llkktth111
- Создано: 10-12-21
- Последний вход: 10-12-21
Профиль пользователя
llkktth111 объявления
What Happened to the Bong?
Описание: What Happened to the Bong? This year's 4/20 will usher countless new stoners into the hazy world of legal cannabis, given the ever-expanding number of states with recreational weed laws on the books. But one thing you're not likely to see amid the ecstatic smokeouts and clouds of stoner jokes is any mention of the humble bong. Even as pot culture went mainstream over the last decade, bongs remain a symbol of its seedy, black-market past. They're a delivery method that can't help but look outdated and/or needlessly elaborate compared to intuitive technology like vape pens, but also weak and collegiate compared to dab rigs (the crack pipes of weed). Bongs became synonymous with cannabis in the 1960s and '70s, gradually adapted as they were during the counterculture boom, and encouraged by depictions that presented them as the ultimate avenue to getting high. Like beer bongs (or keg stands, or shotgunning cans of beer, or any number of stunts that rarely seem as cool in hindsight) they're both spectacle and endurance test, a sign of one's tolerance but also sense of adventure. I remember visiting my cousin on Long Island one summer in the late '90s and watching him extract a 6-foot glass bong from the ceiling vent in his bedroom, which struck me as an improbable but ingenious clown-car of a hiding spot. The fact that I coughed for five straight minutes after hitting it (he needed to spark it for me, given the distance between my mouth and the bowl) did little to diminish my awe. Bongs have more personality than pipes, pens, or edibles. Yes, some people are prone to naming their possessions no matter what they are, and the stunning variety of hand-made, carefully crafted weed paraphernalia these days frequently deserves nicknames like Gandalf or The Green Goblin. But unless you're South Park's Towelie (who prefers joints, of course) you're not going to wring a whole lot of personality from a smokeable USB stick. Dab rig A pipe designed for vaporizing cannabis concentrates, sometimes referred to as an oil rig, vapor rig, or concentrate pipe. Similarly to a bong, a dab rig filters concentrate vapor through water at the base. In addition to the central piece, dab rigs include a glass, quartz, ceramic, or titanium platform (called a nail or banger) to hold the concentrate or “dab”. Consumers also use a long, slender tool to apply a dab to the nail and a butane or propane torch lighter to heat the nail before the dab is applied. I prefer using a quartz nail with my dab rig. Dab rigs or oil rigs require flash-heating, so be sure to use a butane torch. What are dab rigs? A dab rig is the chamber of a glass pipe, connected to a nail or banger, used for dabbing, in the place of a traditional bowl typically found on a bong. New dabbers may be overwhelmed at the technique, upfront cost, and number of accessories required to use dab rigs and pipes. But they may also appreciate the strong, streamlined effects and heavy terpene flavors that concentrates and dab rigs provide. Once you get the dabbing process down, using a dab rig can be easy and efficient. The key steps are simple: heating the nail with a torch, placing a dab of concentrate in the nail, and inhaling the resulting vapor. What Does Stash Jar Mean? In cannabis culture, a stash jar is any container, vessel, or receptacle designed or reconfigured for the purpose of storing one’s supply of marijuana, cannabis edibles, or other related consumables for recreational or medicinal purposes. Stash jars are either used to conceal said possession from possible discovery, or just to store it in a manner that will prolong its freshness or usability. Ideal stash jars are sealed in such a manner to eliminate or reduce the amount of oxygen, heat, light, and moisture that can come in contact with the stored product(s). They may be stored in a cool environment such as a refrigerator, but a freezer is not advised. Cigar cigar, cylindrical roll of tobacco for smoking, consisting of cut tobacco filler in a binder leaf with a wrapper leaf rolled spirally around the bunch. Wrapper leaf, the most expensive leaf used in cigars, must be strong, elastic, silky in texture, and even in colour; it must have a pleasant flavour and good burning properties. Christopher Columbus and the explorers who followed him in Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and Brazil found that the Indians of those regions smoked a long thick bundle of twisted tobacco leaves wrapped in a dried palm leaf or corn (maize) husk. A pottery vessel discovered at Uaxactún, Guatemala, dating from the 10th century CE or earlier, shows the figure of a Maya smoking a string-tied roll of tobacco leaves. The Spanish word cigarro, from which cigar is derived, probably was an adaptation of sik’ar, the Mayan term for smoking. By 1600 the cigar had been introduced into Spain, where it was a symbol of conspicuous wealth for two centuries before it was widely used in other European countries. The use of cigars in New England probably followed closely the settlement of Connecticut in 1633. Modern cigars are described by their size and shape as follows: corona is a straight-shaped cigar with rounded top (the end placed in the mouth), about 5.5 inches (14 cm) long; petit corona, or corona chica, is about 5 inches long; tres petit corona is about 4.5 inches long; half a corona is about 3.75 inches long; Lonsdale is the same shape as a corona, about 6.5 inches long; ideales is a slender torpedo-shaped cigar, tapered at the lighting end, about 6.5 inches long; bouquet is a smaller torpedo-shaped cigar; Londres is a straight cigar about 4.75 inches long. These descriptive terms appear after the brand name. A panatela is a thin cigar open at both ends, usually about 5 inches long with a straight shape but sometimes having a shoulder, or drawn-in portion, at the mouth end; originally it had a finished top that had to be cut off before smoking. A cheroot is a thin cigar, open at both ends, usually thicker and stubbier than a panatela, and sometimes slightly tapered. The name whiff, used in Britain, refers to a small cigar, open at both ends and about 3.5 inches long. What is a hookah? A hookah is a water pipe used to smoke specially-made tobacco. The tobacco usually comes in different flavors, such as mint, cola, cherry, lemon-lime, coffee, chocolate, coconut, apple, licorice, and other fruity blends. Hookahs vary in size, shape, and style. The set-up of a typical hookah water pipe includes a bowl for the coal and tobacco, an ashtray to catch the ashes, a hose with a mouthpiece to draw the smoke into and allow it to cool, and a water bowl to cool and humidify the tobacco smoke. Hookah smoking is often a social activity in hookah bars, particularly with young adults, with users passing the same mouthpiece around the group. While many believe hookah smoking to be safer than cigarette smoking, it actually is just as dangerous to your health, if not more so. Other names for hookah include shisha, narghi, bute, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble, and goza. How Do Mini Rigs Work? Mini dab rigs are unique in that they don’t require repeated learning. They function in the same way as full-sized dab rigs. You will already be familiar with the smaller dab rigs if you have used one in the past. These aren’t as complicated as full-size dab rings, so you can easily switch between them. Mini MJ Arsenal rigs have less space for air so they produce more flavorful, condensed vapor. The vapor can be quite harsh once you get dense hits from a regular-sized setup. You won’t have to worry about this if you use a mini-dab rig. The mini rig produces dense flavor and vapor without the harshness of a larger one. A growing number of manufacturers are creating their mini rigs as the demand for them grows. The final decision on which dab rig to buy will depend on your budget, personal preferences, and requirements. How Do Silicone Bongs Stack Up to Glass? When it comes to cannabis smoking paraphernalia, it’s hard to find a more-worthy material than glass. Smoking out of a glass bong has a lot of advantages, except for... Oops! You guessed it! Gravity has struck again, breaking your bong to the point of making it unsafe or unusable. What smoker doesn't know the pain of watching a "ride or die" glass piece be dropped and shatter?As a result, silicone bongs and rigs have been gaining in popularity, finding a market with frequent travelers and clumsy stoners, alike. Some smokers will never give up glass, but if you find yourself breaking a lot of pieces, using a silicone bong just might be your answer.A leading online headshop, DankStop, has a huge selection of glass and silicone bongs, as well as insights into differences between glass vs. silicone bongs and rigs. What is Silicone? Silicone is a man-made polymer with a rubbery texture, consisting of silicon and oxygen that can be created in almost every shape and color. Silicone is also incredibly durable. As one DankStop representative articulated, "Silicone is nearly impossible to break. Run it over with a car, or hold the torch directly to it. It doesn't matter." There is no danger attributed to smoking out of a silicone bong, silicone is non-stick, non-toxic, and can easily withstand high temperatures ? It's also used to make baking sheets and oven molds. What Is A Beaker Bong? Now you’ve got the basics down, let’s take a closer look at the beaker bongs. A beaker bong literally looks like a piece of science lab equipment. Aside from adding to this bong’s geeky appeal, the conical flask-shaped base of this piece offers a number of benefits to the smoker. Reasons Why Every Stoner Needs A Beaker Bong Strong, Stable Structure The wide footprint of the beaker bong gives it greater stability. The beaker bong has a much more sturdy base than many other bong styles meaning that this bong is able to withstand flailing arm or elbows, meaning fewer spills and less clean up. The heavy bottom of this piece makes it great for daily use. Not only this but the wider base will also generate lots of smoke giving you a more rapid hit. A Better Tasting Hit / Pull A beaker bong is a great way to enhance the taste of your herbs. The reason for this is simple; the wider base of the beaker bong holds more smoke, giving you a more generous hit and ultimately a bigger high. More Water Means Better Cooling Any bong devotee will tell you that more water means better filtration. The larger surface area of the beaker bong gives it a greater water capacity, meaning it delivers a cooler, smoother and tastier hit compared to some other bongs, such as small bongs and so on.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
Propane Fuel Basics
Описание: Propane Fuel Basics Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or propane autogas, propane is a clean-burning alternative fuel that's been used for decades to power light-, medium-, and heavy-duty propane vehicles. Propane is a three-carbon alkane gas (C3H8). It is stored under pressure inside a tank as a colorless, odorless liquid. As pressure is released, the liquid propane vaporizes and turns into gas that is used in combustion. An odorant, ethyl mercaptan, is added for leak detection. (See fuel properties.) Propane has a high octane rating, making it an excellent choice for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. If spilled or released from a vehicle, it presents no threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater. Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It accounts for about 2% of the energy used in the United States. Of that, less than 3% is used for transportation. Its main uses include home and water heating, cooking and refrigerating food, clothes drying, and powering farm and industrial equipment. The chemical industry also uses propane as a raw material for making plastics and other compounds. Propane as an Alternative Fuel Interest in propane as an alternative transportation fuel stems from its domestic availability, high-energy density, clean-burning qualities, and relatively low cost. It is the world's third most common transportation fuel, behind gasoline and diesel, and is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Propane used in vehicles is specified as HD-5 propane and is a mixture of propane with smaller amounts of other gases. According to the Gas Processors Association's HD-5 specification for propane, it must consist of at least 90% propane, no more than 5% propylene, and 5% other gases, primarily butane and butylene. (See fuel properties.) For vehicle fueling, the quick-release "Type K15" dispenser connector is required to be installed on all new vehicles beginning January 1, 2020, per National Fire Protection Association Code 58. This connector allows for one-handed fueling and does not require the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves and face shield (which are required for the older style connector). Propane is stored onboard a vehicle in a tank pressurized to about 150 pounds per square inch—about twice the pressure of an inflated truck tire. Under this pressure, propane becomes a liquid with an energy density 270 times greater than its gaseous form. Propane has a higher octane rating than gasoline, so it can be used with higher engine compression ratios and is more resistant to engine knocking. However, it has a lower British thermal unit rating than gasoline, so it takes more fuel by volume to drive the same distance. Why is dichloromethane a good solvent? Dichloromethane is an organic solvent and therefore it can dissolve many non-polar organic molecules (establishing London type interactions). However, it has a large dipole moment (see figure) and therefore it can also dissolve polar molecules (with London type interactions and dipole-dipole interactions). Because of the high dipole moment, it is a good non-aqueous solvent for chemical reactions involving polar molecules. Adipic Acid Adipic acid, or more formally hexanedioic acid, is a white crystalline solid that melts at 152 oC. It is one of the most important monomers in the polymer industry. Adipic acid is found in beet juice, but the article of commerce—≈2.5 million tonnes of it per year—is manufactured. In 1906, French chemists L. Bouveault and R. Locquin reported that adipic acid can be produced by oxidizing cyclohexanol. Today, the most common manufacturing process is the nitric acid (HNO3) oxidation of a cyclohexanol–cyclohexanone mixture called KA (for ketone–alcohol) oil. Almost all adipic acid is used as a comonomer with hexamethylenediamine to produce nylon 6-6. It is also used to manufacture other polymers such as polyurethanes. ethanol ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, or alcohol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a mixture known as a gasohol). Ethanol is also the intoxicating ingredient of many alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits. There are two main processes for the manufacture of ethanol: the fermentation of carbohydrates (the method used for alcoholic beverages) and the hydration of ethylene. Fermentation involves the transformation of carbohydrates to ethanol by growing yeast cells. The chief raw materials fermented for the production of industrial alcohol are sugar crops such as beets and sugarcane and grain crops such as corn (maize). Hydration of ethylene is achieved by passing a mixture of ethylene and a large excess of steam at high temperature and pressure over an acidic catalyst. There are two main processes for the manufacture of ethanol: the fermentation of carbohydrates (the method used for alcoholic beverages) and the hydration of ethylene. Fermentation involves the transformation of carbohydrates to ethanol by growing yeast cells. The chief raw materials fermented for the production of industrial alcohol are sugar crops such as beets and sugarcane and grain crops such as corn (maize). Hydration of ethylene is achieved by passing a mixture of ethylene and a large excess of steam at high temperature and pressure over an acidic catalyst. Ethanol produced either by fermentation or by synthesis is obtained as a dilute aqueous solution and must be concentrated by fractional distillation. Direct distillation can yield at best the constant-boiling-point mixture containing 95.6 percent by weight of ethanol. Dehydration of the constant-boiling-point mixture yields anhydrous, or absolute, alcohol. Ethanol intended for industrial use is usually denatured (rendered unfit to drink), typically with methanol, benzene, or kerosene. Maleic anhydride (CAS 108-31-6) derives from natural malic acid. Maleic anhydride as well as maleic and fumaric acids were first prepared in the 1830s. However, commercial manufacture did not begin until a century later. In 1933, the National Aniline and Chemical Co., Inc., used a process for producing maleic anhydride based on benzene oxidation using a vanadium oxide catalyst. Advances in catalyst technology, increased regulatory pressures, and continuing cost advantages of butane over benzene have led to a rapid conversion of benzene- to butane-based plants. By the mid-1980s in the United States, 100% of maleic anhydride production used butane as the feedstock. At room temperature, maleic anhydride is a white crystalline solid with an acrid odor, but is a liquid or gas during chemical production. Two acid carbonyl groups and a double bond appear in its formula, which make it useful for broad industrial applications. Manufacturing processes for maleic anhydride include those using fixed-, fluidized-, and transport-bed technologies for selective oxidation of butane. Maleic anhydride (MA) is also often used as a compatibilizer in two immiscible polymer blends. MA is highly reactive with PLA free radicals induced by an initiator, such as 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5 dimethylhexane (L101), and the anhydride group can react with hydroxyls from starch to form ester linkages, as schematically shown in Figure 11.20. The carboxylic groups arising from the hydrolyzed anhydride can also form hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl groups . The function of the initiator is to induce free radicals of PLA that can react with MA. Acetonitrile Acetonitrile is one of the most frequently utilized eluents in reverse phase chromatographic purification of peptides, partially thanks to its low viscosity, high chemical stability and strong eluting power. Moreover, it has also found widespread applications as a polar aprotic solvent in organic synthesis. Acetonitrile is produced mainly as a byproduct of acrylonitrile manufacture via Sohio process by means of propylene ammoxidation.20 In the acrylonitrile production with the aforementioned process hydrogen cyanide is released as a byproduct.21 Pure acetonitrile is recovered by distillation from the waste before the treatment. If residual hydrogen cyanide survives the intermediary purification steps it will contaminate the acetonitrile. Moreover, in spite of its significant chemical stability acetonitrile does suffer from decomposition when heated or reacted with acid or oxidizing agents. The pyrolysis or chemical degradation of acetonitrile will also lead to the formation of hydrogen cyanide.22,23 It is know that cyanide could function with carbonyl derivatives, e.g., ketones or aldehydes, by means of nucleophilic addition to generate the corresponding cyanohydrin derivatives It has been detected in certain experiments that an impurity with a +27 amu molecular weight increase could be generated by stressing the target peptide in acetonitrile (Yang, Y., unpublished results). The content of the concerned impurity will be augmented upon the addition of NaOH. This undesired side reaction is thoroughly suppressed in the event of replacement of acetonitrile by methanol. Even though no direct proof was obtained to correlate the occurrence of the referred +27 amu impurity with the possible existence of hydrogen cyanide in acetonitrile, it is assumed that the product might suffer from the nucleophilic attack from the residual hydrogen cyanide accumulated in acetonitrile, especially taking into consideration the existence of the susceptible ketone carbonyl moiety in the target peptide molecule that serves as the receptor for cyanide addition. For the majority of peptides the aforementioned potential side reaction triggered by acetonitrile might be trivial, however, the severity of this undesired phenomenon could be enhanced under certain conditions where factors such as acetonitrile quality, existence of susceptible functional group, pH, temperature and reaction time act synergistically.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
EV charging: the difference between AC and DC
Описание: EV charging: the difference between AC and DC When it comes to electric mobility, two separate electrical currents can be used to fuel an electric vehicle (EV)—AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current). But, before we dive in, there are two things you should keep in mind: The power that comes from the grid, i.e., your domestic socket, is always AC (alternating current). The energy that is stored in batteries is always DC (direct current). AC and DC, not AC/DC AC and DC are two entirely different types of electrical current. Both travel in different directions, flow at different speeds, and have different applications. AC/DC are a hard rock band that, despite having an album titled “High Voltage,” have nothing to do with electrical currents or EV charging. AC is an electrical current, or flow of charge, that periodically changes direction, i.e., it alternates. AC power can be generated from renewable sources that use rotating generators, such as wind or hydropower turbines. AC can also be efficiently transported over long distances—which is why virtually all of the world’s electricity grids use AC power, and why you can find AC power in your home and office. DC always moves in a straight line and can be generated by renewable power technologies such as solar panels. Among other things, DC can be used for energy storage and LED lighting. Batteries store DC power, and though you may have never realized it, every time you charge your laptop, the charger converts the AC power from the grid into DC power for your laptop’s battery. In short, we get AC power from the grid and this is converted into DC power so it can be stored in batteries, such as the one used to power an EV. AC and DC charging in electric mobility When we talk about charging an EV, the main difference between AC and DC charging is where the conversion from AC to DC happens. No matter whether an EV uses an AC or DC charging station, the EV’s battery will still only store DC energy. When you use a DC charging station, the conversion from AC (from the grid) to DC happens within the charging station—allowing DC power to flow directly from the station and into the battery. Because the conversion process happens inside the more spacious charging station and not the EV, larger converters can be used to convert AC power from the grid very quickly. As a result, some DC stations can provide up to 350 kW of power and fully charge an EV in 15 minutes. Staying ahead of the curve Another key difference between AC and DC charging is the charging curve. With AC wallbox ev charger, the power flowing to an EV represents a flat line (so, not much of a curve at all). This is due to the relatively small onboard charger that can only receive a limited power spread over longer periods. DC EV charger, on the other hand, forms a degrading charging curve. This is due to the EV's battery initially accepting a quicker flow of power but gradually asking for less as it reaches full capacity. As an example, imagine a glass as the EV’s battery, a water bottle as a DC charging station, and the water inside that bottle as the power. At first, you can quickly fill the glass with water, but you’ll need to slow down as you get to the top, so the glass doesn’t overflow. The same logic can be applied for DC fast and ultra-fast charging. This is why EVs require less power once the battery is around 80 per cent full, hence the degrading curve you see below. Other factors that can affect charging speeds include: Battery percentage (state of charge) State of the EV’s battery Weather conditions AC for the grid and DC for the battery Both AC and DC are important in the electric mobility world. You get AC power from the grid that is then converted to DC so it can be stored in an EV’s battery. When using an AC charging station, the conversion to DC happens inside the EV via an onboard charger, which is often limited. When using DC fast and ultra-fast charging stations, the conversion happens outside of the EV, using a larger converter. Want to learn more about our AC and DC charging stations? We provide a range of charging stations as part of our end-to-end electric vehicle charging solutions for businesses around the world. For a complete list of tech specs and use cases, as well as more information, take a look at our EV chargers for every business looking to electrify its operation. Electric vehicles have lots in common with gasoline-powered cars—room for four-plus passengers, range of several hundred miles, good safety—plus that one big difference: recharging with a plug at versus refueling from a pump. We’ve all pumped gas and know it’s a five- to 10-minute process; we suspect recharging takes longer and we know there are far fewer charging stations than the 125,000 U.S. public gas stations. Here’s what you need to know about buying, installing and using the right EV charger. The more you know, the clearer it becomes that the unique aspects of EVs aren’t automatic disqualifiers. Clearing Up the Range-Anxiety Misconception With a gas-engine car, most owners drive until it’s low on fuel because gas stations are everywhere and gassing up is a quick stop. But empty-to-full charging is not what EV owners do most of the time. They top off every night or two, and as long as the car is charged in the morning, charging time doesn’t matter and range anxiety isn’t an issue for daily driving. Some use public charging, which means you do have to wait on the car. But 80% of charging is done at home, according to the JD Power U.S. Electric Vehicle Experience (EVX) Home Charging Study Range and charging time may be less of an issue if an EV is the second car. If an EV is the only car, for long summer or holiday