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• Создано: 08-12-21
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Recycling of Polypropylene (PP)

Описание: Recycling of Polypropylene (PP) Polypropylene is a polymer plastic that is a member of the 'polyolefin' (polymers produced from alkenes) family. It is a highly versatile and rugged material that has many beneficial physical properties, and most importantly it is also recyclable. It resists the action of many chemical solvents. PP string is made of Polypropylene. Properties and Applications of Polypropylene (PP) Polypropylene is an extremely versatile material and can be used for a wide range of applications. PP is tough yet flexible, being classed as semi-rigid. It is extremely resistant to heat, chemicals, and fatigue. Furthermore, it is translucent and has an integral hinge property. PP has a wide range of uses, including: Clear film packaging Carpet fibers Housewares Rope Labeling Banknotes Stationary Reusable containers Loudspeakers Automotive components Laboratory equipment Thermal underwear Recycling of Polypropylene While PP is easily among the most popular plastic packaging materials in the world, only around 1% is recycled, which means most PP is headed for the landfill. These decompose slowly over 20-30 years. This raises severe environmental issues, quite apart from toxic additives in PP such as lead and cadmium. Incineration may release dioxins and vinyl chloride, both of which are poisonous. To determine how recyclable polypropylene is, companies have undertaken 'life cycle' studies that look at the plastic from the raw material production to the final stages of waste management to assess the sustainability of the product. The general consensus from these studies is that PP has considerable potential as a sustainable PP product. To make the recycling of polypropylene economically viable, several factors must be taken into account, most importantly its difficulty and expense. There are five steps in PP recycling, namely, collecting, sorting, cleaning, reprocessing, and producing new products. Plastics will often have a printed 'resin code' (5 for PP), which is useful during recycling, as they indicate what type of plastic it is. This ensures separation and efficient recycling of different plastic types. First, the polypropylene must be separated from other plastic polymers. This is achieved by 'sink-float' separation, based on the unique specific density of PP (0..93-0.95g/cm3), which allows it to float while other polymers such as PET (specific density 1.43-1.45 g/cm3) will sink. Another separation technique is based on the melt flow index, while a third is based on dissolution and reprecipitation of PP. A simple way to identify PP is by using Near Infrared Radiation (NIR) techniques. It must be noted that this cannot work with dark-colored plastics as they absorb the radiation. PP reprocessing includes melting at a temperature above 400 F in an extruder, followed by granulation for use in new production. Polypropylene is eventually affected by thermal degradation, which compromises the structural intensity of the plastic due to the bonds between hydrogen and carbon becoming weaker. This varies with the use of the PP, but in general, four closed loops of recycling are considered possible before the negative impact of thermal degradation is perceptible. Recycled PP is generally mixed with virgin PP at up to 50% to produce new PP string such as clothes or playground equipment. The Environmental Benefits of Recycling PP Recycling of polypropylene is emerging as an important, and economically viable, option on a large scale. The main benefit of recycling PP is the reduction in the consumption of raw, finite resources such as oil and propane gas. It is estimated that around 8% of the oil used worldwide (around 400 million tons) is utilized in the traditional methods of plastic production, with 4% as 'feedstock' and another 4% in manufacturing. Relative to production from oil and gas, energy use can be reduced by 88% when plastic is produced from plastic. Given its inherent flexibility, PP can be recycled back into many different products, including: Clothing fibers Industrial fibers Food containers Dishware Compost bins Speed humps Gardening apparatus (compost bins, garden edging, and plant pots) About 30% of polypropylene is recycled from major industries, but a significant proportion is still dumped into landfills. It is currently not as economically viable to recycle PP as it is to recycle other polymers, in particular, HDPE, LDPE, and PET. It is hoped that this will be changed in the near future with advancements in recycling technology. On the other hand, it is recognized that materials recycling is not always the most cost-effective recycling method. In such cases, it would be better to use plastics for direct combustion or chemically recycle them into synthetic fuels at the expense of some embedded energy, reducing landfill significantly. What is Polypropylene and What It's Used for? Polypropylene is a tough, rigid and crystalline thermoplastic produced from propene (or propylene) monomer. It is a linear hydrocarbon resin. The chemical formula of polypropylene is (C3H6)n. PP is among the cheapest plastics available today. Types of Polypropylene & their Benefits Homopolymers and Copolymers are the two major types of polypropylene available in the market. Polypropylene Homopolymer is the most widely utilized general-purpose grade. It contains only propylene monomer in a semi-crystalline solid form. Main applications include packaging, textiles, healthcare, pipes, automotive and electrical applications. Polypropylene Copolymer family is further divided into random copolymers and block copolymers produced by polymerizing of propene and ethane: Polypropylene Random Copolymer is produced by polymerizing together ethene and propene. It features Ethene units, usually up to 6% by mass, incorporated randomly in the polypropylene chains. These polymers are flexible and optically clear making them suitable for applications requiring transparency and for products requiring an excellent appearance. While in Polypropylene Block Copolymer, ethene content is larger (between 5 and 15%). It has co-monomer units arranged in regular pattern (or blocks). The regular pattern hence makes thermoplastic tougher and less brittle than the random co-polymer. These polymers are suitable for applications requiring high strength, such as industrial usages. Polypropylene, Impact Copolymer – Propylene Homopolymer containing a co-mixed Propylene Random Copolymer phase which has an ethylene content of 45-65% is referred to PP impact copolymer. It is useful in parts which require good impact resistance. Impact copolymers are mainly used in packaging, houseware, film, and pipe applications, as well as in the automotive and electrical segments. Expanded Polypropylene - It is a closed-cell bead foam with ultra-low density. EPP is used to produce three-dimensional polymer foam products. EPP bead foam has higher strength to weight ratio, excellent impact resistance, thermal insulation, and chemical and water resistance. EPP is used in various applications ranging from automobiles to packaging, from construction products to consumer goods and more. Polypropylene Terpolymer - It is composed by propylene segments joined by monomers ethylene and butane (co-monomer) which appear randomly throughout the polymer chain. PP terpolymer has better transparency than PP homo. Also, the incorporation of co-monomers reduces crystalline uniformity in the polymer making it suitable for sealing film applications. Polypropylene, High Melt Strength (HMS PP)– It is a long chain branched material, which combines both high melt strength and extensibility in the melt phase. PP HMS grades have a wide mechanical property range, high heat stability, good chemical resistance. HMS PP is widely used to produce soft, low density foams for food packaging applications as well as used in automotive and construction industries. Material Properties of Polypropylene Keeping information about the properties of a thermoplastic beforehand is always beneficial. This helps in selecting the right thermoplastic for an application. It also assists in evaluating if the end use requirement would be fulfilled or not. Here are some key properties and benefits of polypropylene: Melting Point of Polypropylene - The melting point of polypropylene occurs at a range. Homopolymer: 160 - 165°C Copolymer: 135 - 159°C Density of Polypropylene - PP is one of the lightest polymers among all commodity plastics. This feature makes it a suitable option for lightweight\weight saving applications. Homopolymer: 0.904 – 0.908 g/cm3 Random Copolymer: 0.904 – 0.908 g/cm3 Impact Copolymer: 0.898 – 0.900 g/cm3 Polypropylene Chemical Resistance Excellent resistance to diluted and concentrated acids, alcohols and bases Good resistance to aldehydes, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones Limited resistance to aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and oxidizing agents  

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

What is Aluminum Die Casting?

