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Titanium Forgings Shapes
Описание: Titanium Forgings Shapes Forgings refer to products manufactured by the process of shaping metal utilizing compressive forces. The compressive forces used are generally delivered via pressing, pounding, or squeezing under great pressure. Although there are many different kinds of forging processes available, they can be grouped into three main classes: Forging produces pieces that are stronger than an equivalent cast or machined part. As the metal is shaped during the forging process, the internal grain deforms to follow the general shape of the part. This results in a grain that is continuous throughout the part, resulting in its high strength characteristics. Titanium forgings are broadly classified as either cold, warm or hot forgings, according to the temperature at which the processing is performed. Iron and steel are nearly always hot forged, which prevents the work hardening that would result from cold forging. Work hardening increases the difficulty of performing secondary machining operations on the metal pieces. When work hardening is desired, other methods of hardening, most notably heat treating, may be applied to the piece. Alloys such as aluminum and titanium that are amenable to precipitation hardening can be hot forged, followed by hardening. Because of their high strength, forgings are almost always used where reliability and human safety are critical such as in the aerospace, automotive, ship building, oil drilling, engine and petrochemical industries. For more information or to receive a prompt aluminum price quote, please contact us at 800 398-4345 or submit the Request Information form on the right side of this page. TITANIUM POWDER Titanium powder has long been used as an alloying additive for a variety of applications. Recently, technological advances in the production and use of titanium powder have opened doors into many fields including powder metallurgy, thermal spray, laser cladding, metal injection molding, and additive manufacturing. AmeriTi Manufacturing produces titanium powder using the hydride-dehydride (HDH) process. This method uses hydrogen to make the titanium brittle enough to crush and perform initial sizing. Hydrogen is then removed under vacuum followed by final sizing to customer specifications. This process creates a final particle morphology described as blocky or angular. AMC also has the capability to deoxidize titanium alloy powders. Titanium is extremely reactive with oxygen causing it to inevitably increase in oxygen throughout the powder manufacturing process. Our patented deoxidation process allows for possible oxygen levels below 1000 PPM, which is necessary for grades such as Ti 6Al-4V ELI. Deoxidation services are performed on AmeriTi produced titanium powder, but is also available as a toll processing service. Using this process, AmeriTi is able to produce both commercially pure and alloyed titanium powder in a wide range of particle sizes. Screening and blending processes ensure accurate sizing to customer specifications. Advanced process controls and in-process testing allow for consistent particle size distributions and morphology from lot to lot. Introduction Titanium is a transition metal with a white-silvery metallic appearance. Titanium material is a lustrous, strong metal that exhibits good resistance to atmospheric corrosion. The atomic number of titanium is 22 and it belongs to the d-block, period 4, group 4 of the periodic table. Pure titanium is insoluble in water but soluble in concentrated acids. Titanium is the ninth most abundant metal available on earth's crust; it is present in most igneous rocks and their sediments. Some of the minerals of titanium are illemenite, rutile, brookite, titanite and anatase. These minerals are primarily distributed in West Australia, Canada, Norway and Ukraine. It is low in toxicity, but the powder form of titanium is an explosion hazard. Applications The following are the application areas of titanium: Pigments, additives and coatings Aerospace and marine Industrial Consumer and architecture Jewellery Medical Nuclear waste storage Bike frames aren't made from pure titanium. Instead, they are made from a titanium alloy. The titanium used to build bicycle frames is typically alloyed with aluminum and vanadium. Varying levels of each element are used to change the physical properties of the finished alloy. Alloying titanium improves strength and durability and reduces the weight of the frame. Many framebuilders market their titanium tubing as 'aerospace-grade'. The most common type of tubing used to build titanium bicycles is called 3Al-2.5V. This is titanium that is alloyed with 3% aluminum and 2.5% vanadium. Another common titanium alloy is 6Al-4V. This is a harder alloy that is often found on higher-end bikes. Because it is harder to work with and more expensive, 6Al-4V is sometimes used to make smaller parts such as the head tube or dropouts. Titanium frame tubes can be butted or straight gauge. Butted tubes are thinner in the middle and thicker on the ends. This reduces the weight of the tubes while maintaining strength. Some titanium frame manufactures don't offer butted frames because butted titanium tubes are harder to work with. This makes it more difficult for the framebuilder to build the bike to your exact specifications. Also, titanium tubes are pretty light so the weight savings is minimal. Titanium tubes are usually cold drawn into shape. These days, frame builders can also shape titanium bikes with a process called hydroforming. This process involves placing the frame tubes in a mold then injecting the mold with fluid at incredibly high pressures. The tubes form into the mold. Hydroforming can be used to fine-tune the tube shapes to optimize the frame for stiffness, weight, or aerodynamics. This can also help design frames with internal cable routing. Titanium frame tubes do not have to be round. After the frame tubes are shaped, they are welded together. The most common type of welding used to bond titanium frames is TIG welding. Titanium is a notoriously difficult metal to weld well. The main reason is that titanium reacts with oxygen. It is also sensitive to contamination. Welding