trip, owners can do what owners of compact gasoline-powered sedans may do: Rent a midsize or larger SUV for that two-week vacation. Or find a hotel with on-site charging. For those who charge at home, you need to have the right charging equipment, and the proper electrical supply. With EV charging, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution. Electric vehicles have different charging capabilities and requirements and every owner also has their own driving needs. Here’s a look at key aspects of choosing the right EV charging accessories, installing it properly and best practices for using EV charging equipment at home. Do You Need to Buy an EV Charger When One Comes Free? Every electric car comes standard with a portable EV charger. (This thick cable that plugs into a wall outlet and the car counts as a charger.) However, every manufacturer provides a different unit, with varying levels of charging capabilities. In some cases, the same manufacturer provides different standard charging equipment depending on which of its EV offerings you purchase or lease. Some of these supplied chargers are powerful and can fully recharge your EV overnight. These are called Level 2 chargers because they need to be plugged into a 240-volt outlet. (Memory aid: for Level 2, think Level 240 volts. Even if that’s not why it’s called Level 2.) Some standard, EV-maker-supplied chargers plug into a regular 120-volt household outlet and deliver power slowly. These Level 1 chargers are fine for most plug-in hybrids. PHEVs have smaller batteries than battery electric vehicles (BEVs) do. PHEVs have batteries of about 5 to 20 kilowatt-hours (kWh). Pure EVs are more on the order of 60 kWh to 100 kWh. Is the automaker-supplied charger enough for a BEV? A rule of thumb to follow in determining if the standard charger is enough for your daily charging needs is: Can it fully recharge your EV’s battery overnight? If it can, you probably don’t need to buy another charger. Keep in mind, if the supplied charger is a Level 2, 240-volt unit, then you’ll need to install a 240-volt outlet in your garage, or wherever you plan to charge the vehicle. E-mobility has reached a tipping point. More than 250 new models of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) will be introduced in the next two years alone, and as many as 130 million EVs could be sharing roads the world over by 2030.1 To support these numbers, significantly expanded charging is required—and it will not be cheap. In fact, an estimated $110 billion to $180 billion must be invested from 2020 to 2030 to satisfy global demand for EV charging stations, both in public spaces and within homes.While EV charging stations in private residences are quite common today, on-site commercial charging will need to become a standard building feature in the next ten years to meet consumer demand. Across the three most advanced EV markets—China, the EU-27 plus the United Kingdom, and the United States—charging in residential and commercial buildings is the dominant place for the foreseeable future and will remain key to scaling the industry. Yet without upgrading buildings’ electrical infrastructure, there simply will not be enough accessible EV chargers to satisfy demand. Further complicating matters, EV charging at scale requires careful planning of a building’s electrical-distribution system as well as local electric-grid infrastructure.To make AC integrated EV charger more accessible and affordable, urban planners, building developers, and electrical-equipment suppliers must integrate charging infrastructure into standard building-design plans. In this article, we detail the effects of expanding EV charging on infrastructure planning cycles and adjacent services. Our resulting considerations and recommendations can inform the decision making of four distinct groups of influencers: developers and property owners, urban planners and regulators, grid operators, and electrical-equipment providers.nitial attempts to mass-market EVs in the early 2000s faced technological limitations, particularly limited driving range, and ultimately failed. Today’s EVs have a range of 150 to 300 miles per charge, making them more than sufficient for the 95 percent of vehicle trips that are less than 30 miles.2 Today, the potential bottleneck is deploying charging infrastructure to service the projected density of EVs.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
Best Ways to Test Transformer Oil
Описание: Best Ways to Test Transformer Oil "What is the best transformer oil testing equipment?" Several variables must be considered in order to answer this question, including your budget, the volume of samples to be tested and the need for real-time continuous monitoring. Cost is generally the first consideration. Like most business decisions, a cost/benefit analysis should be conducted to determine whether testing is a valid expense. Sadly, in many cases, once the cost of testing or testing equipment is calculated, the answer typically is, “We can’t afford that now.” The idea often is then put on the back burner where it eventually withers and dies. However, if you compare the cost of testing or testing equipment to the cost of a replacement transformer, labor to remove and reinstall, and most importantly the cost of downtime, how can you afford not to perform testing? The next consideration should be whether the volume of samples is sufficient to justify the cost of onsite testing equipment and personnel. In most cases, the sample volume is not enough to warrant this expense. In these cases, a third-party lab must be selected that can perform the following tests for in-service transformer oils: interfacial tension (ASTM D971), acid number (ASTM D664), dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D877 or D1816), Karl Fischer water (ASTM D1533), oxidation inhibitor (ASTM D4768 or D2668) and dissolved gas analysis (ASTM D3612). In addition, the following tests should be conducted upon receipt: liquid power factor (ASTM D924), specific resistance (ASTM D1169), corrosive sulfur (ASTM D1275), gassing tendency (ASTM D2300), oxidation stability (ASTM D2440) and particle count (ASTM D6786). If the decision is made to perform testing in-house, many of the necessary tests may be outside the standard capabilities of the "lab-in-a-box" equipment currently on the market. This will require purchasing multiple pieces of equipment, which can be several thousands of dollars per piece. Unless the volume of samples is significant, there is no initial cost savings to purchasing onsite equipment. Nevertheless, the benefit of having instant test results allowing for the identification and correction of an impending equipment failure could well justify the cost as indicated above in the form of repair work and downtime. In regard to real-time condition monitoring, as technology advances and test equipment becomes less expensive, it may be well worth the investment. Several companies now offer monitoring equipment for continuous dissolved gas analysis as well as instruments to measure electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, oil temperature, etc. Many of these have the option of transmitting data to a central location via Wi-Fi, adding the convenience of monitoring a transformer’s condition from the control station. This could potentially reduce or eliminate the need to periodically sample and test the oil, as you would allow the system to monitor the oil and test only when an exception condition was indicated. Keep in mind that there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach. The best equipment will be whatever provides the most accurate results, is most affordable and, most importantly, will actually be used. When making these decisions, be sure to take into account the cost of the downtime to be incurred if you suffer a catastrophic failure. What is Flash Point of transformer oil? At which minimum temperature the transformer oil gives of vapor to ignite in the air is called the flash point of transformer oil. Commonly the flash point of transformer oil/ insulating oil is 140 degree Celsius. Flashpoint is the physical parameter of transformer oil. Flashpoint test of transformer oil indicates the flammability of the substance or the organic compound. Flashpoint test of transformer oil is a low-cost test and popular test of insulating oil and can use transformer oil flash point tester. The oil sparkles after the mixing of vapor with oxygen in the air. The vapor pressure of oil normally in flash point is 3-5 mm Hg. When a small amount of flame is applied to the oil the mixture of vapor will burn for temporary and then it will get rid of automatically when the point temperature has been reached. If we continue the heating process for a long time or more than the flash point (50-70 degree Celsius) then the oil will be reached at the fire point. What is a transformer? Transformers are used to change an AC voltage, for example by stepping it up or stepping it down. They also play an insulating role. In this latter role, they protect the users of electric equipment by isolating the input and output sides of the power supply circuit so that electricity on the input side cannot flow directly to the output side. We can use transformer tester to finish these operations. Examples that are familiar to most people include the small transformers that people use during overseas travel and the bucket-shaped transformers that you can see mounted on utility poles. Transformers convert electricity to an easy-to-use voltage based on the necessary load at the facility in question, from high voltage to low voltage. You may be wondering, “Why not just transmit electricity at an easy-to-use voltage in the first place?” However, transmitting electricity via power lines at low voltages causes substantial transmission losses. Power plants use high voltages to reduce current while transmitting electricity in order to limit transmission losses. CT/PT ANALYZER CT PT Analyzer is an all in one solution for testing all type of CT/PT as per IEC standards. It is an equipment with high ROI ( Return On Investment ) . Below features make CT/PT analyzer and ideal tool for CT/PT Manufacturer , Testing labs , Substations (Upto 765KV) , Power Plants etc. Low Testing Time (Completes all test for CT/PT Winding & Cores in few min) Simple connection (Simple one time connection) Highest Accuracy (0.05% for turns ratio & winding resistance ) Portable & Light Weight ( < 15KG ) High Interference Rejection (Can be used in 220/400/765 KV Live Switchyards ) This compact 15kg unit with complete measurement function is capable of testing all types of current/potential transformer as per below test standards CT PT TESTER The CT PT tester can carry out testing work such as current transformer and voltage transformer excitation characteristics, ratio, polarity, secondary winding DC resistance, CT secondary circuit AC load, etc. 1, Use of DC method and low frequency method test current transformer excitation voltage below 80kV excitation characteristics, the speed is extremely fast. 2, Use of voltage and current method to test the current transformer (including the transformer bushing CT) ratio, polarity. 3, The built-in power supply has an output current way, used to check the integrity of the current transformer secondary circuit. 4, With current output function, the external booster output maximum current 200A (optional). 5, Test current transformer secondary winding DC resistance. 