactly correct machine for your application(s). This article mainly introduces the types of liquid filling machines. There are usually different filling types according to different filling standards. According to the degree of automation, the types of filling machines are: manual filling machines, semi-automatic filling machines, and fully automatic filling machines. Manual Filling Machines These are manually operated and will need no power or electrical source. They are generally used for packing highly viscous liquids like creams, gels, and shampoos but will also suffice for medium viscosity liquids. Manual filling machines are ideal for small scale productions or laboratories where they will provide a higher output speed and increased accuracy than when the liquids are poured by hand. They are ideally used for filling vial and bottles with about 600ml capacities and have a production speed of 15-900 bottles/hour. This type of machine is not produced by NPACK. Semi-Automatic Filling Machines These will be faster compared to manual machines and will suit medium and small scale production processes during a high-volume season. Semi-automatic machines are designed with nozzle, syringe and piston parts which guarantee they maintain a zero-drip operation. They can be used to package all types of liquids and those containing small food articles and even adhesives. Semi-automatic machines have filling ranges of 5-100ml and production speeds of 800 fills/hour. Fully Automated Filling Machines These are used for large-scale operations and in companies with high production needs. Automated filling machines are generally used with variable speed conveyor systems and for packaging, liquids with all levels of viscosity and those with suspended particles. Some manufacturers also configure their automated machines based on the type and volume of the filling container you are using for your product. You can also add filling heads on the machines to boost your company's production rates. Automated cup filling and sealing machines can fill 5-10ml of a product and generate 6000 bottles/hour. We mainly produce this type of machine. According to the filling principle, All liquid filling systems fall into either of two categories: volumetric or liquid level filling machines. Volumetric Filling Machine vs. Liquid-Level Filling Equipment There are very few bottles that don't have some small differences in volume. Considering that fact is very important in deciding the type of filling system you are going to use for your packaging. You've probably noticed at the supermarket or auto store that when you look at fill level, some of the bottles seem to look like they are short fills compared to others. Chances are they were filled with volumetric filling machinery. The volume inside the bottle is correct, but because of the small volumetric difference between the bottles it appears to be short. With a liquid level filling machine all of the bottles will "appear" to have the same volume because the fill level will be the same, but in actuality there will be slight differences in fill volume, no short fills, but some slight overfills. And so this is the decision you have to make beforehand: Volumetric or Liquid Level? For the vast majority of products the answer will be liquid level filling since it is cheaper and faster than volumetric filling, plus consumers of the product will not feel cheated when the bottles "appear" to be evenly filled. However volumetric filling is the best solution if the product has to have an exact dosage for it's use or if the product is very expensive per ounce and the little bit of giveaway could cost you dearly, especially in a high production environment. Liquid Level Filling Machines Siphon Filling Machinery The simplest and probably one of the oldest technologies devised by man was the siphon principle. In this case we are talking about the siphon filling machinewith tray sealer. Gravity flow into the tank to a valve that keeps the liquid level even, put some gooseneck valves up and over the tank side and back below the liquid level of the tank, start a siphon and voila, you've got a siphon filler. Add to that a little extra framing, and an adjustable bottle rest so you can set the fill level to the level of the tank and we now have a complete filling system that will never overfill a bottle, with no need for pumps etc. Our siphon filler comes with 5 heads (size is selectable) and can produce quite a bit more than many think possible. Overflow Filling Equipment In order to speed up the process of filling we have the pressure filling machine. Pressure fillers have a tank on the back of the machine with a valve to keep the tank full either by a simple float valve or by switching a pump on and off. The tank flood feeds a pump which then feeds to a manifold where a number of special overflow filling heads lower down into the bottle as the pump switches on forcing liquid into the bottles at a speedy rate. As the bottle fills to the top, and excess liquid goes back up a second port within the filling head and overflows back into the tank. At that point the pump switches off and any remaining excess liquid and pressure is relieved. Heads come up, bottles index out and repeat the process. Pressure filling machinery can be configured for semi-automatic, automatic in-line filling systems or as rotary pressure fillers for higher speeds. Volumetric Filling Machines Check Valve Piston Filler Check valve piston filling machines use a check valve system that opens and closes on the infeed stroke and discharge stroke. A great feature of this type of filling equipment with can seamer is that it can self prime to draw product directly from a drum or pail and then discharge into your container. Typical accuracy on a piston filler is plus or minus one-half percent. However check valve piston fillers do have certain limitations in that they cannot run viscous products or products with particulates as both can foul the valves. But if your products are free flowing (meaning they pour relatively easily) this is a great machine for startups and large producers as well. Rotary Valve Piston