Описание: What is Aluminum Die Casting? When you're in the process of designing an aluminum part, it is essential to consider which manufacturing process you'll use to produce it. There are various methods for forming aluminum, and aluminum die casting is one of the most common options for designers to consider. Aluminum die casting is the method of choice for many automotive, industrial, and telecommunications products. It's also often used to produce electrical, hydraulic, and lighting components. If you would like to know more about the aluminum die casting process and would like some help deciding if it is the right choice for your application, you're in the right place. Aluminum die casting is a metal-forming process that allows for the creation of complex aluminum parts. Ingots of aluminum alloy are heated to very high temperatures until they are entirely molten. The liquid aluminum is injected under high pressure into the cavity of a steel die, also known as a mold — you can see an example of a mold for automotive parts above. The die is made up of two halves, and after the molten aluminum has solidified, they are separated to reveal the cast aluminum part. The resulting aluminum product is precisely formed with a smooth surface and often requires minimal or no machining processes. Given that steel dies are used, the process can be repeated many times using the same mold before it deteriorates, making aluminum die casting ideal for the high-volume production of aluminum parts. No. 1 – The Advantages of Aluminum Die Casting Die casting aluminum offers several advantages over other metal-forming processes that might make it the appropriate choice to create your aluminum parts. One of the most noteworthy is the ability to produce very complex shapes that neither extrusion nor machining can effectively create. A perfect example of this is the production of complex automotive parts, like transmissions and engine blocks. Other processes cannot consistently achieve the complexity and tight tolerances required for these products. Additional advantages include the ability to have textured or smooth surfaces and the capacity to accommodate both large and small parts. No. 2 – The Top Considerations During Part Design A few considerations have to be taken into account when designing the part to be cast. Firstly, the mold must be designed to separate and allow the solidified aluminum part to come out. The line that marks where the two halves of the mold come apart is referred to as a parting line, and you have to consider it in the early stages of die design. Another important consideration is the location of injection points. The die can be designed with several injection points in cases when the molten metal would otherwise solidify before reaching every crevice in the die. This can also help if cavities are included in the design; you can surround them with aluminum and still have the part come off when the mold is separated. You must also consider the thickness of the part's walls. There are usually no guidelines for a minimum wall thickness, thanks to recent technology developments, but having walls with consistent thickness is often preferred. No. 3 – How it Compares to Green Sand and Permanent Mold Casting Green sand and permanent mold are two common die casting processing to provide aluminum die casting processing service. Green sand processes use wet sand to create the mold for the cast, making it less expensive than the other two processes. Above, you can see an operator pouring molten metal into a sand cast mold. Unlike die casting, which uses injection, permanent mold castings require the molten aluminum to be gravity poured into the mold. Permanent mold castings can also potentially produce stronger casts. Nevertheless, die casting offers better tolerances and better-finished surfaces than the other two methods, often eliminating the need for subsequent surface treatment. No. 4 – Options for Machining and Finishing Die cast aluminum parts often require minimal machining, and several options are available for surface finishing. Die casting has a very good surface finish by casting standards but can still have imperfections, like metal seams where the mold halves meet. A rough surface or other imperfections inadequate for the part can be addressed by sanding, sandblasting, or orbital sanding. The cold working process of shot peening is often used on die cast aluminum to improve fatigue resistance. Alternatively, a protective or decorative coating can be applied to the finished part, such as a powder coat. Other types of modifications can also be applied to the parts after casting, such as drill tapping. No. 5 – The Most Common Aluminum Die Casting Alloys A few of the most commonly used aluminum alloys for die casting are A380, 383, B390, A413, A360, and CC401. The primary consideration when choosing an appropriate alloy is your intended application. For example, A360 offers excellent corrosion resistance, pressure tightness, and very good fluidity when molten. B390 offers outstanding wear resistance and high hardness while having the lowest ductility of all cast alloys, which is why it is used for applications such as automotive engine blocks. Alloy A380 is the perfect jack-of-all-trades, offering a good combination of casting and product properties, and is the most commonly specified alloy for casting a wide variety of products. Conclusion At the end of the day, the metal-forming process you choose will depend on your budget, the purpose of your aluminum part, and how many parts you want to manufacture. Die casting can be an expensive method, but it's worth it if your design has high complexity and you require a high volume of parts. Gabrian's professional aluminum die casting services include professional die design to ensure the molten metal fills all parts of the mold and an ISO 9001:2015-certified manufacturing facility offering professional manufacturing with excellent quality control and consistent properties. The facility is also IATF16949 certified and ISO14001 certified, and we provide e-coating and powder coating finishes for the castings if required by the customer. The Source for Unmanned Parts, Components, Systems and Accessories Unmanned Systems Source is an online supplier of UAV parts, components, systems, and more. We are a single source of supply and information that serves commercial, governmental, and public sectors, alike. Built on more than 25 years of industry experience, Unmanned Systems Source is an innovative site. Buyers can shop top-tier products from industry-recognized manufacturers as well as find extensive product descriptions, technical data, specifications, and drawings. An internal team of engineers is available to answer questions and help customers select the right products for their application. The Basic Components & Parts of a Motorcycle We will be creating a reference guide on the majority of motorcycle parts along with a brief description of what the device does and where it may be found on a motorcycle. I will also include varying technologies that can be associated with many of the parts and components in this guide. The information that I am putting together is based on content that has been or will be published on BBM's Learn to Ride a Motorcycle section under Guides. This article is intended for new riders and to be used on its own or in conjunction with other media to understand the terms used in the content. Clutch Lever Diagram #13: The clutch lever is located in front of the left handgrip along the handlebar. To use the clutch lever: Use your left hand to variably pull the clutch lever in towards the grip. Using this control separates power from the motor to the rear wheel. Front Brake Lever Diagram #4: The front brake lever is located in front of the right handgrip along the handlebar. To use the brake lever: Use your right hand to apply/pull the brake lever towards the grip. The more force or pressure applied to the brake lever directly controls how much braking force is applied to the front wheel. Throttle Diagram #5: The throttle is built into the right handgrip To use the throttle: Place the right hand on the grip and twist the handgrip. The more you twist the grip, the more fuel gets delivered to the motor resulting in more power/higher RPMs from the motor. Tech & Accessories Adjustable Pull-In-Distance with Clutch & Brake Levers: This accessory or mod typically is found as an aftermarket part. It allows people with shorter hands or people that want to adjust how far they have to reach/where the controls activation points are in their travel range. Components, Parts of Automobile. An automobile has several numbers of parts. But there are four essential components of automobile. These are: 1. The Chassis. 2. The Engine. 3. The Transmission System. 4. The Body. Apart from these four essential parts of automobile, there are controls and auxiliaries. The controls are meant for controlling the movement of the vehicle. The auxiliaries are additional components meant for providing comfort to the user of the automobile. 1. The Chassis. The chassis of an automobile incorporates all the major assemblies consisting of an engine, components of transmission system such as clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, axles, a control system such as brakes and steering, and suspension system of the vehicle. In other words, it is the vehicle without its body. The chassis of an automobile has the frame, suspension system, axles, and wheel as the main components. The frame could be in the form of conventional chassis or unit construction may be adopted. 2. The Engine. The engine is the source of motive power to an automobile. Obviously, it is a very important part of the automobile because in the absence of an engine, the automobile may not move at all, and its basic function of transporting passengers or goods would be defeated. The power of the engine determines the working of the automobile. In the same manner, the efficiency of the engine determines the efficiency of an automobile. 3. The Transmission System. The transmission system transmits power developed by the engine to the road wheels. The power available as output from the engine is in the form of rotation of the crankshaft. 4. The Body. The use of a separate frame to which the body structure is attached is now almost obsolete except for some applications for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

Assembling the Basic Tools for Bartending

Описание: Assembling the Basic Tools for Bartending The most important assets for any profession are the right tools. You need basic bar set to mix, serve, and store your food and drink. Whether you're stocking a home bar or working as a professional, the following are your basic bartender tools: Wine and bottle openers The best wine opener is called a waiter's wine opener, and it's shown in Figure 1. It has a sharp blade, a corkscrew or worm, and a bottle opener. This wine opener can be found in most liquor stores or bar supply houses. Cocktail shaker and measuring glass There are two types of shakers, and both are shown in Figure 2. The Boston shaker is the one that most professional bartenders use. It consists of a mixing glass and stainless steel core that overlaps the glass. The Standard shaker usually consists of two or more stainless steel or glass parts and can be found in department stores or antique stores. Many of these shakers come in different shapes and designs. Strainer A couple of different types of strainers are available, but the most popular is the Hawthorn, shown in Figure 3. The Hawthorn is a flat, spoon-shaped utensil with a spring coil around its head. You can use it on top of a steel shaker or a bar glass to strain cocktails. Other tools Here are some additional tools that you may need. Many are shown in Figure 4. Bar spoon (1): A long spoon for stirring cocktails. Blender (2): There are many types of commercial or home blenders with various speeds. Always put liquid in first when making a drink. This will save your blade. Some blenders (but not all) can be used to make crushed ice. Check with the manufacturer or buy an ice crusher. Coasters or bar napkins: These prevent rings from developing on your bar and other tables. Napkins also help your guests hold their drinks. Ice bucket (3): Pick one that's large enough to hold at least three trays of ice. Ice scoop or tongs (4): A must for every bar. Never use your hands to scoop ice. Jigger or measuring glass (5): A small glass or metal measuring container with usually a 1/2 oz. measurer on one side and a 2 oz. measurer on the other. Knife and cutting board (6): You need a small, sharp paring knife to cut fruit. Large water pitcher: Someone always wants water. Muddler (7): A small wooden bat or pestle used to crush fruit or herbs. Pourer (8): This device gives greater control to your pouring. A variety of different types is available, including some with a lidded spout, which prevents insects and undesirables from entering the pourer. Stirrers and straws: Used for stirring and sipping drinks. Large cups or bowls: Used to hold garnishes, such as cherries, olives, onions, and so on. Depending on your preferences, the corkscrew may be one of the most used tools in your kitchen. But while the helix-shaped opener is essential for oenophiles today, that wasn't always the case. Read on to learn more about the twists this tool has taken in the past 300 years. The (Gun) Worm that Turns Corkscrews are key to many happy gatherings, but they're modeled on a tool of war. Soldiers once used "gun worms," metal claws mounted to the end of wooden ramrods, to clear bullets and wadding from the barrels of muskets that had failed to fire. The curled tip inspired the winding shape of a corkscrew, once known as a steel worm. Use either worm carelessly, and you could end up getting blasted. 5 Reasons to Invest in Promotional Drinkware Drinkware has always been one of the more interesting promotional products in the market. They are effective in boosting your brand's awareness, carrying marketing messages, and are great gifts for your clients. If you're looking to expand your marketing strategy, drinkware may be the product you are looking for. Here in Gogoprint, not only do we have a large selection of drinkwares, we also let you customize your drinkwares! Without further ado, here are the 5 benefits of marketing your company with promotional drinkware. Lets your brand be seen in every sip Do you offer a drink to guests that come over your house? If you do, then promotional matel cup & mug would get your brand out there to anyone who is enjoying the beverage you offered. Drinkwares are also so common that it can easily be seen anywhere, slap your logo on it and people can recognize your company upon seeing your brand more often than most. Spread your message Drinkware with logos or slogans can work as an effective marketing tool to get the message across. People are able to recall a message on a drinkware more so than some advertising mediums out there. For a simple product, drinkware definitely gets the job done. Cost-effective One of the great benefits of marketing drinkware is the cost-effectiveness. These promotional products are affordable and flexible enough to be integrated in any marketing projects. Since most people use drinkware in their everyday-life, this makes them perfect for marketing exposure. For those seeking nice plus affordable corporate gifts for your customers, promotional drinkware could be the ideal choice. Create business relationships Promotional drinkware is not just a simple marketing tool, it has been shown to build a long lasting memory with customers. You can say that promotional products work the same way as a business card. As we have mentioned, drinkware usage is high among people. Thus when potential customers or partners see your logo on their drinkwares, it can inspire them to reach out to you. Build the positive impression of your business Offering certain promotional items allows your client to get a positive impression of your brand. This applies to drinkwares as well. For example, if your business wants to be more luxurious, offering special premium giftsets drinkware such as Premium Stainless Thermal Bottle & Tumbler Gift Set or Classic Tumbler Gift Set can give your clients a good impression of the nature of your company. So not only is your marketing tool useful and practical, but it is also eco-friendly, a win-win! The Best Wine Stoppers, According to Sommeliers and Beverage Directors Just because wineglasses are bigger than ever before, doesn't mean that you have to (or even want to) finish an entire bottle of wine in one sitting. Sometimes you want to savor a glass or two now and save the rest for later, especially if it's a really nice wine. That's why it's good to have a wine stopper on hand, something that'll keep wine fresh after opening. And though you might be picturing one of those decorative wine stoppers, like the one with a shamrock that you got at your cousin's wedding, those are kind of useless when it comes to preventing wine from spoiling or spilling. That's why, to help you find the best wine stoppers and vacuums, I reached out to sommeliers and beverage directors to learn about the gadgets they use to keep open bottles of wine fresh and Champagne still-bubbly when they can't finish the whole bottle. How to Use a Foil Cutter Originally, a lead coating was applied to the tops of wine bottles to prevent rodents and insects from gnawing or boring through the corks. A knife was used to cut away the lead seal. Now, however, decorative foil is used to adorn the wine bottle neck since pests are not a major concern and lead is known to be toxic. A foil cutter makes it easy to remove the foil so that the bottle can be uncorked. A foil cutter is a small, circular plastic tool with cutting wheels inside that fits neatly over the top of the bottle. Wine Glass An especially important moment in glass production came in 1903. That year, a machine was developed in America that automated glass blowing. Items formerly mouth-blown and crafted by hand could be completely assembled by machine. The jump in production capability was remarkable. According to Aldo Sohm, sommelier and brand ambassador for Zalto in the United States, "It takes seven people seven minutes to produce one hand-blown Zalto wine glass." By contrast, the new machinery allowed for several thousand stems to be produced in a single hour. The increased speed, and subsequent lower cost, were essential to democratizing stemware. And today, all but the very highest end wine glasses (such as Zalto, Sophienwald, and Riedel Sommelier Series) are produced using such mechanization. How to Use a Wine Decanter Wine is typically stored on its side. If there's any chance you're going to open a wine bottle that has sediment in it, let the wine stand upright for 12–16 hours for the sediment to settle. Now it's time to get the wine in the decanter. Depending on the type of wine you're decanting, you have two routes to take when learning how to use a wine decante. Flagon A flagon is a large metal or ceramic pitcher for holding liquor, especially wine. It's like a giant flask with a handle and spout that you put on the table so you can share the wine with old-timey friends. A flagon is usually used for alcohol — in particular wine, but sometimes beer. It's an old fashioned word. A flagon might be set on a table in Colonial times, but feel free to use one now. A flagon full of wine should be enough for a group of friends at dinner — it's more than a bottle. The word flagon is related to flask, which is a smaller container for carrying alcohol.