6, Test current transformer secondary circuit load. How to use zinc oxide arrester tester Many people who have been in contact with the zinc oxide arrester tester only know that this tester is used for electrical test and arrester testing, but the specific usage requirements and methods may not be well understood. Now the editor has compiled this article to give everyone a specific understanding of the zinc oxide arrester tester, so that everyone can use this instrument better and more conveniently to ensure the normal operation of the zinc oxide arrester.Under normal circumstances, a lightning arrester is an electrical appliance used to protect electrical equipment from high transient overvoltage hazards and to limit the freewheeling time and often limit the freewheeling amplitude. It is also another important equipment that is often used when communication cables are used to prevent lightning damage. The zinc oxide arrester tester mainly monitors the electrical performance of the arrester. Glove Integrity Testing – Pressure decay Method: Performance Qualification In recent years, Glove Integrity Testing has been profoundly discussed and numerous articles have been written on this topic. However, many doubts still remain within the industry due to the lack of norms and clear guidance available. In 2008 Annex 1 to EU Guidelines to Good Manufacturing Practice reiterated the importance of having glove integrity testing: “25. Monitoring should be carried out routinely and should include frequent leak testing of the isolator and glove/sleeve system.” Over the course of the past few years different industry specific associations have conducted statistical studies about the frequency in which this type of testing is performed in the pharma industry and the results indicated that the test is executed normally prior to each batch of a production run. However as far as performance requirements the question is still open: which hole diameter should I be able to detect? The theoretical answer would probably be 1μm (bacteria spores diameter), but the practical answer is much larger due to technological limitations at this time. The methodologies of testing available today are many, but few of them may be automated and many times they are not suitable for the routine. Moreover today it is difficult to find equipment to test the integrity of gloves that comes with performance qualification (PQ) and this is mainly due to the lack of test repeatability. Although there are many different methods available in the industry, the method used by the greatest portion of the users to test the integrity of the gloves is the Positive Pressure Decay method which follows the international standard ISO 14644-7 Annex E.5. The ISO 14644 Part 7 doesn’t detail specific methodologies for the Positive Pressure Decay. In terms of acceptance criteria many different interpretations can be reached. The box below shows what the ISO norm states about the test procedure and the results. As such, the equipment and the test can be easily validated while the specific glove and fixing mechanism (flange and counterflange, o-ring, etc.) is characterized in terms of “normal leakage” (Closed System curve). Before running the test, it is important that the integrity of the machine running the test is also verified and assured. With the method described above a variety of hole diameters can be detected developing the correct test parameters.However the detection limits are primarily influenced by the precision of the adopted transmitters, statistics involved and time constraints. Using this method with a calibrated hole of 100 μm a high level of reproducibility and a very, very low frequency of false positives has been observed. This means that an automatic gloves test machine may be easily validated. Lower detection limits may be achieved by the use of smaller calibrated hole sizes, but this practice will impact the reproducibility and the probability of false positives.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
How Sportswear can Improve your Overall Performance and Recovery
Описание: How Sportswear can Improve your Overall Performance and Recovery Over the past few years, sportswear has become increasingly more popular. With professional athletes endorsing and using top brands, almost everywhere you look someone is wearing a form of sportswear. More recently, it has become ‘trendy’ to wear sports brands as a fashion statement. Often seeing people strolling around the city in their branded fitness gear. This piece will not direct you towards that great new colour zip-up top online. Although sportswear can look tight, sleek and trendy, I am here to give you an insight into how the technical side of sportswear is improving. Specific Sportswear Your everyday clothing such as cotton t-shirts, fashion tracksuit bottoms and hoodies are all designed to look good, be comfortable, and to keep you warm. They’re not designed for high-intensity activities such as cycling, running, or gym workouts. We’ve all been in the situation where we’ve worn an everyday t-shirt for exercise. Very quickly it becomes soaked through and weighs you down, causing unnecessary distractions and harder work for you! This is one of the many reasons why professional athletes and fitness enthusiasts wear highly technical, functional sportswear. The comfortable feel and fit really adds a touch of ‘luxury’ to your workout. Some say they are unable to perform at the same level without their favourite sportswear. Why? The highest quality sportswear has been carefully created to offer the best support for your muscles, helping you train harder, for longer, and to recover quicker. New smart sportswear, made from infrared-emitting fabric, can also increase blood circulation and regulate body temperature during exercise. Along with wicking away moisture, it will allow you to say goodbye to that overheated, sweaty, stuffy feeling during a workout. If you haven’t tried it already, you should. Sportwear for Performance Unusual movement patterns, changes in climate, and physical instability can all contribute to injuries. Serious athletes regulate their movement patterns and increase their stability, while also being mobile and adaptable, for optimal performance. Sportswear designed specifically for your sport can further add to your overall performance by supporting the right muscle groups during training and by giving you protection in the areas that need it most. This helps you perform more effectively, with less chance of injury. THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOCCER JERSEY Once upon a time, the humble soccer jersey served little purpose other than to tell the difference between two teams. Occasionally superstition forced a change to the team jersey. For example, up until 1953, Brazil used to play in a white jersey. The mood of a country and the team jersey was forever changed when Sele??o failed to win the 1950 World Cup. A new jersey was debuted 4-years later at the 1954 World Cup and the team has never looked back on their way to winning an unprecedented 5 World Cup titles. Such a change was rare and certainly never for marketing purposes. Only when Admiral signed a deal to supply the Leeds United jersey of 1973 did things start to change. The deal meant that Leeds could sell replica jerseys with the Admiral logo on, making them recognizable. A whole new market was born. Jersey sponsorship wasn’t far behind, although it wasn’t initially something the big clubs caught on to. English side Kettering Town emblazoned ‘Kettering Tyres’ on their kit in 1976, only for the English FA to outlaw the innovation. Not long after that, Derby County and Bolton Wanderers applied to have advertising on their shirts and in 1977 the FA granted a license. That’s helped pave the way for lots of record-breaking jersey deals over the years, with suppliers and advertisers. Real Madrid are currently eyeing a $125 million per season deal with Adidas to supply their kit, a long way from the sort of money Kettering Town got. Not only has the financial aspect of the football shirt developed, but so has the technology used in the shirt itself. Over the years the method by which they’re produced has changed. An article by sports coach Jimson Lee reveals that it wasn’t just soccer jerseys that saw a technological change. Nike were one of the first companies to introduce a shirt that essentially kept sweat away from sportsman and women, used by golfers and soccer players alike. The drive to find that sporting edge prompted them to develop lighter jerseys to help with speed and endurance. The dri-fit technology even helps keep sweat away from the players during the game. Italy’s World Cup 2014 kit took the evolution of soccer jerseys a step further as it “featured a special tape that micro-massaged player’s muscles as they wore it”. The aim was to help a player’s physical recovery by massaging them whilst the jersey was being worn. Labelled a ‘compression kit’, Uruguay also wore a similar jersey at the 2014 tournament. The technology is only going to progress even further. With sports science becoming an increasingly popular aspect of soccer, jerseys are being developed with heart rate monitors and GPS tracking signals in them. This will help coaches understand their players’ performance and requirements down to the finest detail. From simply being a way to differentiate between two teams, soccer jerseys have become a huge industry. They’re used as a method to develop revenue and income, with big clubs such as England’s Manchester United making huge sums of money from selling shirts with players’ names on. They’re also playing a key role in aiding performance and understanding the athletes better, making the soccer jersey an integral part of the modern game in more ways than one. How to Wear Basketball Jerseys Basketball is one of the most popular professional sports in the world, with fans all across the globe. Wearing a basketball jersey is a great way to express your love for the sport or a particular player, or to simply spice up your style. Dressing stylishly with a basketball jersey is simple once you learn how to pick the right jersey for you and how best to wear it in public settings.Wear a shirt under your jersey to avoid being too revealing. Jerseys with tee shirts underneath are generally always fashionable, regardless of the sport. Because basketball jerseys can be relatively revealing, wear a tee shirt underneath them to adhere to public etiquette. In warm weather or at the beach, basketball jerseys can also acceptably be worn as tank tops. However, most circumstances will call for wearing an undergarment as well. Use your best judgment. Wearing an undershirt with your jersey will give you a slightly more formal look. For the most casual appearance, consider wearing the jersey by itself. What to Wear Running As with any aerobic activity, running becomes more comfortable when you have running wear that keeps you properly ventilated or—in cold and wet conditions—lightly insulated and dry. Running clothing options include, pants, tights, shorts, shirts, vests and jackets. The weather outside determines what combination of these items you need to stay comfortable on your road and trail runs. Warm-weather running clothes: For warm days, your running clothes should help wick away moisture, keep you cool and protect you from the sun’s rays. Shorts, a shirt and socks might be all you need on a warm day. Winter running clothes: When the temperature drops, consider wearing pants or tights, and a vest or soft-shell jacket, but remember that you will warm up once you get moving. Insulated versions of these items are ideal for winter activities. Hoodies - Make a fashion statement at any age Hooded sweatshirts, often referred to as "hoodies" now hold a permanent place in fashion. The hoodie was a piece of clothing that started out primarily as workout wear. Now you can find hoodies made by famous clothing designers and ranging in price as high as the hundreds of dollars for some designs. Why has the hoodie become so popular? Let's take a look at who wears them the most. The hoodie is definitely geared toward the younger generation. The urban clothing industry is definitely in the lead for the creation and marketing of cotton hoodies. The trend can be traced back to rappers who wore them as a way of looking sinister. Now the trend has taken off and any urban clothing enthusiast would have at least one hoodie in their wardrobe. Famous hoodie brands include Christian Audigier, LRG, and BAPE (Bathing Ape). These clothing designers know what the young crowd want - unique designs that give the individual a sense of personal style. Hoodies are no longer just popular for males. Clothing designers have created hoodies that fit the frame of young women as well. They do not fit large and bulky the way most men prefer their hoodies. Hoodies for women are made to fit a woman's frame to still accentuate her figure. The urban look of the hoodie compliments both men and women when wearing a cool pair of jeans and some fly kicks. What kind of fabric is used to make hoodies? Cotton and denim are good materials for hoodies and the former is the most often selected fabric. It helps you breathe, keeps you warmer and it is easy to clean. But if you really want to be warm, then choose a good fleece fabric. What are most hoodies made of? Some of the best materials for hoodies include cotton, polyester, or a blend of the two. Cotton is breathable and soft, while polyester is durable and moisture-wicking. Fleece is a fabric that’s extra insulating and can be made from natural cotton or synthetic materials. What is the best blend for hoodies? What is the best fabric for hoodies? For hoodies, you will want a fabric that is soft, lightweight, breathable, sweat-absorbent so that your hoodie can always feel comfortable on your skin. Fleece, jersey, cotton, polyester, poly-cotton blends, rayon and even wool are all good fabric choices. Are polyester hoodies good? Polyester hoodies are strong, can be made to be wind and water resistant, they don' t stain or wrinkle easily and it is inexpensive. Polyester is great for use in tents, outdoor clothing such as windbreakers and parkas. The Importance Of Football Socks Good quality football socks also ensure a proper level of heat management for your feet. If you’re playing a match on a warm day, considering your feet are already apt to perspire, things can get rather uncomfortably quite quickly if you’re wearing a less-than-ideal pair of football socks. If you’re wearing socks with a thick fabric that’s simply going to retain all the sweat accumulated while moving, you’re very likely going to have issues with fungi and bacteria accumulating in that area (commonly referred to as “athlete’s foot”). That’s something that’s not going to endear you to your teammates, if not prevent you from playing the game outright. Neither of those is optimal scenarios.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
What is the working principle of AC contactor?