titanium is a labor-intensive process. To learn about the welding process, check out this interesting article. The fabrication and electrochemical properties of a 3D printed titanium electrode array are described. The array comprises 25 round cylinders (0.015 cm radius, 0.3 cm high) that are evenly separated on a 0.48 × 0.48 cm square porous base (total geometric area of 1.32 cm2). The electrochemically active surface area consists of fused titanium particles and exhibits a large roughness factor ≈17. In acidic, oxygenated solution, the available potential window is from ~-0.3 to +1.2 V. The voltammetric response of ferrocyanide is quasi-reversible arising from slow heterogeneous electron transfer due to the presence of a native/oxidatively formed oxide. Unlike other metal electrodes, both 1+ and 3+ can be created in aqueous solutions which enables electrochemiluminescence to be generated by an annihilation mechanism. Depositing a thin gold layer significantly increases the standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, ko, by a factor of ~80 to a value of 8.0 ± 0.4 × 10?3 cm s?1 and the voltammetry of ferrocyanide becomes reversible. The titanium and gold coated arrays generate electrochemiluminescence using tri-propyl amine as a co-reactant. However, the intensity of the gold-coated array is between 30 (high scan rate) and 100-fold (slow scan rates) higher at the gold coated arrays. Moreover, while the voltammetry of the luminophore is dominated by semi-infinite linear diffusion, the ECL response is significantly influenced by radial diffusion to the individual microcylinders of the array. As a professional manufacturer, we provide several titanium products.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22
The Importance of Structural Steel In Constructing Buildings
Описание: The Importance of Structural Steel In Constructing Buildings Structural steel has become one of the most prevalent construction materials of the century, often seen as an extremely important component of modern buildings and housing. According to the World Steel Association, over 1,600 million tonnes were produced in 2016, 197 million more than the previous year. It's become viable for any kind of project and offers several benefits, which many building plans rely on for structural safety. Availability The widespread adoption of steel has made it easy to find, both as a raw alloy and pre-made components. Fabricated parts will often be openly sold by suppliers (with many factories selling both locally and overseas), allowing beams and frames to be purchased directly. Thanks to this, companies can work under tighter deadlines and access a supply of steel parts anywhere in the world. Steel parts can be ordered as soon as the architectural plan is agreed on, saving time that would be spent waiting for them to arrive at the site. This provides extra time to check measurements and find suitable storage, issues that could normally delay construction by several hours. Weight Its lightweight makes steel easy to transport over land and lift via a crane, reducing the amount of fuel wasted getting it to the site. In addition, this can make buildings far easier to take down: a prototype ProLogic warehouse was built at Heathrow to demonstrate how over 80% of the entire structure was reusable, which could be disassembled in a fraction of the time an average warehouse would take. Low weight can aid in moving and rebuilding structures, as shown with the 9 Cambridge Avenue warehouse relocation: the warehouse itself was dismantled and rebuilt 1 mile away, using almost no steel except the existing components. This added mobility and versatility makes steel a very desirable building material for structures that have extra land for expansion. Sustainability As the desire for eco-friendly buildings increases, steel will become more convenient for construction projects. It can easily be recycled and doesn't need to be permanently disposed of, so old buildings or temporary supports can be repurposed into new projects as needed. Roughly 97.5% of all steel from UK demolition sites is recovered and reused, according to data gathered by Steel Construction. Recovered steel components that haven't been damaged can be re-used in other projects, removing the cost of getting the alloy melted down and re-cut as a new part. If a building is being demolished and rebuilt, existing parts could be stripped out and repurposed to save money kept in storage for future projects or simply sold to another company as components (or raw alloy, if sold back to a steel fabrication company). Strength Due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, less steel is needed in a single support or beam, reducing material costs and improving its sustainable nature. It can withstand strong physical impacts and forces, keeping building occupants safe, but won't wear away or need to be replaced afterwards. This extra strength can be retained through the design, rather than the amount of steel used. Steel I-beams are often used in modern construction since they're lighter, stronger and less wasteful than any wooden beam of the same size. The natural fire and rust resistance of alloy steel makes it viable for exterior structures, such as fire escapes or balcony supports – MIMA also suggest possible use as external walls to contain insulating materials. Stainless steels have been used in construction ever since they were first invented over a hundred years ago. Stainless steel products are attractive and corrosion resistant, need little maintenance and offer good strength, toughness and fatigue properties. Stainless steels are straightforward to fabricate and are fully recyclable at end-of-life. They are the material of choice for applications situated in challenging environments, including industrial processing facilities, buildings and structures in coastal areas or where there is exposure to de-icing salts. The high ductility of stainless steel is a useful property where resistance to seismic loading is required. Imposing safeguard duties on GI sheets violates WTO rules Aside from unduly burdening Filipino consumers, imposing safeguard duties on imported galvanized iron and pre- painted galvanized iron (PPGI) sheets and coils could expose