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

The Truth About Polypropylene Woven Bags Packaging

Описание: The Truth About Polypropylene Woven Bags Packaging The packaging is usually divided into two categories: one is to promote market sales and the other is to facilitate loading, unloading, storage, storage, and transportation purposes, called industrial packaging. This article will focus on packaging made from polypropylene-pp woven bags. This article first describes the concept of polypropylene woven bags, then outlines its advantages and uses, and then analyzes the dynamics and demands of the polypropylene woven bag market, and finally draws conclusions. What is a polypropylene woven bag？ Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing propylene. Polypropylene woven bags also include copolymers of propylene and a small amount of ethylene. Polypropylene is usually a translucent colorless solid, odorless and non-toxic. Due to the regular structure and high crystallization of polypropylene, its melting point is as high as 167 ° C. Its finished products can be steam-sterilized is its outstanding advantage. Its density is 0.90g / cm3, which is the lightest general-purpose plastic. Its strength, rigidity, and transparency are better than polyethylene. Pacific Bags Australia has a wide range of sizes of woven polypropylene bags. These bags are an excellent solution for packing 30-50 KG of dry material. These pouches are made from a woven polypropylene fabric that is strong and resistant to punctures. PP woven sachets are available in laminated or non-laminated forms depending on the material. This material is a commonly used material, which is a translucent material in polypropylene woven bags. When using this material, it will not produce any poisonous effect, and it will not have any odor. We can process pp into plastic woven bags, which are widely used in the packaging industry. When processing this material, woven bag manufacturers need to burn it to its melting point, 167 degrees Celsius, so it will have strong heat resistance when it is used later. Steam will also be used for disinfection so that all products will not be damaged during use. It is worth mentioning that the products made from pp have a very small density, so the product is very lightweight and more convenient for us to use. Moreover, the plastic woven bag made of this material also has high strength and corrosion resistance, so as a popular packaging product now, it is not only lightweight and durable but also can be recycled after use; it is truly a popular packaging product. Advantages of polypropylene woven bag #1. Heat resistance of polypropylene woven bags: The heat resistance of polypropylene is stronger than that of polyethylene. Generally, the melting point of polypropylene is about 40% -50% higher than that of polyethylene, about 160-170 ° C, so the product can be sterilized at a temperature above 100 ° C. It does not deform at 150 ° C under the condition of no external force. Similarly, in the field of ordinary packaging bags, polyethylene packaging bags are more suitable for use below 90 ° C, while polypropylene packaging bags can also be used at relatively higher temperatures. #2 Rigidity and tensile strength of polypropylene woven bags: Polypropylene is mainly characterized by low density, better mechanical properties than polyethylene, and outstanding rigidity. For example, polypropylene has gradually started to compete with engineering plastics (PA / PC) and is widely used in Electronic appliances, automotive fields. In addition, polypropylene has high tensile strength and good bending resistance. It will not turn white when it is bent one million times, which also provides clues for us to identify polypropylene products, and also becomes a hidden mark for the recycling classification of products. #3. After decades of development, polypropylene woven bags have undergone great changes in appearance, quality, and use. In appearance, the pp woven bag woven with mixed-colour flat silk looks more beautiful and has a certain three-dimensional sense. In terms of quality, the quality of current pp woven bags is subject to national supervision, and the quality must meet the unified national standards before it can flow to the market. In terms of use, pp woven bags have been used not only for transportation of food and grain or construction of dams but also for shopping and shopping as a tote bag, which is more environmentally friendly. At the same time, some stores also use it as a packaging bag. Conductive Jumbo Bag Conductive jumbo bag is constructed from fabrics having inter-connected conductive threads. The bag's material allows it to safely carry conductive material, such as flammable powders. Anti-Static Bulk Bags Anti-statics jumbo bag provides essential tools for transporting materials safely. According to the Electrical Safety Foundation International, over 2,200 nonfatal electrical injuries took place across America in 2017. These injuries led to a median of 10 missed days of work for each affected employee. Additionally, 1,330 of these nonfatal electrical injuries resulted from shocks — just over 60% of the total. To increase employee safety and reduce these losses in productivity, it's important to prevent electrostatic discharge and shocks in the workplace. One way to do this is through the use of specialized bags called anti-static FIBCs. Because of the protection these bags offer, the market for FIBCs is steadily increasing, currently growing at a 7.3% compound annual growth rate. More and more companies are turning to anti-static bulk bags for the comprehensive protection and peace of mind they offer. Below, we will discuss different types of bulk bags in more detail and explain the benefits they offer in a variety of applications. What Are Anti-Static Bulk Bags? What are anti-static FIBCs, or anti-static bulk bags? They are large transport and storage bags that resist electrostatic charge. Their typical diameter when filled is 45 to 48 inches, which allows the bags to fit two across in a typical shipping container or truck. They are standardized containers and meet ISO standards. Anti-static FIBCs incorporate additional design features to protect against the dangers that static electricity poses in the workplace. These special design features allow for the safe discharge of electrical charges. They do this either by conducting electricity to the ground through a grounding cable or dissipating the charge safely into the atmosphere. Anti-static FIBCs are usually made of woven polyethylene or polypropylene, materials made from petroleum. Their strong loops allow employees to lift them with a loader hook. Employees can also transport the bags using forklifts and pallets. Anti-static FIBCs are also customizable for different users. Features such as container height, spout diameter and length, whether the fabric is coated or uncoated and whether a polyethylene liner is necessary will vary with different users and applications. What is an Automatic Bulk Bag Discharger? An automatic bulk bag unloader station is a one-stop solution for potable water treatment, wastewater treatment, gas treatment, seawater desalination, and pulp and paper treatment. It is adapted to use with flexible containers of different volumes and provides for complete and automatic container discharge into a reception hopper with no subsequent product compaction. Big Bags can either be loaded with a crane, a forklift, or the crane integrated into the system depending on whether you're using a standard or auto-load version of the Big Bag. Which Industries Use the Bulk Bag Discharger Station? There are quite a few industries that make use of this station the most, and they include: ? Wastewater treatment whereby lime is used for sludge stabilization to create a product that can be used on the land application in case of acidic soil. The sludge is stabilized to reduce its ferment ability and odors, reduce its volume by reduction of its water content, and kill pathogens. ? Incinerators of various waste, including households and hospitals. The gases produced contain different pollutants like dioxins and heavy metals, which must be treated with a reagent injection to reduce the content of pollutants to a legal level of emissions. ? Drinking water plants to remove pesticides, nitrates, cleaning agents, and other waste from the water to make it safe for human consumption. ? The pulp and paper industry to treat any wastewater produced before reusing or releasing it into the environment. Lime is also used in the process as a pigment to improve the quality of the paper. ? In the sugar industry, a preparation of lime milk is used to purify the cane juice so that the resulting product is free of impurities. ? In seawater treatment plants, lime is used in the process of reverse osmosis to adjust pH and remineralize the water before it can be consumed as freshwater. What Options Does an Automatic Bulk Bag Discharger Station Have? With an automatic bulk bag discharger station, you have the following operating options: Isolation Diaphragm Valve The diaphragm valve is used for the reusable bags with a spout. The aim is to block the powder after opening the node in order to avoid the dust emission while the operator open it. Dust Collector This is the device that will draw all dust and particulates through its filter. Release purified air and the dust can be emptied once the hopper in which it collects is full. Big Bag Opening Knife Big bag knife are used for non reusable big bag with flat bottom. Using this apparatus, you can stand at a safe distance from the bulk disposal bag while opening it. It increases safety as the big bag can be opened without the user having to have their arm under the suspended large bag. Weighing Unit This makes sure that the product always stays within the right limits and checks how much powder is remaining. Autoload Station with Integrated Crane The integrated crane allows for an extra option when loading the Big Bag so that if there is no crane or forklift available, operations can go on. Benefits of Using Automatic Bulk Bag Discharger Station When you use the automatic bulk bag discharger station from Sodimate, you get to experience the following benefits: Suitable for Containers of up to 2T The variety of sizes and suitability of using up to 2T container sizes means that you have a great likelihood of getting your needs met, whatever your industry or scale. Easy to Use The automated system makes it easy to operate once you have the basic instructions down. It is therefore easy to train operators, and you stand to save a lot of time getting things done. Direct Dosing From Container Handling is a lot safer and faster for the operator thanks to the direct dosing. This increases accuracy because the user has total control over the amount of product that is dispensed. Total Big Bag Emptying The fact that a single operator can run all operations makes it faster, and because of full compliance with health standards and regulations, it is very safe to run. Optimized Dust Control The dust control features improve cleanliness and thus, makes the area of operations safe for everyone by not releasing the particles in the air that can cause health issues when inhaled. Efficiency and Safety The automatic nature of this system coupled with the safety features makes it eligible for the future. It will help you save time and effort while getting the job done effectively so that you can process more products in a shorter time. The instructions for using it are clear and straightforward, and its flexibility avails plenty of options for use. We provide several jumbo bag accessories and many types of bags, customers can choose according to their like. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