Filling Machine Rotary valve piston fillers are distinguished by the rotary valve which has a large throat opening to allow thick products and products with large particulates (up to 1/2" diameter) from the supply hopper to flow through unimpeded. Great as a tabletop model or can be ganged for higher production requirements. Fill pastes, peanut butter, gear oil, potato salads, Italian dressing and much more on this type of piston filler with accuracy of plus or minus one-half percent. Fills accurately at a ten to one ratio of the cylinder set. Pump Filling Machines Pump fillers are another method of filling products ranging from liquids to thick pastes, even those with solid particulates (although generally much smaller than on a Rotary Valve Piston Filler). Available as tabletop models through multi-head ganged automatic machines. Another advantage of using positive displacement pump filling equipment is that the range of fill volumes is much greater than on a piston filler, albeit that the fill times increase significantly the larger the fill volume required. Other great features of a pump filling machine include easy fill adjustment by entering the amount needed, and a self priming feature similar to a check valve piston filler's ability to draw product directly from a drum or other container. For thicker products a supply hopper can be added similar to a rotary valve piston filler so that product flood feeds directly into the pump. Fill volumes are determined by counting revolutions (and partial revolutions) of the pump. There is also manual can seamer to use. Peristaltic Pump Filling Machinery Peristaltic pump filling machines are very popular in the pharmaceutical and hazardous chemical industries because product does not have any external environment exposure since the hose goes directly from the product supply, through the pump (as opposed to into the pump), and to the dispense point. When the product run is complete the hose can be disposed of, or treated for reuse. Furthermore with some pumps extreme accuracy is possible down to the 1 ul (microliter) level. Timed Fill Gravity Systems Timed flow fillers are another type of filling equipment on the market. This type of filler works on the principle of a tank mounted above filling heads that have solenoid valves to open and close for the flow, or in some cases pinching of the hose to close. Fill volume is determined by timers that open and close the valves or pinch the tubes. Single head models can work pretty well for a variety of products. Even multi-head models can work pretty well once the system is balanced if only one formulation is run or the flow characteristics are identical. However the big disadvantage of timed fill systems is when the user wishes to fill a variety of products with different flow characteristics. In this case the system needs to be rebalanced which is not an easy task as every adjustment of for one head's flow affects all of the others. Busch Machinery does not offer timed fill systems for this reason, as other machinery that we offer can offer the same or better accuracy, at about the same cost, and without the hassle associated with timed fill systems. Net weight filling machines Net weight filling machines use a weigh scale platform to monitor the weight of product as it is filling into a bottle or container. Net weight fillers are well suited for large container filling applications. This machine is used for weighing and filling 5-30kg liquid. Use photoelectric sensing, proximity switch and other sensing elements, so that it can be fully automated production. Using the submersible filling, filling valve diameter, fast feeding, valve mouth built-in plug, no drip leakage. Can do bottle filling, no bottle not filling. Stable operation, safe and hygienic. Servo Driven Pump Fillers: With the cost of servo drive controls coming way down over the last 10 years more and more uses for filling have come into play. Gear pump fillers is one type of application that has become very popular, although you must be sure that the pumps are sanitary pumps if you do foods, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. The advantage of the gear pump is that you can fill almost any size product without need for change parts (although this still has limitations). At NPACK we still think the jury is out on this, as piston fillers can still fill with as good or better accuracy, although with not quite as large a range.. Pressure Fillers: Pressure filling machines, or automatic can sealing machine, have their tanks below the bottom of the bottle. The tank flood feeds a pump (generally a centrifugal pump but also positive displacement pumps for thicker liquids) which then flows directly into the bottle until it reaches the fill level at which point excess product flow directly back into the tank. When filling plastic bottles the pump must be turned off (always for positive displacement pumps) before removing the filling tubes to allow the bottles to return to normal size (they swell under pressure) and drain off excess liquid. The big advantage of pressure fillers is that bottles fill more quickly so fewer heads (and space) are required and higher viscosity products can be filled. The disadvantage is that foamy products must be filled at slower pump speeds than normal, and this will work only if the foam settles out fairly quickly. Counter Pressure Fillers: These are liquid filling machines with labeling machine, or label sticking machine, unique to the carbonated beverage industry which includes beer, soda and any sparkling beverage or wine. NPACK does not sell counter pressure fillers, but we will still explain this complicated type of filler. The heads for this type of filling consist of 3 parts: Vent, CO2 pressurizer and fill tube. The head seals and the Vent and CO2 pressure valves are opened. The air in the bottle is forced out of the bottle and is replaced with the heavier CO2. The vent is then stoppered down and product from very specialized heads forces the chilled carbonated liquid down the sides of the container in a sort of swirl pattern to minimize foaming. Once the fill height is reached the vent completely closes at the same time the product is cutoff. Many people mistakenly think that the CO2 counter pressure is the carbonating process, but carbonizing is a bit more complicated than that. The purpose of the CO2 is to keep the already existing carbonized beverage in solution and to minimize foaming.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21