Описание: What is the working principle of AC contactor? The AC contactor is an electromagnetic AC contactor with a NO main contact, three poles, and air as the arc extinguishing medium. Its components include: coil, short-circuit ring, static iron core, moving iron core, moving contact, static contact, auxiliary NO contact, auxiliary NC contact, pressure spring sheet, reaction spring, buffer spring, arc extinguishing The cover is composed of original parts. The appearance structure of the common AC contactor is shown in the figure below: Electromagnetic system: It includes coil, static iron core and moving iron core (also called armature). Contact system: It includes main contacts and auxiliary contacts. The main contact allows a larger current to pass through and plays the role of connecting and cutting off the main circuit. Usually, the maximum current allowed by the main contact (ie, the rated current) is one of the technical parameters of the contactor. Auxiliary contacts are only allowed to pass small currents, and are generally connected to the control circuit when used. The main contacts of AC contactors are generally NO contacts, and the auxiliary contacts are either NO or NC. A contactor with a smaller rated current has four auxiliary contacts; a contactor with a larger rated current has six auxiliary contacts. NO and NC refer to the state of the contacts before the electromagnetic system is energized. That is, the NO contact means that when the coil is not energized, its moving and static contacts are in an open state, and the coil is closed after it is energized. NC contact means that when the coil is not energized, its moving and static contacts are closed, and when the coil is energized, it is disconnected. The function of the arc extinguishing device is to quickly cut off the arc when the main contact is broken. If it is not cut off quickly, the main contact singeing and welding will occur. Therefore, AC contactors generally have arc extinguishing devices. For AC contactors with larger capacity, arc extinguishing grids are often used. The working principle structure of the AC contactor is shown in the figure below. When the coil is energized, the iron core is magnetized, attracting the armature to move downward, making the normally closed contact open and the normally open contact closed. When the coil is de-energized, the magnetic force disappears. Under the action of the reaction spring, the armature returns to the original position and the contact returns to the original state. Impact of the Circuit Breaker and Budget Measures in Response to COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic and consequential measures taken to contain the pandemic, including lockdowns and travel restrictions, have adversely affected economic activity globally. In Singapore, the Circuit Breaker measures, which were necessary to stem the community spread of COVID-19 and save lives, had a negative impact on the economy. In particular, the closure of most physical workplace premises from 7 April to 1 June, which had affected businesses that could not operate remotely from home, is estimated to have reduced Singapore’s annual real GDP by 2.2 per cent. The Government has introduced four Budgets this year to fight COVID-19, with a total commitment of $93 billion in economic and social support and public health management measures. The Budget measures are expected to cushion the fall in employment and economic output arising from COVID-19. Specifically, the four Budgets are estimated to avert a loss in real GDP of about 5.5 per cent in 2020, and reduce the rise in resident unemployment rate by 1.7 percentage-points. Overall, the four Budgets have supported economic livelihoods and prevented an even more significant disruption to income and cash flows. They also contribute to the longer-term objective of helping viable firms stay afloat and facilitating a quicker recovery. In addition to the economic benefits, there will also be positive externalities from the public health management measures that have been put in place to safeguard Singapore from COVID-19. How Does a Magnetic Motor Starter Work? Magnetic starters rely on electromagnets to function. They have an electromagnetically operated set of contacts that starts and stops the attached motor load, and an overload relay. The overload relay opens the control voltage to the starter coil if it detects an overload on a motor. A control circuit with momentary contact devices that are connected to the coil executes the start and stop function. A 3-pole full-voltage magnetic motor starter has the following workings: a set of stationary contacts, a set of movable contacts, a solenoid coil, a stationary electromagnet, pressure springs, a set of magnetic shading coils, and the moving armature. Magnetic starters use momentary-contact pilot devices (such as switches and relays) that require a restart after a power loss, or if a low voltage condition causes the contactor to drop off. They can also be wired to restart motors automatically if the application requires. A magnetic starter contactor is similar to a relay but switches a larger amount of electrical power and handles higher voltage loads. A contactor has a contact carrier with electrical contacts to connect the incoming line power contact to the load contact. It also consists of an electromagnet that provides the force to close the contacts, and the enclosure, an insulating material that holds the parts together and protects the components. Contactors are typically made with contacts that stay open unless forced closed, meaning the power doesn’t go to the load until the coil is activated, closing the contactor. When the contactor is closed, the current goes to the electromagnet. This current can have the same voltage as the power going through the contacts or can have a lower “control” voltage that is used only to energize the coil. When the coil is energized, this creates a magnetic coupling between the contacts and the contact carrier, letting them stay together and current to flow to the motor until the system is shut off by de-energizing the coil. When de-energized, a spring causes the contacts to separate and halt the flow of power through the contacts, and the motor turns off. Some commonly available magnetic motor starters include full voltage (across-the-line), reduced voltage, and reversing. As the name suggests, a full-voltage or across-the-line magnetic motor starter gives the motor full voltage. This means that it is designed to correctly handle the levels of inrush current that happen once the motor starts. Reduced voltage starters are designed to limit the effects of inrush current during motor startup and are available in electro-mechanical and electronic formats. Reversing starters switch the shaft rotation of a 3-phase motor. This action happens because of the interchanging any two-line conductors that supply the motor load. A reversing magnetic motor starter has a forward and a reverse starter. It also has electrical and mechanical interlocks that ensure only the forward or the reverse starter can be engaged at once. Thermal Overload Relay Working Principle Overload thermal relay works on the heat produced by the excessive overload current. The heat produced by the overload current is utilized to trip the motor circuit. These are mostly used for protection of low-voltage squirrel cage induction motors or DC motors of lower output rating. The function of a thermal overload relay, used in motor starter circuits is to prevent the motor from drawing excessive current which is harmful to motor insulation. It is connected either directly to motor lines or indirectly through current transformers. It de-energies the starter and stops the motor when excessive current is drawn. Thermal Overload Relay Working Principle Whenever the motor is overloaded, it will draw more current from the line and will be heated up gradually. The overload relay is intended to protect the motor against sustained overloads.The overload relay is installed on motor control circuit to make a contact in the trip circuit or mechanically operate the trip bar thus shutting down the motor in the event of excessive load. It consists bimetallic strips. The heat produced by the overload current is utilized to heat the bimetallic strips. Under normal operating condition the strip remains straight but under the action of fault current the strip is heated and bent and the relay contacts get separated which de-energizes the motor control circuit. The force required to bend the bimetallic strips can be adjusted by an adjuster. In other words, it can be adjusted to operate at different overload currents. The thermal overload relay does not provide short circuit protection as it takes sufficient time to open the contacts. Therefore, this type of relay is used in conjunction with fuses to provide overload and short circuit protection to the circuit. These relays have inverse time characteristics i.e. the tripping time becomes less as the over load and hence current increases. These are rated in trip class. The trip class specifies the period of time it will take to operate in an overload condition. The most common classes are 5, 10, 20 & 30. Class 30, 20, 10 and 5 overload relays will trip within 30, 20, 10 and 5 seconds respectively at 600% of motor full load amps. How Does an A/C Contactor Work? Now that we know it's a switch, the question becomes, "How does air conditioning contactor get turned on?" While light switches need you to physically flip the switch and pressure switches use air to operate, your contactor is triggered by a solenoid pulling on a small plunger (the button). If you look in the picture I've provided above, you'll see the coil windings in the part that is simply referred to as the "coil." When 24v hits this coil, it generates just enough force to pull down that button on top of the contactor. When pulled down, that button is the "drawbridge" closing and allowing electricity to pass through and run the condenser fan and compressor. To give you a more complete description, here is the step-by-step of an air conditioning cycle up to this point. The thermostat senses it's warmer than the temperature it is set at. As the temperature rises, so does the little switch inside the stat making the proper 24v connection to the furnace control board that tells it to turn on the fan. At the same time, the furnace relays that message through a 24v signal to the 24v coil in the contactor. That coil energizes and pulls down the button (plunger) on the contactor. Once contact is made on both sides of the contactor, power can then pass on to the motor and compressor and provide you cool air. As an excellent producer, we will provide customers with more high-quality products. Timer Relays A timer relay is a combination of an electromechanical output relay and a control circuit. The contacts will open or close before or after a pre-selected, timed interval. Time delay relays are initiated or triggered by one of two methods: Application of input voltage/auxiliary supply will either initiate the unit or make it ready to initiate when a trigger signal is applied. Applying a trigger signal is used to initiate the unit after input voltage has been applied. This trigger signal can either be a control switch (dry contact switch) or a power trigger (voltage). What is Comb Busbar? Comb busbar is one of the most basic switch gear instruments. The main purpose of a comb busbar is to distribute power to switch gear components such as MCBs. There are two types of comp busbar viz, single phase comp busbar and three phase comb busbar. It can be found in small distribution boards that you can find at you home. Single phase comb busbar is used in single phase power distributions and three phase comb busbar is used in three phase power distribution systems. Two lead comb busbar are also available and are used in DC system. The main purpose of using comb busbar is to reduce the number of wire connections. In distribution boards a output of the isolators or ELCBs are connected to a number of MCBs or Residual Current Devices. If comb busbar is not used, numerous wires should be connected to the ELCB/Isolator output terminals to supply the MCBs. Hence in order to avoid that a single comb busbar is used. The comb busbar supplies numbers circuit breakers simultaneously thereby reducing the number of wires used.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
HOW A TURBOCHARGER WORKS