The History of the Light Bulb

Описание: The History of the Light Bulb More than 150 years ago, inventors began working on a bright idea that would have a dramatic impact on how we use energy in our homes and offices. This invention changed the way we design buildings, increased the length of the average workday and jumpstarted new businesses. It also led to new energy breakthroughs -- from power plants and electric transmission lines to home appliances and electric motors. Like all great inventions, the lamp globes can't be credited to one inventor. It was a series of small improvements on the ideas of previous inventors that have led to the light bulbs we use in our homes today. INCANDESCENT BULBS LIGHT THE WAY Long before Thomas Edison patented -- first in 1879 and then a year later in 1880 -- and began commercializing his incandescent light bulb, British inventors were demonstrating that electric light was possible with the arc lamp. In 1835, the first constant electric light was demonstrated, and for the next 40 years, scientists around the world worked on the incandescent lamp, tinkering with the filament (the part of the bulb that produces light when heated by an electrical current) and the bulb's atmosphere (whether air is vacuumed out of the bulb or it is filled with an inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidizing and burning out). These early bulbs had extremely short lifespans, were too expensive to produce or used too much energy. When Edison and his researchers at Menlo Park came onto the lighting scene, they focused on improving the filament -- first testing carbon, then platinum, before finally returning to a carbon filament. By October 1879, Edison's team had produced a light bulb with a carbonized filament of uncoated cotton thread that could last for 14.5 hours. They continued to experiment with the filament until settling on one made from bamboo that gave Edison's lamps a lifetime of up to 1,200 hours-- this filament became the standard for the Edison bulb for the next 10 years. Edison also made other improvements to the light bulb, including creating a better vacuum pump to fully remove the air from the bulb and developing the Edison screw (what is now the standard socket fittings for light bulbs). (Historical footnote: One can't talk about the history of the light bulb without mentioning William Sawyer and Albon Man, who received a U.S. patent for the incandescent lamp, and Joseph Swan, who patented his light bulb in England. There was debate on whether Edison's light bulb patents infringed on these other inventors' patents. Eventually Edison's U.S. lighting company merged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company -- the company making incandescent bulbs under the Sawyer-Man patent -- to form General Electric, and Edison's English lighting company merged with Joseph Swan's company to form Ediswan in England.) What makes Edison's contribution to electric lighting so extraordinary is that he didn't stop with improving the bulb -- he developed a whole suite of inventions that made the use of light bulbs practical. Edison modeled his lighting technology on the existing gas lighting system. In 1882 with the Holborn Viaduct in London, he demonstrated that electricity could be distributed from a centrally located generator through a series of wires and tubes (also called conduits). Simultaneously, he focused on improving the generation of electricity, developing the first commercial power utility called the Pearl Street Station in lower Manhattan. And to track how much electricity each customer was using, Edison developed the first electric meter. While Edison was working on the whole lighting system, other inventors were continuing to make small advances, improving the filament manufacturing process and the efficiency of the bulb. The next big change in the incandescent bulb came with the invention of the tungsten filament by European inventorsin 1904. These new tungsten filament bulbs lasted longer and had a brighter light compared to the carbon filament bulbs. In 1913, Irving Langmuir figured out that placing an inert gas like nitrogen inside the bulb doubled its efficiency. Scientists continued to make improvements over the next 40 years that reduced the cost and increased the efficiency of the incandescent bulb. But by the 1950s, researchers still had only figured out how to convert about 10 percent of the energy the incandescent bulb used into light and began to focus their energy on other lighting solutions. The children's globe is a necessary teaching aid in the teaching of geography in primary and secondary schools. It is often used to explain the following: 1. the earth Understand the causes of the alternation of day and night and the change of seasons Analyze the impact of the movement of the earth on the climate 2. Distribution characteristics of latitude and longitude lines Shape direction length Know the role of graticule 3. The world's land and sea Understand the positional relationship between the seven continents and the four oceans and the latitude zone they are in Know the location of the six major sectors Recognize the topographic features of major terrain areas and major continents Find the position of the date line Astronomy Globe Astronomy globe simulates the movement of the sunshine area on the earth's surface caused by the earth's rotation and revolution. This movement produces astronomical information-day, night, sunrise, sunset, solar terms (seasons), polar day area, polar night area, location of direct sun points, local time, universal time, time difference, etc. This information is what people need to know in their daily lives. In the past, people used clocks, globes, or the integrated use of maps and calendars to obtain some information, but the time of sunrise and sunset in different areas, the length of day and night that change with solar terms (seasons), and the angle of sunlight are still unavailable. They can only be measured or asked. observatory. The astronomical globe gives this information, so you can know it in a hotel, home or office. The solar terms (seasons) were given by the calendar in the past. The astronomical globe not only gives the solar terms (seasons) but also the sunrise and sunset times and the length of day and night for each region, as well as the latitude of the point where the sun shines. The polar day and polar night regions were only mentioned when learning geography knowledge or traveling to high latitude regions in summer. The astronomical globe can provide information about the polar day and polar night regions at any time, which has great practical significance for tourism. People know the conditions of the polar day and polar night areas before traveling to high latitude areas. In the past, the direct sun point was only experienced by people between the Tropic of Cancer. There is also a measuring building from the sun to the Tropic of Cancer in Guangzhou. With the astronomical globe, people can experience the meaning of the direct sun point through it. The globe is a model of the earth. Although it cannot represent various geographical things and phenomena in detail like a map, nor can it fully reflect the actual situation of the earth, it can avoid errors and distortions in length, direction, area or shape on the map, and can help us Clarify many related concepts of the earth and obtain the concept of the main body of the earth. Demonstrate the deflection force of the earth's rotation In order to observe the deflection force of the earth's rotation, we can use a globe to make the earth's axis perpendicular to the ground plane and move the north pole of the globe upward. The meridian flows to low latitudes and leaves ink marks. Then you turn the globe from west to east, and then drop one or two drops of blue ink at the original place at high latitudes, and you will find that the direction of the blue ink flow has changed to the right compared to the direction of the original red ink flow. Turn the globe to the side, with the South Pole facing up, and perform two demonstrations in the same way. Comparing observations, the trajectory of the blue ink flow is deflected to the left compared to the trajectory of the red ink flow. Then place the globe at rest and flat, the axis of the earth is parallel to the horizon, drop one or two drops of red ink on a certain point on the equator, and find that the red ink flows along the line of the equator; then drop one or two drops of blue ink at the origin and rotate the globe, It was found that the flow orbit of the blue ink was consistent with that of the red ink, indicating that its flow orbit was not affected by the rotation of the earth. Therefore, it can be proved that under the influence of the deflection force of the geostrophic force, the law of deflection of horizontally moving objects is as follows: the northern hemisphere deviates to the right, the southern half of the day deviates to the left, and there is no deflection on the equator. Demonstrate the day and night change Use an electric light or a bright flashlight to represent the sun so that it is on the same plane as the sphere of the globe. The globe rotates from west to east around the earth's axis (the north end of the earth's axis points to true north). The period of the earth's rotation (a 360° revolution) is a sidereal day, which is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. When the globe rotates from west to east, the globe rotates counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole; the globe rotates clockwise when viewed from the south pole; the globe rotates from west to east when viewed from the equator. These three expressions are consistent. Since the earth (instrument) is an opaque sphere, the sun (electric light or a strong flashlight) can only illuminate half of the earth at the same time, that is, the sun is day and the sun is night. The hemisphere illuminated by the sun (electric light or a strong flashlight) is called the day hemisphere, and the hemisphere illuminated in the middle of the night is called the night hemisphere. The dividing line (two) between the two balls is combined into a circle, called the twilight line (circle). When the earth (instrument) continuously rotates from west to east, we will find that the direct sun's point sweeps from east to west, and the twilight circle also moves regularly from east to west, so the day and night on the earth are constantly changing. . The globe keeps turning from west to east, which can demonstrate the regular day and night changes on the earth. In addition to providing globes, we also provide various globe accessories. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