Wide Application of High Shear Emulsifying Machine
Описание: Wide Application of High Shear Emulsifying Machine High shear emulsifying machinef is our new product with advanced technology from home and abroad, which strictly complies with the GMP requirement. It is widely used for mixing, dispersing, shearing and homogenizing all kinds of viscous liquid and pastes in wide applied range, food, beverage, cosmetic, chemistry, biochemistry, petrochemical, pigment, dye, dope and pharmacy fields. WRL emulsifying mixer is structured with small size and light weight. Its features of little noise and high efficiency obtain wide acceptance and affection. It operates with simple working principle that distribute the liquid from one phase or several phases to another continue phases. Generally, the phases can not dissolvable with each other. With the help of advanced techniques and proper additives, high tangent speed and strong kinetic energy generated by high speed rotary rotor and mechanical effects can lead to instant, equally, subtly and dispersed emulsification of solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase. After high frequency reciprocating circulation you will get high quality steady mixing product. It is used in a wide range of industrial application: Food industry: chili sauce, gingili, fruit tea, ice cream, butter, jam, soy, miso, red bean paste, peanut milk, protein milk, soymilk, dairy product, malted milk, essence, condiment and all kinds of food and beverage etc. Chemistry industry: oil paint, pigment, dye, dope, lube, diesel oil, Oil catalyst, asphalt Emulsion, modified asphalt, paraffin, Adhesive, scour, plastic, detonator, FRP, Synthetic Leather, colophony, leather and Emulsion explosives. Daily Chemical Industry: toothpaste, scour, cream, lipstick, facial, shampoo, shoeshine, cosmetic, shower concentrate, soap, Coagulant and flavor Medical industry: sirup, Nutrient Solution, Chinese medicines, Pharmacy paste, Biological agents, Cod liver oil, pollen, Placenta, bacterin, ointment, liquid, Fungicides, injection, Antibiotics, Micro encapsulation and Intravenous fluid. Construction industry: all kinds of dope including Internal and external wall dope, antisepsis and waterproof dope, Cold porcelain dope, colorful dope, Ceramic Glaze, nano dope and spraying. Paper making industry: paper pulp, Adhesive, Rosin Emulsion, Paper Additives and Resin Emulsion. Pesticide industry: antiseptic, herbicide, Pesticide EC, Fertilizer, biochemical pesticide and biological pesticide. Other industries: spin industry, Coal flotation agent, rare earth, nanomaterial Scattered depolymerization, reaction, extraction and war industry. Emulsifier, in foods, any of numerous chemical additives that encourage the suspension of one liquid in another, as in the mixture of oil and water in margarine, shortening, ice cream, and salad dressing. A number of emulsifiers are derived from algae, among them algin, carrageenan, and agar. Lecithins, such as those found in egg yolk, are also used as emulsifying agents. The basic structure of an emulsifying agent includes a hydrophobic portion, usually a long-chain fatty acid, and a hydrophilic portion that may be either charged or uncharged. The hydrophobic portion of the emulsifier dissolves in the oil phase, and the hydrophilic portion dissolves in the aqueous phase, forming a dispersion of small oil droplets. Emulsifiers thus form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions (e.g., mayonnaise), uniformly disperse oil-soluble flavour compounds throughout a product, prevent large ice-crystal formation in frozen products (e.g., ice cream), and improve the volume, uniformity, and fineness of baked products. High Speed Emulsifiers are closely related to stabilizers, which are substances that maintain the emulsified state. The consistency of food products may also be improved by the addition of thickeners, used to add body to sauces and other liquids, and texturizers. These various additives serve a dual purpose: they make food more appetizing by improving appearance and consistency, and they augment its keeping qualities (i.e., extend shelf life). Emulsifiers, stabilizers, and related compounds are also used in the preparation of cosmetics, lotions, and certain pharmaceuticals, where they serve much the same purpose as in foods—i.e., they prevent separation of ingredients and extend storage life. Homogenizers function as mixers that reduce particle size or force immiscible liquids to mix. Pressure imparted on a product by the high shear homogenizer is largely determined by pump pressure or flow diversion through valves and nozzles. In the case of low-pressure homogenizers, fluid velocity is incremented which reduces overall pressure. In addition to the valve homogenizers commonly used in the dairy industry, a number of emulsifying and homogenizing systems that employ different operating principles are available. High-shear blenders and mixers find wide application in the dairy and related industries for the preparation of coarse pre-emulsions. Colloid mills, which operate on the rotor–stator principle, are used for mixing homogenizing medium- and high-viscosity systems, for instance in the preparation of caseins and caseinates. Ultrasonic waves can be used for either preparing emulsions or reducing the size of existing emulsions. For preparing emulsions with extremely small fat globules and very narrow size distributions, microfluidization can be used, where fluid streams are forced to collide at high pressure. Emulsions with extremely monodisperse size distributions can also be prepared by membrane emulsification. Principles and potential applications of so-called low pressure homogenization technologies are outlined in this article.
Дата Публикации: 25-10-21