Описание: HOW A TURBOCHARGER WORKS A significant difference between a turbocharged diesel engine and a traditional naturally aspirated gasoline engine is the air entering a diesel engine is compressed before the fuel is injected. This is where the turbo charger is critical to the power output and efficiency of the diesel engine. It is the job of the turbo charger to compress more air flowing into the engine’s cylinder. When air is compressed the oxygen molecules are packed closer together. This increase in air means that more fuel can be added for the same size naturally aspirated engine. This then generates increased mechanical power and overall efficiency improvement of the combustion process. Therefore, the engine size can be reduced for a turbocharged engine leading to better packaging, weight saving benefits and overall improved fuel economy. How Does a Turbocharger Work? A turbo charger is made up of two main sections: the turbine and the compressor. The turbine consists of the turbine wheel (1) and the turbine housing (2). It is the job of the turbine housing to guide the exhaust gas (3) into the turbine wheel. The energy from the exhaust gas turns the turbine wheel, and the gas then exits the turbine housing through an exhaust outlet area (4). The compressor also consists of two parts: the compressor wheel (5) and the compressor housing (6). The compressor’s mode of action is opposite that of the turbine. The compressor wheel is attached to the turbine by a forged steel shaft (7), and as the turbine turns the compressor wheel, the high-velocity spinning draws in air and compresses it. The compressor housing then converts the high-velocity, low-pressure air stream into a high-pressure, low-velocity air stream through a process called diffusion. The compressed air (8) is pushed into the engine, allowing the engine to burn more fuel to produce more power. Better Fuel Efficiency Through a Better Oil Pump As the market and government regulations push automakers to improve emissions and fuel consumption, they are evaluating all opportunities in the engine system to reduce losses. The oil pump is one important component that consumes engine power as it protects engine components from frictional wear and overheating by delivering oil at the correct pressures. Fixed-displacement oil pumps currently circulate oil in most automobiles. Designers typically oversize the pumps to handle the harshest engine operating conditions. Most of the time, they consume more power and deliver significantly higher oil pressure than needed. They contain pressure-relief valves as a crude, cost-effective, and reliable way to avoid excessively high oil pressures. But these designs are inefficient, losing significant amounts of energy at high oil flows typical in internal-combustion engines. Providing Customized Oil Flow Variable-displacement oil pumps help to minimize energy losses. Their active control matches the oil flow and pressure the engine needs, eliminating excess oil flow, significantly reducing the parasitic load on the engine crankshaft, and ultimately saving fuel. In variable displacement pumps, changing the displacement volume controls the flow rate. Vane-pump designs have hydraulic and electrical controls and actuators that move the pump housing and vary the eccentricity of the rotor. Electronic control signals and solenoid control valves vary the pressure set points as operating conditions dictate. Automobile OEMs adopted these types of pumps in 2011, applying them in engines for high-end vehicles in Europe. Although research has evaluated the fuel-economy benefits of reduced oil flow from a torque-reduction perspective, the industry lacked information about its control, use, and thermal interactions with other engine systems. As part of an industry- and university-consortium project partially funded by the UK Technology Strategy Board, researchers at the University of Bath, Bath, UK, and Ford Motor Company, Detroit, MI, thermally tested variable-displacement oil pumps to gain insight about performance and oil pumping speed. The group evaluated vane and rotor pump designs in an active 2.4-L diesel engine on an engine stand at many different operating conditions and found that fuel economy benefits warrant the pump expense. Understanding Oil Coolers When engine output rises beyond a certain threshold per liter of displacement, an oil cooler becomes more important, critical even. There is a lot to the selection and installation of an oil cooler, so to find out more, we caught up with Zac Beals, a technical sales representative with Setrab USA, a Swedish company that specializes in a full range of heat exchangers and radiators for OEM applications, and oil cooling for motorsport. There are right and wrong ways to add an oil-cooling system, based on application and a number of other factors, but there are two key tenets to follow when adding an oil-cooling system: get expert help and don’t skimp on materials. “Oil is the only thing preventing metal-to-metal contact, and any high-performance engine is designed with its own optimal oil temperature range based on how much work the oil is doing in that system,” Beals said. “The demands on the oil in a high-revving turbocharged four-cylinder are different from the demands on the oil in a naturally-aspirated V-8, and the differences only get more specific from there. “What we do know for sure is that most generally, temperatures in excess of a normal operating range will break down the ability of the oil to do its traditional lubrication job,” Beals added. “A rule of thumb is that every 20 degrees in excess heat will half the life of the oil. This has a related effect on every internal component the oil touches.” An oil-cooling system consists of the fittings and hoses to get the oil out of the engine to the cooler itself and back into the engine. It seems pretty simple, right? Not exactly. Fan Clutch Belt driven fan clutches have been used as standard equipment on many vehicles for decades. However, the automotive clutch market is diminishing as other more efficient options are hitting the market and being demanded by consumers. Fan Clutches are ‘fluid’ coupling devices that provide air flow through the radiator by using the water pump shaft to power the fan blade. When the pump is cool or at normal operating temperature, the fan clutch will partially disengage. However, due to only partially disengaging they will always be spinning at about 30% of the water pump speed at all times. When compared to an electric fan, fan clutches are quite inefficient. Cylinder Head In simple terms, the cylinder head is just a casting that tops off the engine block, holds the valves and forms the combustion chambers. Working in combination with the camshaft(s), induction and exhaust systems, the head determines how the engine breathes, the engine’s power curve and personality. The “right” cylinder head will deliver peak power in the preferred rpm range, providing good throttle response and producing the kind of torque and horsepower numbers your customers demand. Using the wrong head can ruin your reputation. Some people pick a set of cylinder heads based on previous experience, reputation or simply brand recognition. Some look for highest airflow claims while others take the price path. The best selection process, of course, is rarely so simple. Car Engines The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. Single cylinder engines are typical of most lawn mowers, but usually cars have more than one cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are common). In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat (also known as horizontally opposed or boxer), as shown in the figures to the left. So that inline four we mentioned at the beginning is an engine with four cylinders arranged in a line. Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for certain vehicles. Let's look at some key engine parts in more detail. Spark plug The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. Valves The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the combustion chamber is sealed. Piston A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder. Piston Rings Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. What Is A Brake Booster And What Does It Do? The brake booster is a device used to amplify the force applied on the brake pedal when transferring that force to the brake master cylinder. Brake systems that have them are often called “power brakes.” The brake booster is used on almost all cars with hydraulic brakes — you won’t see them on vehicles that use pressurized air systems as their primary brake circuits. BRAKE ROTORS/BRAKE DISCS What they are: Sometimes called brake rotors, sometimes called discs, this brake part is one of the main components of disc brakes. When brake pads press against the disc/rotor on each side, it causes the system to slow down or stop. How long they last: As with all brake parts, it can vary, but brake rotors/discs tend to last anywhere from 30,000 to 70,000 miles. You can also extend their life with brake resurfacing. They should be inspected every 12,000 miles, however. When to replace: The surface is where this brake part wears down. Over time, grooves or ridges can develop where the brake pads press down on them. If the brake pads can't maintain an even contact surface, you may experience grinding, meaning it's time to resurface or replace the rotors or discs. It's recommended to replace brake rotors/discs in pairs. Excessive Steering Play / Loose Steering If your steering rack and pinion wear out, the steering will feel loose. You will also notice that the car wanders at high speed, and it is hard to keep it in the lane. Also, every road imperfection causes your car to easily move left to the right instead of staying in a straight line. You may also notice that steering is harder at lower speeds. On top of all these symptoms, you will also notice that the wheels don't return to a straight position after turning.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
Finding Your PVC Pipe Size
Описание: Finding Your PVC Pipe Size Determining what size PVC pipe you are using in your project or that you picked up from the home center can be a frustrating and challenging process. FORMUFIT products are available in six (6) PVC sizes that work with FORMUFIT PVC pipe, but also work with off-the-shelf plumbing grade PVC pipe, available from your home center or hardware store. You can use PVC pipe machine to produce PVC pipe. If you have not worked with PVC pipe before, or are not familiar with how PVC pipes are sized, we highly recommend you review the following three important details about PVC Pipe sizing: The Outside Diameter is not the PVC Pipe Size. PVC Schedule is Important Some Pipe isn't Compatible The Outside Diameter of the pipe is not the PVC Pipe Size. PVC Pipe sizes are so named by the measurement of the inside diameter (also called the bore) of the PVC pipe, and not the outside diameter. If you measure the outside diameter it will give you a larger reading than the actual PVC Pipe Size. The pipe will always be larger on the outside than the size name, as the thickness of the ‘walls’ of the pipe make it larger. Correct way to Measure FORMUFIT products follow the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) naming convention or PVC specifications, which identifies the diameter of the hole of a PVC pipe with a closely-related dimensional number for its size. Therefore the Pipe Size for all of our products is based on the inside hole or ‘bore’ of the PVC pipe that it fits. This is the correct way to measure what PVC Pipe Size you need. Incorrect way to Measure You should never use the outside diameter of the pipe to determine your PVC pipe size. If you measure the outside diameter of your PVC pipe and order based off that measurement you will almost always receive the next PVC Size up. Never order PVC products based off the outside diameter. Important: PVC Schedule PVC Schedule (abbrev. SCH or Sch.) is the thickness of the PVC pipe wall. The most common Schedule is 40, but Schedule 80 PVC is also available. As the schedule gets larger the pipe wall gets thicker from the outside in, so the inside hole (bore) of the pipe gets smaller. FORMUFIT internal-fit products, such as Internal Dome Caps, Adjustable Elbows and Internal Couplings are only compatible with Schedule 40 PVC pipe. All FORMUFIT Furniture Grade PVC pipe is Schedule 40. Our internal-fit products will not work with PVC Schedule 80, as the inner diameter of 80 Schedule PVC is much smaller than PVC Schedule 40. All off-the-shelf pressurized plumbing-grade PVC pipe is marked with the pipe schedule. Please see our PVC Pipe Markings Page to learn how to read them. Some Pipe isn't Compatible Not all types of pipe will work with FORMUFIT fittings and accessories: CTS/CPVC Pipe The most commonly confused non-compatible pipe is Copper Tube Size (CTS) plastic pipe, which is actually made from CPVC and uses an entirely different sizing system. If you use CTS pipe with FORMUFIT fittings or accessories they will be much too large for the pipe. CTS and CPVC can be identified by their yellowish or tan color, and are marked in the manufacturer printings as CTS or CPVC. For more information on CPVC, please see our CPVC Incompatibilities page here. ABS Pipe While ABS pipe is size-compatible with most FORMUFIT products, it cannot be cemented together using standard PVC cement. A special transitional cement must be used, or the pipe to fitting connection must be screwed together to connect them securely. ABS pipe is also very brittle and is not recommended for structural use. Steel Conduit or Pipe Steel pipe and conduit have the same outside diameters as the corresponding PVC pipe sizes and are size-compatible, but are not recommended for use with PVC joints & fittings, as there is no way to connect the steel pipe to the plastic PVC fitting. In most cases the steel pipe will easily slide out of the fitting, resulting in loose, or possibly collapsing, structures. Ground Protection Mats for the Change in Season Summer is coming to a close across much of the country where heatwaves are giving way to cooler temps and wetter weather. With the change of seasons, now is a great time to outfit your crews with the ground protection mat they need to keep working in the soggy conditions fall has to offer. Using professional ground protection mats helps you avoid unnecessary repair and replacement costs, complete job after job with happy customers, and enjoy a profitable bottom line at the end of the day. Faster Work and Happier Customers No question, you need to get the job done when planned, but wet environments can prevent you from starting the work. Using quality ground protection mats can get you in sooner and keep your schedule on track. Especially when the solution is lightweight, easy to deploy, dependable, and can support loads up to 120 tons. You also want happy customers that refer their friends and contacts, not upset customers who call because of a torn up yard and have negative lasting memory of your work. Plastic Pipe Machine As an important part of chemical building materials, plastic pipes are widely accepted by users for their superior performance, hygiene, environmental protection, and low consumption. They mainly include UPVC drainage pipes, UPVC water supply pipes, aluminum-plastic composite pipes, and polyethylene (PE). These kinds of water supply pipes. The pipe production line is composed of a control system, an extruder, a machine head, a shaping cooling system, a tractor, a planetary cutting device and a turning frame. Each pipe production line has two extruders, one of which mainly uses powerful conveying bushings and high-efficiency screws, and the other smaller extruder is used to extrude the marking line. When the plastic pipe machine malfunctions, it will directly cause the plastic pipe to have rough surface, jitter ring inside, and no vacuum. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the plastic pipe machine fault in time to improve product quality. HDPE pipe Machine HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) water supply pipe, the raw material is from Sinopec. High density polyethylene is non-toxic and odorless milky white particles. It has excellent temperature resistance and cold resistance, good chemical reliability, ductility and impact toughness. Well, it is a kind of thermoplastic resin with high crystallinity and non-polarity. HDPE pipe is a new type of water supply pipe, which can be made by HDPE pipe machine. Its various aspects are better than common traditional drainage pipes, such as cement pipes, cast iron pipes, seamless steel pipes and so on. With the development of high-tech standards, HDPE pipes have become a fashion trend in the future development of the pipeline industry and will completely replace traditional water supply pipes. PP Pipe Machine PP pipe is made of polypropylene as raw material and made by PP pipe machine. It is non-toxic, hygienic, high temperature resistant and recyclable. It is mainly used in indoor cold and hot water supply systems in buildings, and is also widely used in heating systems. It has the characteristics of non-corrosion, and can withstand the pH value in a wide temperature range, ranging from 1 to 14 high-concentration acid and alkali corrosion. In addition, the PP pipe is wear-resistant, non-scaling, the inner wall of the pipe and pipe fittings is uniform and smooth, and the flow resistance is small and does not scale. It also has the characteristics of reducing vibration and noise, and has excellent sound insulation performance, which can significantly reduce vibration and noise caused by liquid flow. The P material has excellent elasticity so that the pipe and pipe section can expand with the frost heaving liquid without bursting. The PP tube is anti-condensation and has less heat loss. The PP material is a poor heat conductor, which can reduce condensation and reduce heat loss. It is easy to install, light in weight, easy to install and operate, weldable, and has a long service life. The PP pipe system has a service life of 50 years under specified conditions. PPR pipe Machine PPR is the abbreviation of type three polypropylene, also called random copolymer polypropylene pipe. It adopts thermal welding method, has special welding and cutting tools, has high plasticity, and can be made by PPR pipe machine. The price is also very economical. With an external insulation layer, the insulation performance is better, and the pipe wall is also very smooth, excluding the joints of the inner and outer wires. It is generally used in embedded walls or deep well embedded pipes. PPR pipe is moderately priced, stable in performance, heat-resistant, heat-insulated, corrosion-resistant, smooth inner wall, no scaling, safe and reliable piping system, impermeable, and the service life can reach 50 years. However, the construction technology requirements are high, and special tools and professionals are required for construction to ensure the safety of the system.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
How to Buy a Baby Stroller
Описание: How to Buy a Baby Stroller Whether you’re headed to the park for a leisurely stroll or to Paris to see all of the sights, a stroller is a must-have for life on the go with baby. The right stroller not only gives baby a safe place to sit or snooze, but it also provides a place for you to stash all of those must-have essentials, from wipes and diapers to a change of clothes and an extra pacifier. But finding the best stroller isn’t easy. The market is saturated with all different types of models and prices that vary widely from as little as $30 to upwards of thousands of dollars. So when you begin your hunt, first consider your budget. Then, think about how you plan to use your stroller to narrow down your options. Ask yourself some key questions, like: Where are you going to use it? Where are you going to store it? How many babies will be using it? And how much stuff do they have? A basic lightweight umbrella stroller makes travel (and storage) easy, while high-function stroller systems boast helpful features like extra storage and snap-on bassinets or car seats. For some, a basic model for occasional use is perfectly suitable. For others, the splurge on a more advanced model is well worth it — even if it feels like a big investment. If you frequently take baby out and about or plan to have multiple kids, your stroller will likely get miles and years of use. Before you purchase, don’t be afraid to try out your top choices. A trial run goes a long way in making sure it works for baby’s needs — and for the needs of other family members who will be pushing it, folding it and stowing their things within it along the way. What are the different types of strollers? There are six basic types of strollers: Full-sized stroller Lightweight or umbrella stroller Jogging stroller Double stroller Car seat carrier Travel system It’s worth noting that although many strollers do fit squarely into the above categories, there are plenty that don’t. Some strollers can have characteristics of more than one type (i.e. a double jogging stroller). Full-sized stroller What it is: If you’re hoping to invest in one stroller that’ll wheel your baby right through the toddler years, look no further than a full-size stroller. Bigger, sturdier and usually more durable, these strollers are the standard option. Plus, many models come with a full range of features that not only make baby’s ride a joy, but also make your life easier. Full-size stroller benefits: The go-to option for many families, a full-sized stroller covers all the basics and offers nifty bells and whistles that usually include: Wide, comfortable, well-padded seat Deep seat recline Option to mount the seat forward-facing or rear-facing Option to attach a car seat Convertible design that grows with baby, from newborn use with car seat (or optional bassinet, in some cases) to toddler use Expandable canopies Sturdy tires with decent suspension to absorb shock Roomy basket for storage Telescoping handlebars (especially helpful when one parent is tall and the other is petite) Useful nice-to-haves, like a cup holder or snack tray Full-size stroller downsides: Can be bulky and heavy (if you take public transportation, climb stairways frequently, or navigate busy streets or small stores with your baby, this can make it tougher to travel with) May also be a tight fit for a small-space home with limited storage. Options to consider: See our roundup of the best full-size baby strollers. Lightweight or umbrella stroller What it is: You might lose a few of the features you can find in a full-sized stroller, but an umbrella stroller scores points for being supremely easy to handle while on the go. Lightweight or umbrella stroller benefits: Often weighing under 15 pounds, a lightweight stroller is designed for portability (some even come with a shoulder strap). These models are easy to fold, which makes stashing one in the trunk or taking it on an airplane, bus or train a snap. Many lightweight strollers still come equipped with beneficial features, such as a partial seat recline, expandable canopy, storage basket and built-in cupholder or snack tray. Lightweight stroller downsides: If you’re looking for a stroller you can use from the newborn months on, a lightweight high-view stroller won’t do. While a few models can safely carry newborns with car seat adapters or bassinet attachments, most umbrella strollers are designed for babies 6 months or older. Most lightweight strollers do not have a convertible option, which means if you end up having a second (or third) baby within a few years of your first, you'll likely need to purchase a second stroller. Options to consider: See our roundup of the best lightweight umbrella strollers. Jogging stroller What it is: On the run — literally? Then a jogging stroller might be a good option. Jogging strollers typically have larger, sturdier wheels and better suspension to take bumps and alternate terrain in stride. Jogging stroller benefits: Superior suspension lets you walk, jog or hike and keep baby in comfort while on and off the trail. Many jogging strollers come with a front wheel that can swivel (for flexibility) or be fixed (for stability at higher speeds). Depending on the model, other benefits may include compatibility with a car seat (for use from newborn through toddler stages), deep reclining seats, telescoping handlebars and generous storage baskets. A hand brake, five-point harness and wrist strap are key safety features, so don’t go jogging with a stroller that doesn’t include these. Jogging stroller downsides: A jogging stroller can be a bit heavier and challenging to assemble. If space is tight, a jogging stroller usually can't fold up as small as an umbrella stroller. Jogging strollers are typically wider than even many full-size strollers, which means maneuvering them through tight spaces can be challenging. Keep in mind that while most three-wheeled strollers are referred to as “joggers,” not all three-wheelers are actually optimized for runners. Some of the most popular three-wheelers are “hybrid” strollers that lack hand brakes and other safety features, and therefore, aren’t intended to be used for jogging with baby. Serious runners will want to do a test drive to make sure their jogging stroller has the appropriate safety features and functionality. Options to consider: See our roundup of the best portable pocket stroller. Double stroller What it is: If you’ve got twins in tow — or a toddler who’s not ready to give up their stroller days — then a double stroller is the way to go. Doubles come in two formats: tandem, where one child sits behind the other, or side-by-side seating. Double stroller benefits: With multiple children, this option enables you to swiftly manage only one stroller. Because these models are on the bigger side, there's usually ample storage space. Double stroller downsides: Strollers for two tend to be bigger and bulkier, weighing in at up to 40 pounds and with a much larger footprint. Though there are some lighter options, these are not without issues, as they don’t tend to take bumps and alternate terrain well. As you shop, consider width (does it fit through your door?), mobility (is it well balanced? how does it turn?) and whether it’s compatible with one or two car seats. Options to consider: See our roundup of the best double strollers. Car seat carrier What it is: These wheeled frames are built to transform your infant car seat into a 3 in 1 stroller in just a snap (literally!). Car seat carrier benefits: Car seat carriers are compact and lightweight. For a no-fuss transition into and out of the car, they are convenient and great for travel. Some car seat carriers can even accommodate multiple babies. Car seat carrier downsides: Car seat carriers tend to be best for short-term use, since baby outgrows the infant car seat quickly. That said, some full-featured strollers function as a car seat frame, then transform into a toddler-friendly stroller. Car seat carriers generally do not have any extra features like cup holders or storage. Travel system What it is: An easy-to-connect travel system pairs together an infant car seat and stroller. There are full-size, lightweight and jogging stroller travel systems, so you can choose a system with the type of stroller you like best. Travel system benefits: Having an infant car seat that connects to your stroller with an adapter (usually built in) means you can move your sleeping baby from the car to the stroller without waking her up. Being able to buy both components as a set may save you money. Travel system downsides: While the stroller will usually last into the older toddler years, your baby will outgrow the infant car seat much sooner than that. If you’re a multiple-car family, you’ll need to buy a separate car seat or base to use with your second car. Options to consider: See our roundup of the best travel system stroller. Baby Buggy The often more lightweight and travel friendly option is a baby buggy. Best used for an older baby or toddler, a buggy is particularly great when out and about or going on holiday, especially if you have a toddler who gets tired easily. They tend to be a less expensive purchase and not as sturdy as a pram or pushchair. What Are the Different Types of Baby Carriers? There are a lot of different types of baby carrier and slings to choose from. You may find that different ones work better depending on what you'll be doing and your baby's age. Some parents switch out carriers daily, while others have one that they use for everything from newborn snuggling at home to active days out with a toddler. No matter which carrier you choose, make sure you read the instructions that come with it and understand how to use it safely. Baby wraps. This is probably the most versatile type of carrier. A wrap is basically a long piece of material that you use to strap your baby to your chest or back. Wraps come in stretchy knit or woven material. Once you learn to use these, they can be very comfortable. Stretchy wraps are great for newborns but may not support a toddler. Woven wraps are sturdy enough to use with older babies as well as newborns. CAN YOU RUN WITH BABY JOGGER CITY MINI / CITY MINI GT? No, the Baby Jogger City Mini series, including the City Mini 2, City Mini GT, and City Mini GT2 single and double strollers, are not designed for jogging or running. Baby Jogger got its start in 1984 with the first jogging stroller solution for active parents with a toddler! However, despite the brand name, most of Baby Jogger's many current stroller offerings are not intended for use while jogging or running. We do not recommend using the Baby Jogger City Mini series strollers for jogging or running for a number of reasons. Let's look at features commonly found on jogging strollers to see how they differ from the City Mini strollers.