Orangutans Use Plant Extracts to Treat Pain

Описание: Orangutans Use Plant Extracts to Treat Pain Medicine is not exclusively a human invention. Many other animals, from insects to birds to nonhuman primates, have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions. Behavioral ecologist Helen Morrogh-Bernard of the Borneo Nature Foundation has spent decades studying the island's orangutans and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a previously unseen medicinal way. During more than 20,000 hours of formal observation, Morrogh-Bernard and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant (which is not part of their diet) into a foamy lather and then rub it into their fur. The apes spent up to 45 minutes at a time massaging the concoction onto their upper arms or legs. The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example of a nonhuman animal using a topical analgesic. Local people use the same plant—Dracaena cantleyi, an unremarkable-looking shrub with stalked leaves—to treat aches and pains. Morrogh-Bernard's co-authors at the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc and the Medical University of Vienna studied its chemistry. They added extracts from it to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines, an immune system response that causes inflammation and discomfort. The plant extract reduced the production of several types of cytokines, the scientists reported in a study published last November in Scientific Reports. The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pain, says Jacobus de Roode, a biologist at Emory University, who was not involved in the study. Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications, de Roode says. In creatures such as insects, the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate; woolly bear caterpillars infected with parasitic flies seek out and eat plant substances that are toxic to the flies. But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group. For example, an orangutan may have rubbed the plant on its skin to try to treat parasites and realized that it also had a pleasant pain-killing effect, says Michael Huffman, a primatologist at Kyoto University, who was not involved in the new research. That behavior may then have been passed on to other orangutans. Because this type of self-medication is seen only in south-central Borneo, Morrogh-Bernard says, it was probably learned locally. INTRODUCTION It wouldn't come as a surprise to anyone that active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) come in a wide variety. Small molecule, large molecule, peptide, monoclonal antibody, innovative, generic; the list goes on. These molecules have the ability to cure or mitigate debilitating conditions that can change a person's life forever. It makes sense, then, that these ingredients are of primary importance in a formulation, and appropriate measures should be taken to maintain their stability and efficacy. As these APIs become more complex, they also become increasingly vulnerable to a series of different degradation pathways. Changes in pH environments can cause acidification and lead to breakdown. Exposure to moisture can initiate hydrolysis and subsequently lead to the formation of secondary by products. Residual catalyst that isn't removed from an excipient can trigger side reactions and perpetuate degradation of not just the API, but everything else in the formulation. To combat this, formulators will typically front-load their formulations to compensate for this anticipated loss. However, this does not end up being a practical solution, as the degradants are still forming, and becomes an even bigger concern when the cost of developing the formulation becomes even higher. As a result, the more practical solution is to ensure that the remaining ingredients in the formulation are of the highest quality and purity. This certifies the drug will not degrade, and that efficacy and longevity are maintained. IMPROVED DOCETAXEL RECOVERY VIA HIGH PURITY Docetaxel is a great example of where the importance of purity plays a meaningful role. This active, a member of the taxanes class of molecules, is used as a chemotherapy drug, primarily in the treatment of cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, and stomach. Figure 1 depicts the main degradation product for docetaxel, 7-epi-docetaxel. With the same molecular weight as docetaxel, 7-epi-docetaxel is an epimer – a structural stereoisomer with the hydroxyl group at the C7 position ("flipping" position). Literature on the stability of the taxanes suggests that this is a common degradation product for docetaxel at that site, either through a retro aldol reaction or formation of an enolate intermediate.1,2 The formation of 7-epi-docetaxel has been observed in basic and strongly acidic conditions and in the presence of electrophilic agents, though the epimerization can be inhibited in the presence of a metal salt.3 7-epi- docetaxel has been found to be less cytotoxic to leukemia cells compared to docetaxel, so the formation of this epimer could reduce the efficacy of the treatment. A study conducted on docetaxel comparing its stability in various grades of polysorbate 80 (Figure 2) showed that there is significantly improved (up to 80% higher) recovery after 12 weeks at 40°C, when using a high purity grade rather than a standard compendial grade. Additionally, the study showed that there is a much higher concentration of docetaxel degradants, including 7-epi-docetaxel, present after these same conditions when using a standard compendial grade. This enhanced profile of docetaxel when using a higher purity grade of polysorbate 80, both during standard and accelerated conditions, shows that there are significant benefits from selecting the right grade of excipient when formulating. MINIMIZING IMPURITY FORMATION OF ETOPOSIDE Another chemotherapy API that is heavily prone to degradation is etoposide. Used for treating testicular, lung, and ovarian cancer, there are more than 300 marketed products incorporating this sparingly water-soluble active, with the bulk of the formulations incorporating polysorbate 80. In this instance, the main degradation product of concern is cis-etoposide, a stereoisomer of the active. Etoposide contains a trans-fused lactone ring that is under considerable strain, and will readily convert to the more thermodynamically stable cis-fused ring, known as epimerization. This altered structure can be seen in Figure 3. Literature suggests that cis-etoposide is biologically inactive in vitro, so any unwarranted conformation can have direct consequences on drug absorption and effectiveness.5 As with docetaxel, a study was conducted with etoposide to look at its stability in various grades of excipients for 12 weeks at 40°C, and it was shown that significantly more cis-etoposide is formed when it is formulated with standard grade polysorbate 80, with API recovery varying anywhere from 17% – 85%. However, when formulated with the high-purity grade, little to no cis-etoposide is formed over the course of the 12 week study, with near 100% full etoposide recovery. The results (Figure 4) also show using high purity ingredients can promote analytical clarity from a data processing standpoint, as impurity formation can cause the appearance of additional peaks in a chromatogram, adding to the time it takes to complete analysis. This, ultimately, suggests that using higher purity ingredients is crucial to maintaining your desired API concentration in your formulation, both in the short-term and in the long-term. Nutrients It shows you some key health nutrition ingredients that impact your health. You can use the label to support your personal dietary needs – look for foods that contain more of the nutrients you want to get more of and less of the nutrients you may want to limit. Nutrients to get less of: Saturated Fat, Sodium, and Added Sugars. Saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars are nutrients listed on the label that may be associated with adverse health effects – and Americans generally consume too much of them, according to the recommended limits for these nutrients. They are identified as nutrients to get less of. Eating too much saturated fat and sodium, for example, is associated with an increased risk of developing some health conditions, like cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. Consuming too much added sugars can make it hard to meet important nutrient needs while staying within calorie limits. What are Added Sugars and How are they Different from Total Sugars? Total Sugars on the Nutrition Facts label includes sugars naturally present in many nutritious foods and beverages, such as sugar in milk and fruit as well as any added sugars that may be present in the product. No Daily Reference Value has been established for total sugars because no recommendation has been made for the total amount to eat in a day. Added Sugars on the Nutrition Facts label include sugars that are added during the processing of foods (such as sucrose or dextrose), foods packaged as sweeteners (such as table sugar), sugars from syrups and honey, and sugars from concentrated fruit or vegetable juices. Diets high in calories from added sugars can make it difficult to meet daily recommended levels of important nutrients while staying within calorie limits. Note: Having the word "includes" before Added Sugars on the label indicates that Added Sugars are included in the number of grams of Total Sugars in the product. Introduction The flavor of herbs comes from oils in the cell walls of plants. Leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of herbs can all be dried. Heat, low humidity, and air movement are needed to dry herbs. Some methods include air-drying, seed harvesting, dehydrator drying, and microwave drying. Sun drying and oven drying have limitations. When to Harvest Herbs Most herbs are best for drying just before the flowers first open. New leaves at the tip of the plant will have the most concentrated flavor. Flowering herbs tend to be somewhat bitter. Herbs will have more of their essential oils if harvested on a sunny day in mid-morning after the dew has evaporated. Use scissors to cut the stems just above a leaf or pair of leaves. Leave 4 to 6 inches of stem for later growth. It can also be herb and fruit powder. Preparing Herbs for Drying Remove any bruised, soiled, or imperfect leaves and stems. Inspect plants, especially seeds, for insects. Rinse the stems in cool water and gently shake to remove excess moisture. Then gently pat dry with a paper towel. Another option is to remove moisture using a salad spinner. Remove as much moisture as possible. Methods of Drying Herbs Less tender herbs such as sage, thyme, and winter savory are the easiest to dry. They can be tied into small bundles and air-dried. Tender-leaf herbs such as basil, tarragon, lemon balm, and the mints have a high moisture content and will mold if not dried quickly. Air-Drying For air-drying to be successful, humidity must be low and good air circulation must be available. Stems of herbs such as mint, sage, or thyme can be tied in a small cluster and hung in a dry area with good air circulation. If you use a rubber band to tie them, it will tighten as the stems dry and stems will not fall out of the cluster. Clusters of dried herbs may look attractive decorating a kitchen or fireplace, but care must be taken to avoid humidity and dust. Hang herbs away from the sink, stove, or dishwasher where there is a lot of moisture. Keep dust off herbs by covering them with a paper bag punched with holes. The holes will allow air to circulate. If drying seedy herbs, place them in the bag so that the bag can catch the falling seeds. When drying leafy herbs, place the bag over the herbs as a dust shield. Herbs with small leaves can be laid out on a fine stainless steel or food-safe plastic screen or paper towels to air-dry. When dried, just strip the leaves from the stem to store. For herbs with larger leaves, remove the leaves from the stems and lay them on screens or paper towels without allowing the leaves to touch. Up to five layers of herbs and paper towels can be dried by this method. It may be necessary to change paper towels as they absorb moisture from the herbs. Microwave Drying Parsley, basil, and celery leaves dry well in some microwave ovens. A microwave oven with a wattage rating of 1,000 or higher may heat too fast to use this method. Read the manufacturer's directions to see if you can do this in your oven. Arrange washed and dried herbs one layer thick between microwave-safe paper towels. The length of time will depend on the amount of herbs and the power level of the microwave oven. Microwave on high for 2 to 3 minutes per cup. Start with 1 minute, mix after every 30 seconds, and continue checking for dryness. Remove from oven; cool. Rub between paper towels to crumble or wait to crumble until ready to use. Repeat with remaining herbs. Caution: Watch carefully! If there is not adequate volume, the paper towels can catch fire. Seed Harvesting The seeds of dill, caraway, mustard, and fennel can be left on the plant until mature. Cut flower stalks or pull entire plant from the ground, hang upside down, and shake seeds out when dry. Examine seeds for insects. Husks can be removed from seeds by rubbing the seeds between the hands and blowing away the chaff. Check for insects and treat dried seeds as described under "Treatment of Air-Dried Herbs and Seeds" below. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

Valves 101: Types of Ball Valves

Описание: Valves 101: Types of Ball Valves Ball valves are a type of piping equipment that shuts off or controls the flow in a pipeline by using a hollow sphere and round seats held in a valve body. There are two basic technologies for the design of ball valves, floating ball design and trunnion mounted ball design. The major components of a ball valve include: Valve body – A pressure vessel that contains the components needed to control or shut off the flow through a pipe. It is designed to connect two or more sections of pipe or tubing to each other. Ball – A sphere with a flow path (hole or tunnel) through the center of it and a connection point for a shaft to rotate it. Seats – Round donut-shaped discs that form a seal between the body and ball. Stem – A shaft that connects the internal ball to the outside of the valve to facilitate rotation of the ball. Packing – Flexible seals that fit around the shaft and prevent the media traveling through the valve from escaping externally. Bonnet – The part of the valve body that houses the stem and packing. Operator or Actuator – An external device designed to rotate the stem of the valve. This can be a lever, a gear, a motor-operated gear (electric actuator), or a pneumatic/hydraulic actuator. Floating Ball Design A floating ball valve sandwiches the hollow ball between two or more cupped seats that form a tight seal between the body and the ball at the inlet and outlet ports of the valve body. The ball is rotated (usually 90 degrees) by a shaft that protrudes outside of the valve body and is connected to some form of operator. For this reason, most ball valves are referred to as quarter-turn valves. This shaft is not rigidly attached to the ball in order for the ball to pivot on the end of the shaft as it rotates on the axis of the ball. This is usually accomplished with a slot on top of the ball, perpendicular to the ball's flow path. The cupped portion of the seats cradle the ball prevents it from moving down in the valve body. The valve packing prevents the media from escaping the valve body through the stem opening in the bonnet. The most common type of packing today is chevron v-ring type packing. If you look at the cross section profile of this packing, it resembles the letter "V". The outer diameter of the packing matches the bore of the bonnet. The inside diameter matches the outer diameter of the stem. Multiple rings of this packing are stacked on top of each other and the stem is inserted through the packing. A packing gland on top of the bonnet pushes down on the top of the "V" and causes the packing to expand and seals agains the stem and bonnet. Trunnion Mounted Ball Design The trunnion design ball valve works nearly the same way as the floating ball except the seats are spring loaded against the ball and the ball does not pivot. The ball only rotates on its axis in this design. In the trunnion mounted ball valve, the ball utilizes a second shaft and bearing on the bottom of the ball. This stem or "post" holds the bottom of the valve in place. The top of the ball is not slotted and the upper stem is rigidly attached to the ball. This prevents the ball from moving into the downstream seat. Since the ball does not move into the seats, the seats must move towards the ball. Springs behind the seat push them tightly into the ball in order to make the seal. Trunnion valves are very effective at sealing off very low pressures that would not be strong enough to move a floating ball into the downstream seat. They are also required on large diameter valves and high-pressure valves. The reason for this is the contact area of the seats in a floating ball is relatively small. From physics, we know force = Pressure x Area. The force on the downstream seat in a floating ball is derived from the process pressure in the upstream pipe pushing on the solid area of the ball in the closed position. If the pressure is high or the area is large, the downstream seat will be destroyed. The tradeoff is that trunnion valves are much more expensive than floating ball designs. Both floating ball and trunnion designs are available as multi-port valves by using elaborate flow paths in the ball and additional ports in the body. Are you looking for ball valves for your facility? Our team has years of experience in selecting the perfect valve for any application. Contact us today to discuss your specific valve needs! How It Works: Gate Valves All valves are designed to stop, allow, or throttle the flow of a process fluid. Gate valves—one of the original valve designs—are ideally suited for on-off, primarily liquid, service. A gate valve functions by lifting a rectangular or circular gate out of the path of the fluid. When the valve is fully open, gate valves are full bore, meaning there is nothing to obstruct the flow because the gate and pipeline diameter have the same opening. This bore diameter also determines the valve size. An advantage of this fullbore design is very low friction loss, which saves energy and reduces total cost of ownership. Gate and segment There are four primary designs for gate valves. Slab gate valves comprise a single gate unit that raises and lowers between two seat rings and are primarily used for transporting crude oil and NGLs. The G4N fabricated gate valve in the GROVE valves portfolio and the WKM Saf-T-Seal slab gate valve are ideal choices for this application. Expanding gate valves include two units—a gate and segment—in contrast with slab gate valves, which have one unit. The gate and segment units collapse against each other for travel and separate when the valve is fully opened or fully closed to affect a mechanical seal. Wedge gate valves are engineered with a tapered gate with metal-to-metal sealing. In contrast with a slab or expanding gate valve, wedge gate valves are not piggable because of the void that is left in the bottom of the valve body when the valve is open. These valves do not have a bore through the gate itself; instead, the gate retracts into the valve body when open, which saves height space. Knife gate valves are used to cut through extremely thick fluids and dry bulk solids. The design of this valve makes it inherently self cleaning because the knife is cleared of abrasives with each stroke as it passes the seat rings and skirts. The gate unit of this type of valve is thin compared with other gate valve types and is guided in place by the water-type body that sandwiches the gate. Stem Gate valves can have a rising or nonrising stem design. Rising stems are attached directly to the gate and provide a visual indicator of the valve position. Nonrising stems are generally threaded into the upper part of the gate and have a pointer threaded onto the top to indicate position. Nonrising stem designs are ideally suited for applications where vertical space is limited, in well applications, and where scraping or pigging is not required. Gate valves are designed with a sealing unit to provide a tight seal around the stem. Our patented single loaded-spring (SLS) stem seal design, used in Saf-T-Seal slab gate valves and WKM Pow-R-Seal double expanding gate valves, provides superior leak protection and a self-adjusting seal designed to reduce maintenance. Cast Steel Flanged Gate Valve Cast Steel Flanged Gate Valve Suitable to fit between PN16, ANSI 150 or ANSI 300 flanges Designed for industrial applications Cast Steel body with bolted bonnet End connection: Flanged PN16, ANSI 150 or ANSI 300 Sizes 2" to 8" and 2" to 10" Temperature range: -29°C to 425°C. Pressure rating: PN20, Class 150 or Class 300 Our Cast Steel Flanged Gate Valve is suitable to fit between PN6, PN10/16 or ANSI 150 flanges (subject to configuration) and designed for industrial applications; boiler plants and rugged environments where a more durable valve is required. A handwheel operated manual gate valve with Cast Steel body, bolted bonnet and non rising stem. Cast Steel gate valve is used as efficient shut-off valves with flow in either direction for water, saturated steam, air, gas and oil. The Main Types of Forged Steel Gate Valves The main role of forged steel gate valve in the pipeline is to cut off, is a very wide application of a valve, the general diameter DN ≤ 50 cut off the device selected this forged steel gate valve. When the valve is fully open, the sealing surface eroded by the medium is smaller than globe valve. Shape is relatively simple, casting process is better. So, what types are forged steel gate valve? According to the gate construction to classify. Parallel forged steel gate valve, sealing surface is parallel to the vertical center line. In the parallel type of forged steel gate valve, some valves install wedge, there are also between the gate with a spring, the spring can produce preload, is conducive to the gate of the seal. Wedge forged steel gate valve, sealing surface and the vertical center line create into a certain angle, that is, two sealing surface into a wedge-shaped forged steel gate valve. Generally, the higher the working temperature, the greater the angle, to reduce the possibility of wedging when the temperature changes. All About Globe Valves Globe valves are mainly used to regulate and to stop fluid flow through pipes. They differ from valves such as ball valves and gate valves in that they are specifically designed to govern fluid flow and are not limited to shut-off service. Globe valves are so named because older designs exhibited something of a globular body and could be divided into two hemispheres separated by an equator, where the flow changes direction. The actual internal element that closes against the seat is not usually spherical (as in a ball valve) but more typically flat, semi-spherical, or plug shaped. Globe valves, when opened, are more restrictive to fluid flow than gate or ball valves, resulting in higher pressure drops through them. Globe valves are available in three main body configurations, some of which are intended to reduce the pressure drop through the valve. How It Works: Check Valves Check valves, also known as nonreturn or one-way valves, enable fluid to flow one way in a pipeline. A clapper hangs from a hinge, clapper shaft, or pin mounted to the underside of the bonnet. This design inhibits backflow in a line. Because of their simple design, check valves generally operate without automation or human interaction and instead rely on the flow velocity of the fluid to open and close. This means they do not have a method of outside operation like a handle or lever. The minimum upstream pressure required to operate the valve is called the cracking pressure, generally between 1 and 5 psi. Check valves are designed specifically with this number in mind. The degree of opening on a check valve is determined by the flow rate. The higher the flow rate, the more open the valve will be until it reaches its maximum, full-open position. On many check valves, the full open position is approximately 85°. Plug type valve Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the valve is open. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