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21
The Benefits of Bringing Your Child To An Indoor Playground
Описание: The Benefits of Bringing Your Child To An Indoor Playground If you have small children, you already know how wonderful playgrounds can be for kids. Playgrounds offer children their own personal world of adventure, where they can socialize and interact with other children as they run around and explore their fun surroundings. As fall quickly approaches us in Washington, your child’s outdoor time will start to lessen as the temperature begins to drop. This is where indoor playgrounds can provide your child with the stimulation they need in a safe and comfortable indoor play place. In this blog, we’ll discuss the many benefits of bringing your child to an indoor playground. If you live near Bellevue or Lynnwood and you’re looking for a fun activity for your little ones during the week or on the weekend, be sure to stop by Funtastic Playtorium. Our indoor playground is the perfect space for your child to play and socialize with other kids his or her age. As one of the largest indoor playgrounds in Washington, we’re proud to be a local favorite for parents and kids alike. Check out our gallery online or contact us today to learn more! The Benefits Of An Indoor Playground For Your Child Many children love indoor playgrounds because they provide a safe and secure place to learn and explore. From big slides to ball pits and jungle gyms, indoor playgrounds offer a plethora of fun and educational activities to keep your child entertained and happy. Let’s take a look at some of the biggest benefits of bringing your child to an indoor playground below. Physical Strength And Health As you may already know, childhood obesity is quickly becoming a global health problem across children of all ages. Since most kids these days are glued to electronics and unhealthy processed foods, it’s easy to see how these sedentary lifestyles offer little to no physical benefits. When you take your child’s iPad away and bring them to a kids indoor playground, they will immediately feel the urge to run, jump, climb, swing, and explore. Socialization And Communication Skills If your little one is too young for school, you may be wondering how to socialize them during the cold winter months. One of the main benefits of an indoor playground are the social benefits your child will receive. When you bring your little one to Funtastic Playtorium, they’ll have the opportunity to meet our children, where they can work on their social skills and start to build confidence. Coordination And Balance Indoor playgrounds offer a variety of obstacles and puzzles for your child. From climbing up slides to balancing on soft cushions, your child will be exposed to several different heart-healthy and muscle-building exercises. Indoor play places allow your child to work on their strength, flexibility, and gross motor skills, helping them develop into strong and healthy toddlers. Creativity And Imagination When you take your child to an indoor playground, they will be able to let their imagination run wild in a safe and secure space. While characters and plots may seem silly to adults, children love to pretend that they are in imaginative scenarios when they visit an indoor play place. Whether they’re running from the bad guys or trying to save a damsel in distress, your child’s creativity and imagination will benefit from bringing them to an indoor playground. As you can see, there are many benefits to bringing your child to an indoor play place. If you live in Washington and you’re looking for an indoor playground to bring your child to, be sure to visit Funtastic Playtorium. We offer two convenient locations in Bellevue and Lynnwood, and we would love to meet your little one! Playgrounds are places where children’s play can take off and flourish. Good outdoor playground is large enough and designed in such a way that children’s play can come to full expression, where children can make a mess, run, jump and hide, where they can shout, whistle and explore the natural world. A variety of factors determine the quality of a playground for young children from infants to eight-year-olds. These include design of the play area, safety issues, play equipment, accessibility, and adult supervision. Particular emphasis should be placed on how playgrounds must encourage all forms of play. There is a critical need to develop a disposition for outdoor physical activities in our young children. Outdoor play should not become too academic and too teacher controlled. Purpose of Outdoor Play There are two fundamental reasons why outdoor play is critical for young children in our early childhood programs and schools. First, many of the developmental tasks that children must achieve—exploring, risk-taking, fine and gross motor development and the absorption of vast amounts of basic knowledge—can be most effectively learned through outdoor play. Second, our culture is taking outdoor play away from young children through excessive TV and computer use, unsafe neighborhoods, busy and tired parents, educational accountability, elimination of school recess, and academic standards that push more and more developmentally inappropriate academics into our early childhood programs, thus taking time away from play. The following sections (based on Wardle, 1996-2003) describe the main reasons why outdoor play is critical for the healthy development of young children. Physical Exercise Children need to develop large motor and small motor skills and cardiovascular endurance. Gallahue (1993) provides a comprehensive discussion of the motor development and movement skill acquisition of young children, which must be encouraged in outdoor playground. Extensive physical activity is also needed to address a growing problem of obesity in American children. Enjoyment of the Outdoors Outdoor play is one of the things that characterize childhood. And as Lord Nuffield once said, the best preparation for adulthood is to have a full and enjoyable childhood. Thus childhood must include outdoor play. Children need opportunities to explore, experiment, manipulate, reconfigure, expand, influence, change, marvel, discover, practice, dam up, push their limits, yell, sing, and create. Some of our favorite childhood memories are outdoor activities. This is no accident. Learning about the World Outdoor play enables young children to learn lots and lots and lots of things about the world. How does ice feel and sound? Can sticks stand up in sand? How do plants grow? How does mud feel? Why do we slide down instead of up? How do I make my tricycle go faster? How does the overhang of the building create cool shade from the sun? What does a tomato smell and taste like? What does a chrysalis change into? Do butterflies have to learn to fly? Much of what a child learns outside can be learned in a variety of other ways, but learning it outside is particularly effective—and certainly more fun! In the outside playground children can learn math, science, ecology, gardening, ornithology, construction, farming, vocabulary, the seasons, the various times of the day, and all about the local weather. Not only do children learn lots of basic and fundamental information about how the world works in a very effective manner, they are more likely to remember what they learned because it was concrete and personally meaningful (Ormrod, 1997). Learning about Self and the Environment To learn about their own physical and emotional capabilities, children must push their limits. How high can I swing? Do I dare go down the slide? How high can I climb? Can I go down the slide headfirst? To learn about the physical world, the child must experiment with the physical world. Can I slide on the sand? Can I roll on grass? What happens when I throw a piece of wood into the pond? Is cement hard or soft to fall on? An essential task of development is appreciating how we fit into the natural order of things—animals, plants, the weather, and so on. To what extent does nature care for us by providing water, shade, soft surfaces, and sweet-smelling flowers? And to what extent does it present problems, such as hard surfaces, the hot sun, and thorns on bushes? We can discover this relationship with the natural world only by experiencing it as we grow up, develop, and interact with the natural environment. The Surplus-Energy Theory The surplus-energy theory of play hypothesizes that play allows people to release pent-up energy that has collected over time. Many teachers and administrators believe that after intense (and often inactive) academic classroom pursuits, children need to “let off steam.” To some extent, educators also believe that outdoor play enables children to “recharge their batteries,” to reinvigorate themselves by engaging in a very different activity from their classroom experience. This recreation theory of play enables children to get ready to return to the important work of academic learning. These theories view outdoor play as an essential component to academic learning, not as an important activity in its own right. Health Everyone who works with young children in early childhood programs and schools knows how quickly bacteria and viruses spread in these environments. One way to reduce the spread of infection is through lots and lots of fresh air. Outdoor play enables the infectious agents to spread out and be dissipated; it also enables children to get fresh air and exercise and be less constrained than they are in the classroom (Aronson, 2002). Outdoor play also enables children to enjoy the natural environment and learn to seek out exercise, fresh air, and activity. There is something fundamentally healthy about using the outdoors. Thus outdoor play develops disposition for the outdoors, for physical activity, and for care of the environment. Children who engage in lots of physical activities at school tend to engage in more energetic activities at home, while children who have childcare and school experiences that lack active physical activity, engage in more sedentary behaviors at home, such as watching TV and computer use (Dale, Corbin, & Dale, 2000). Children who learn to enjoy the outdoors have a much higher likelihood of becoming adults who enjoy hiking, gardening, jogging, bicycling, mountain climbing, or other outdoor endeavors. This is critical as obesity becomes an ever-greater national concern and as we must all learn to care for and protect the environment. Allowing Children to Be Children Using open space to fulfill basic childhood needs—jumping, running, climbing, swinging, racing, yelling, rolling, hiding, and making a big mess—is what childhood is all about! For a variety of obvious reasons many of these things cannot occur indoors. Yet children must have these important experiences. Today children’s lives are more and more contained and controlled by small apartments; high-stakes academic instruction; schedules; tense, tired, and overworked parents; and by fewer opportunities to be children. Outdoor environments fulfill children’s basic needs for freedom, adventure, experimentation, risk-taking, and just being children (Greenman, 1993). Children need the opportunity to explore the unknown, the unpredictable, and the adventurous. They also need to be able to wonder at nature, from the worm gliding through the newly turned dirt in the garden to the monarch butterfly emerging out of the chrysalis and gracefully fluttering away in the summer breeze.
Дата Публикации: 10-12-21