HOW TO STERILIZE GLASS DROPPER BOTTLES FOR DIY SKINCARE

Описание: HOW TO STERILIZE GLASS DROPPER BOTTLES FOR DIY SKINCARE There comes a time in any DIYers life where you gotta sterilize a few glass bottles. Making your own skincare is a great way to reduce single-use packaging and customize your products. Alternatively, refillable skincare is getting more accessible each day- but you'll need to ensure all containers are safely sanitized before refilling! Our simple 5-step guide to sanitizing your glass dropper bottle will have you refilling with more confidence and less contamination! Our guide for how to clean the glass droppers (including the pesky pipettes!) can be found at the bottom of this blog post. STEP 1: CLEAN & SOAK Ensure your bottle is empty. Products containing oils (like oil-based serums) can't go down the drain and should be put into your trash. Once the bottle is empty, give it a quick rinse to flush out any residual product. To help release any labels and ensure the container is clean, soak overnight in soapy water. STEP 2: RINSE, REPEAT Remove your labels. Depending on how long you soaked your bottles, this may take some elbow grease! Spritz with 70% Isopropyl Alcohol to remove any stickiness. Once de-labelled, rinse twice with warm water to get the remaining soap out of the bottles. STEP 3: BOIL FOR TEN MINUTES Being careful not to burn yourself (glass containers will get very hot) use tongs to place your glass bottles in boiling water. Boil for ten minutes. After ten minutes, use tongs to remove your bottles. They will be extremely hot so simply set them on a surface to allow them to cool down before handling. STEP 4: RINSE IN 70% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL Once your glass bottles have cooled completely, rinse in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Submerge the glass bottles completely to sanitize. If you're confident you can clean the whole inside surface of the bottle, pour just enough isopropyl alcohol into each bottle to clean. Simply swish and empty! STEP 5: AIR DRY Lay fresh paper towel down on a clean surface. Position each bottle upside down on the paper towel to let it drip dry. You'll need to wait until the bottles have air dried completely before refilling. It's important to wait for all alcohol and and any residual water to completely evaporate before you refill or reuse. The best bet is to not be in a hurry and leave them to dry overnight, or for 24 hrs. Glass Bottle Creating glass containers can be accomplished by one of two different processes – the Blow and Blow, or the Press and Blow process. Each process is chosen based on the kind of glass bottle being made. All glass bottles start out as raw materials. Silica (sand), soda ash, limestone, and cullet (furnace-ready, recycled glass) are combined into a specific mixture based on the desired properties of the bottle. The mixture is then melted at high temperatures in the furnace until it becomes a molten material, ready for formation. The type of glass this mixture will produce is known as soda-lime glass, the most popular glass for food and beverages. Glass Forming Methods Molten glass gobs are cut by a perfectly-timed blade to ensure each gob is of equal weight before it goes into the forming machine. The weight of a gob is important to the formation process for each glass container being made. The molded glass is created by gravity feeding gobs of molten glass into a forming machine, where pressure forms the neck and basic shape of the bottle. Once the neck finish and the general glass bottle shape has been achieved, the form is known as a parison. To achieve the final container shape, one of two processes are used. Press and Blow Process The Press and Blow process is the most commonly used method in glass bottle manufacturing. It uses an individual section (IS) machine, which is separated into varying sections to produce several containers of the same size simultaneously. The molten glass is cut with a shearing blade into a specific gob size. The gob falls into the machine by force of gravity. A metal plunger is used to push the gob down into the mold, where it starts to take shape and become a parison. The parison is then transferred into the blow mold and reheated so that the parison is soft enough to finish off the dimensions of the glass. Once the parison is reheated to blowing temperature, air is injected to blow the container into shape. Press and blow methods are typically used for manufacturing wide-mouth bottles and jars as their size allows the plunger into the parison. Blow and Blow Process The Blow and Blow process is used to create narrow containers. It also requires an IS machine, where gobs of molten glass are gravity fed into the mold. The parison is created by using compressed air to form the neck finish and basic bottle shape. The parison is then flipped 180 degrees and reheated before air is again injected to blow the container into its final shape. Compressed air is once again used to blow the bottle into its desired shape. Blow and Blow methods are best used for glass bottle manufacturing requiring different neck thicknesses. Finishing the Process Regardless of the process used, once the bottle has been completely formed, it is removed from the mold and transferred to the annealing lehr. The lehr reheats the bottes to a temperature of about 1,050 degrees Fahrenheit then gradually cools them to about 390F. This process allows the glass to cool at an even rate - eliminating internal stresses in the glass that could lead to cracking or shattering. Bottles are then subjected to careful inspections to ensure they meet quality control guidelines. Any bottles showing imperfections, including bubbles, cracks, or misshapen areas, are removed from the line and used as cullet. All remaining bottles are sorted according to size and type. The bottles are then packaged on pallets and prepared for shipping. Roll On Bottles Vs. Dropper Bottles When comparing roll on glass bottle to dropper bottles, there are several differences that make them useful for different applications. Dropper bottles are great for dispensing essential oils into humidifiers, as many glass dropper bottles either come with a dropper or reducer which limits the amount of oils that can leave the bottle at a given time. That's why, if you are searching for essential oils to place in your humidifier, you should consider using oils that are contained in a convenient dropper bottle. However, when compared to glass dropper bottles, essential oil roller bottles are intended for directly applying to the skin and areas of your body that are suffering from aches and pains. Several studies have shown that essential oils provide a number of stress and anxiety relief benefits, and have shown to also be effective for lowering your heart rate, and reducing levels of chronic pain. For this reason, roll on bottles can be incredibly useful for those that are experiencing some of the undesirable symptoms listed above. There are several areas located on your body where essential oils are most effective, which is why we will talk about how to use essential oil roller bottles to apply oils to the skin. Using Glass Roll On Bottles for Essential Oil Application Using our roll on bottles to apply essential oils on the body is incredibly easy. However, to maximize the benefits of essential oils, it is important to know the exact areas of the body that you should focus on when using essential oils. Before using your essential oil of choice, first start by vigorously shaking the roll on bottle to ensure that a desirable amount of oil is ready to be dispensed on the skin. Once your essential oil is ready to be applied, locate the areas of your body that are affecting you most. Many individuals will use their essential oil roller bottles on the temples, as this is a common area of pain for many suffering from headaches and migraines. Applying essential oils to other areas of the body, such as the chest, is great for helping to clear congested sinuses, and can provide users with a deeper, more restful sleep throughout the night. However, simply smelling your essential oil bottle or rolling a miniscule amount of oil underneath your nose can do much to provide extended stress relief after a long day. Hanging storage bins Another savvy idea from Ashley Johnston of Make It & Love It, these hanging bins are perfect for the office, craft room or anywhere you need a bit of extra storage space. Created with a simple cutting technique, this storage setup is versatile enough to be made from whatever empty shampoo or lotion bottles you happen to have around the house. After you've completed your bins, attach them to a piece of plywood for wall-mounted storage wherever you need it. We also love this idea from Bonnie of the blog Revolutionaries, who used her shampoo bottle bin as a sponge caddy in the kitchen sink, and this idea from Pya of Made in Mommyland, who painted her lotion bottle bins for a pop of color.

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

Everything You Need To Know About LED Lighting

Описание: Everything You Need To Know About LED Lighting LED lighting is fast becoming the best solution for a wide variety of outdoor lighting applications. The reasons are simple: LEDs are the most energy efficient light on the market by far, they have the longest lifespan (and associated product warranties) by 2-10 times over the nearest competing technology, and they produce a very high quality light with a wide range of characteristics. They are small, steady-state lights which means they don't present the breaking or recycling issues common with legacy lighting technology. Perhaps the only downside is that they're not the cheapest light on the market. That said, the price continues to come down and a smart investor will recognize right away that a lifespan that could be an order of magnitude (10 times) longer than a traditional bulb is easily worth the investment. You get what you pay for after all. One of the most important facilities for high quality outdoor LED light are outdoor parking lots. Parking lots present three major obstacles for owners, real estate organizations and facility managers. First, your parking lot needs to be well illuminated to present a welcoming and safe atmosphere for tenants and customers. The type and specifications of the lighting used in your parking lot typically sets the tone regarding safety and professionalism for the building at large. We refer to this general characteristic as lighting quality. Second, your parking lot lights need to be as energy efficient as possible because they typically operate from dusk to dawn. Third, maximizing luminaire lifespan is important because hiring labor and/or keeping staff on board to routinely change bulbs can become very costly. Primarily for these three reasons it is important to install the best combination of high efficiency, long lifespan, and high quality when choosing a lighting solution. Indoor LED lamp is the 21st century answer to all three problems. Lighting Quality: The most noticeable difference between traditional parking lot lights like High Pressure Sodium and modern day LEDs is the color temperature. Notice the incredibly yellow tinge in the "Before" images to the left below. In the same yellow image take a look at the grass. The characteristic green color is almost indistinguishable. Compare that to the same parking lot when it is illuminated by LEDs. The first thing that stands out is all of the green. The trees and grass appear almost exactly like they do during the day. That is a much more welcoming and comforting experience for tenants, customers, and/or employees frequenting the lot. Using LED Upgrades for Street Lights Switching to LED lighting leads to significant cost reductions and carbon savings for cities and municipalities. When 12 major cities adopted LED street light, they saw energy savings of 50 to 70 percent. In New York City, the city decided to replace 250,000 street lights with LED lights. Known as the largest project of this type in the United States, these new lights helped the city save $14 million in maintenance and energy costs between 2015 and 2017. By 2025, there are expected to be 350 million street lights around the world. Unlike other efficiency projects, LED lights are easy to implement. If the entire United States used LED bulbs for street lights, the country would save $6 billion. The carbon savings would be similar to removing 8.5 million vehicles from American streets. In Los Angeles, the installation of 140,000 LED street lights in 2013 led to energy savings of 80 percent. What are Flood Lights? LED flood light is great lighting fixtures that emit a broad beam of light. As the name suggests, flood lights are used to flood an area with light. It is the best way to provide an enormous amount of non-natural light to an area. LED floodlights are highly energy efficient and have a higher lumen per watt output than any other conventional lighting system. They are used for many purposes and also allow a range of lighting techniques. Applications of Flood Lights The broad beam of flood lights is used in a number of ways across many objects and areas. Why solar lights could offer a solution to the world's poor There is an ongoing debate among policy makers, international donors and researchers about how to provide energy access to poor rural areas. For many years, most funding was flowing into large-scale infrastructure projects to expand national electricity grids. However, grid extensions to remote and poor areas are expensive and difficult to maintain. At the same time, concerns about climate change combined with the decline in solar photovoltaic and battery prices have made solar-powered electricity an attractive investment. Off-grid energy as key to fight poverty? In particular, pico-solar products, such as small portable solar lights, have gained increased policy attention and international funding. Such products have low up-front costs, need little maintenance, and do not pose the management problems typically associated with national grids or even mini-grids. Solar photovoltaic charged products are hence seen as a possible solution to address both energy poverty and energy sustainability in the near future.Solar lanterns could replace kerosene lighting, which is still used by an estimated 500 million households. The emissions of kerosene lights contribute to global warming and to severe indoor air pollution. Moreover, kerosene lamps typically provide low-quality lighting, at around 10 lumens, while for example a standard LED bulb provides around 500 lumens. On the other hand, solar lanterns only provide minimal access to energy: they can't power radios, TVs, fridges, or other appliances people may aspire to own as they become wealthier. Whereas researchers agree that access to grid energy is important for economic growth, there is only scarce empirical evidence of the impact that off-grid energy access has on poverty. That's why we conducted a policy field experiment in Kenya in collaboration with several policy partners. We analyzed the demand, use and effects of small portable solar lights, combining survey data with sensor data developed by the ETH spin-off Bonsai Systems. Poor households spend a lot on little energy At the start of our experiment, almost all 1,400 surveyed households used small kerosene (tin) lanterns with an open flame for lighting. A typical household spent 5–10% of its total cash expenditure on energy, mostly used for kerosene. In comparison, European households spend on average around 4% of their total expenditure on energy, but use more than five times more energy. We found a high demand for solar lanterns among poor rural households, but noticed that they responded very strongly to variations in cost. At the current market price of 9 US dollars, 29% households bought a light; if lights were sold at a subsidized price of 4 dollars, the demand more than doubled (69%). A solar LED light typically replaces one of the households' kerosene lanterns. As a result, households save around 2% of their overall monthly cash expenditure by spending less on kerosene. We found little evidence that access to better lighting improves children's performance at school or increases adults' working time. If only direct economic returns are considered, this would suggest that switching from kerosene to solar lighting might not always be cost-effective. However, this result might change if kerosene prices increase or photovoltaic prices further decrease. Highly luminous LED panels from HOFTRONIC Do you want to make your business premises more sustainable? Then the HOFTRONIC LED panels from INTOLED are the solution you are looking for. The HOFTRONIC panels are very economical with 36 Watt and 125lm/W. These are LED panels with an extremely high light output at low energy consumption. With these HOFTRONIC LED panels you can make any building more sustainable. No matter whether it is your office building, your hairdresser's shop or your shop. HOFTRONIC LED panels are not like any other LED panel light. Thanks to the backlit technology, the LED panels are extra durable. You don't have to worry about dark spots, which do occur with panels without backlit technology. Discolouration of the diffuse panel with HOFTRONIC LED panels is also a thing of the past! With traditional panels you will notice after a while that they are yellowing, which will also change the light output. The LED panels of HOFTRONIC are produced from high quality materials and have a better heat conduction than a traditional panel. The HOFTRONIC panels do not heat up quickly and therefore have a longer lifespan of no less than 50,000 burning hours. Why choose LED high bay lights instead of metal halide, fluorescent, or other conventional high bay lights? Historically, various lighting technologies were (and still are) used in warehouse and industrial settings when high bay lights were required. Some of the most common include metal halide (MH), high pressure sodium (HPS), and fluorescent. While each of these bulbs have their merits, industrial LED lighting outperforms its conventional counterparts in important ways. Let's take a look at some of the various considerations when deciding whether an LED retrofit is appropriate for your warehouse or industrial space. Industrial LED lighting vs metal halide high bay lights: If you've ever been to a ballgame, you've likely seen metal halide illuminating the field. MH lamps are common in sporting and warehouse/industrial uses (as well as any setting where large, high spaces need to be illuminated). Benefits of MH lights include decent color rendering and comparatively adequate foot-candle levels (as opposed to other types of conventional bulbs). Some of their major drawbacks are a long time to warm up (sometimes 15-30 minutes) and a high cost to maintain, and their failure characteristics include flickering on and off. This is in addition to the fact that much of the energy they produce is wasted as heat. Read more about LED versus Metal Halide Lights. LED high bay lighting vs high pressure sodium (HPS) lights: HPS lights are often used in warehouse, industrial, business, and recreational facilities where high bay lighting is appropriate. Their benefits include cheap selling price, high energy efficiency (low operating costs), and a relatively long lifespan. HPS lighting technology retains these advantages over most conventional bulbs, but they lose on all three counts to LED high bay light. The downsides of HPS bulbs include the worst color rendering on the market and a warm up period. Read more about LED versus High Pressure and Low Pressure Sodium Lights. Where Should I Put LED Downlights? LED down light is a great option for large rooms and/or rooms with low ceilings. Recessed lights blend in with the ceiling, so they will not use as much space as traditional hanging light fixtures. Lights can be spaced evenly throughout a room, and since they are recessed, they are discreet enough that you can install more fixtures than you otherwise would. This means that light can reach all corners of the room. How Do I Install an LED Downlight? LED downlights require you to insert holes in the ceiling to install a new light fixture, or you can retrofit a preexisting ceiling lighting fixture. You will most likely require a new junction box if you do not already have one in the area you want to install the recessed lighting fixtures. A junction box is placed in the ceiling above the light fixture and contains electric wires and cables necessary to connect the light to the main power source of the building. Architecture and building regulations vary, so you must check your downlight's Insulation Contact (IC) rating to ensure that it is compatible with the type of insulation used in your home or business. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21

Those Anti-Covid Plastic Barriers Probably Don't Help and May Make Things Worse

Описание: Those Anti-Covid Plastic Barriers Probably Don't Help and May Make Things Worse Covid precautions have turned many parts of our world into a giant salad bar, with plastic barriers separating sales clerks from shoppers, dividing customers at nail salons and shielding students from their classmates. Intuition tells us a plastic shield would be protective against germs. But scientists who study aerosols, air flow and ventilation say that much of the time, the barriers don't help and probably give people a false sense of security. And sometimes the barriers can make things worse. Research suggests that in some instances, a barrier protecting a clerk behind a checkout counter may redirect the germs to another worker or customer. Rows of clear plastic shields, like those you might find in a nail salon or classroom, can also impede normal air flow and ventilation. Under normal conditions in stores, classrooms and offices, exhaled breath particles disperse, carried by air currents and, depending on the ventilation system, are replaced by fresh air roughly every 15 to 30 minutes. But erecting plastic barriers can change air flow in a room, disrupt normal ventilation and create "dead zones," where viral aerosol particles can build up and become highly concentrated. "If you have a forest of barriers in a classroom, it's going to interfere with proper ventilation of that room," said Linsey Marr, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech and one of the world's leading experts on viral transmission. "Everybody's aerosols are going to be trapped and stuck there and building up, and they will end up spreading beyond your own desk." There are some situations in which the clear shields might be protective, but it depends on a number of variables. The barriers can stop big droplets ejected during coughs and sneezes from splattering on others, which is why buffets and salad bars often are equipped with transparent sneeze guard above the food. But Covid-19 spreads largely through unseen aerosol particles. While there isn't much real-world research on the impact of transparent barriers and the risk of disease, scientists in the United States and Britain have begun to study the issue, and the findings are not reassuring. Three Types of Acrylic Sheet There are three main ways plexiglass is manufactured. Each style of plexiglass acrylic has its own advantages and disadvantages. This article will outline the differences. Cell Cast Acrylic Sheet This style is produced by melted liquid PMMA resin poured between two plates of glass Least amount of expansion and contraction Highest margin of error on thickness tolerance Standard thickness tolerance from .118" - .500" is +/- 8% This is the best material to use when cutting or routing Highest molecular weight Widest range of colors available Standard material for signs, aquariums, and high-end fabrication Continuous Cast Acrylic Sheets This style is produced by pouring melted liquid PMMA resin between two belts of polished stainless steel Best material consistency Least amount of expansion and contraction 2nd best thickness tolerance Widest ranges of sizes available up to 9' wide and 16' long Standard material for forming, fabrication, and skylights Extruded Acrylic Sheets Semi-soft melted resin is pushed between rollers and cut to size Highest internal stress within the sheet Most expansion and contraction Generally, the best thickness consistency Thickness tolerance +/- 10% Softest sheet Gums up routers more when cutting Easy to glue Standard material for displays, and replacement windows. Some signage acrylic sheet uses. Should you invest in a set of side window visors? Automotive styling is a strange creature. For decades, external windshield visors ruled the black top with one-piece metal shades, adorning the tops of many vehicles from about the 1940s. Some of these were externally adjustable, others with remote controls inside, and some just fixed at the proper angle to keep glare from blinding drivers. At about the same time, side-window visors — or deflectors — first appeared, although they never really caught on like windshield visors did. But they're still in the game and used by more than just smokers who want to be able to keep their windows slightly open without getting soaked in the rain; they're also handy if you've parked in direct sunlight and want some ventilation without worrying about a sudden rain shower. These come in two basic styles: peel-and-stick units that mount to the window frame, or the in-channel type that slides into the horizontal soft channel the glass closes into. The latter brings a cleaner look and are less likely to be damaged by car-wash brushes or normal wear and tear. The peel-and-stick style, though, may damage paint if they aren't removed carefully, should you need to replace a broken visor. Installing either is a basic do-it-yourself job. There's a major drawback to some of the in-channel mounted visors, though. When it comes to one-touch power windows, most come with a safety mechanism that reverses the direction when closing the window to avoid pinching, say, a finger or a hand. If your visor kit has too thick an edge and your one-touch windows have this override, they will never close properly. Proper kits for these types of windows exist, though. These come with small and thin metal clips that let the glass close completely without any interference. But if you can't readily find this type of kit, you may be stuck with the external, peel-and-stick type. If you ever have to remove a peel-and-stick, tape-mounted anything on a vehicle — including window visor— use some paint-safe solvent to weaken the glue to make the removal process easier. If you're left with a strip of unsightly glue remnants, there's an alternative to rubbing it off with your fingers; most auto parts stores will carry a trim adhesive remover wheel. The surface looks and smells like a pencil eraser, and it mounts to a power drill. This will easily take off any adhesive without damaging paint. Why should you upgrade to Acrylic Displays Stands? Display Stands have been put up since a long time. They are used to arrange the products in an organized manner. Arranging them in an organized manner help products look appealing and systematic. Acrylic Display stands are transparent display stands which can arrange products into categories making it easy for people to purchase the products. Retail business has flourished through the years due to acrylic display stands. They help in keeping the great products organized and to the point. The various advantages of having acrylic display stands in the shop are: Durable Acrylic stands extremely durable over the years. The material is relatively unbreakable than other materials. The duration of the stand is good and feasible to the price. The duration of the stand makes it the first choice of the retailers. To use glass stands in the stores is not practical, hence acrylic stand is a special type of plastic which is made for stores exclusively. Smart Display of Products Acrylic stands are practical display of products. The transparent material makes a customer see through the material. This transparency makes it easier for them to choose a product. The stand also can carry the products in a neatly designed manner. They also support heavy products and things. They prove to be a smart way of displaying things as they are transparent. Many products can be displayed at the same time. Minimal Maintenance Acrylic Display Stands need minimal maintenance as compared to other materials. Acrylic is steady and strong carrying heavy weights. They can be potentially used for carrying anything. The appearance of the stand can be customized according to the products which are to be displayed. Various Shapes Various shapes of stands are needed to incorporate the products effectively on a stand. Acrylic material offers a good flexibility in molding the material into any shape. They can also be easily duplicated to create uniform stands in various stores. Brand ME Adv offers the best acrylic display stands in Dubai. We provide customized stands according to the need of your product. It is necessary to build a stand which is strong and steady. A strong stand will have good longevity period. Nicely made stand can also be reused at various places and stores. We make sure the stands look appealing and presentable. Acrylic display stand are seen in most of the retail shops today. 

Дата Публикации: 08-12-21