the Philippines to retaliatory actions from exporting countries for possible violation of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. Rene Garcia, spokesman of the Philippine Association of Steelformers Inc. (PASI), said data showed that even domestic producers are also importing GI and PPGI sheets because they could not fully supply the market requirements, thus, making the supposed "injury" self-inflicted. Garcia noted for pre-painted sheets, the market size is about 300,000 metric tons (MT) per year. The combined rated capacity of the five active local producers, meanwhile, is only about 210,000 MT. For GI sheets, the estimated annual market demand is 700,000 MT, while the total domestic manufacturing capacity is only at 450,000 MT. "These market requirements for GI and PPGI sheets did not take into account the foreseen surge in demand due to the reconstruction efforts in areas devastated by the natural and man-made calamities in late-2013. This is why PASI has been dissuading the government from imposing safeguard duties on GI and PPGI sheets—the impact in the prices of these roofing materials would be too much of a burden for Filipinos," Garcia explained. What Do YOU Know About Mold Steel Quality? Many industries place strict requirements on the acceptable level of surface defects and imperfections that may appear on a plastic molded part. Such conditions often apply to critical components for the medical and pharmaceutical industries as well as for the manufacturers of lenses and other optical devices. However, for aesthetic reasons, many other consumer goods have similar restrictions. After all, any defect that appears on the surface of the mold steel is likely to be replicated onto the molded part. Problems associated with the texturing or polishability of a mold cavity can often be traced back to the mold steelmaking process. The material properties that have shown the greatest influence on obtaining a good surface finish are the microcleanliness level, the severity of chemical segregation and the appearance of primary carbides. The steel mould's chemical composition along with the manufacturing techniques used during its production, will determine its ability to perform well in a given service environment. State-of-the-art technologies such as specialized, remelting techniques, thermal diffusion treatments and high forging ratios all play a significant role in influencing the characteristics of mold steels. The Limitations of "Off-the-Shelf" Mold Steels Many grades of tool steel that are used for building molding components also are used for other industrial applications. For example, AISI S7 and H13 are commonly used for plastic injection molds; however, S7 also is used for metalforming operations and H13 for forging. The properties that are important for forging or stamping are quite different from the properties that are important to a moldmaker or plastics molder. Therefore, one must take precautions to ensure that they are using a mold quality steel. To do that one must consider the microcleanliness level of the mold steel, the degree of micro and macrosegregation and the restrictions on the number and size of large, primary carbides. Standard Mold Steel Production From the standpoint of the steel manufacturer, there are basically two means for improving existing steels used for molding applications: (1) Adjusting the chemical composition. Adding specific alloying elements and balancing their levels can significantly influence the characteristics of the material. (2) The actual steelmaking process. With the use of specialized melting techniques, mold steels can be produced which possess a very high microcleanliness level and homogeneous microstructure. These are two extremely important properties with regard to the steel's polishability and etching/texturing characteristics. The Mold Steelmaking Process In order to distinguish the different quality levels that are available for mold steels it is important to first have a fundamental understanding of the mold steelmaking process. Mold steels are manufactured by melting starting material in an electric arc furnace (EAF). The starting material is comprised of carefully selected, low alloy scrap steel with the lowest possible level of impurities. Typically, the EAF units can melt as much as 50 tons of starting material per heat. Once the initial melting is complete, the molten steel is transferred to a ladle or refining vessel, where the composition of the steel is adjusted to provide the final chemistry. Additional steps such as slag treatments and degassing procedures also are involved to remove undesirable elements. Following the refining stage, the molten steel is poured into large molds where it solidifies into a simple form called an ingot. These ingots will take several hours to completely solidify. This relatively long period of time will lead to significant amounts of chemical segregation, resulting in a variation in composition throughout the ingot's cross-section. Segregation and Banding During solidification of an ingot, the steel production process involves unavoidable segregation of the alloying elements. On a grain-size scale one talks of microsegregations; on an ingot-size scale they are referred to as macrosegregations. These inhomogeneities will exert a negative effect on the polishability and texturing characteristics of the mold, as previously discussed. In addition, the toughness properties will be degraded, particularly in the direction that is transverse to the primary hot forming direction. The solidification process begins with the formation of crystals within the melt. These crystals have a tree-like, branching appearance and are referred to as dendrites. The first dendrites that form in the molten steel have a relatively low carbon content. As the freezing continues, these dendrites will become surrounded with the remaining liquid steel that is comprised of a higher carbon level. The melt that then freezes around the original dendrites will therefore have a different chemical composition. If for example we examine an H13 steel - a material commonly used for molding applications - it is shown that segregation also occurs with regard to some of the other alloying elements. This variation in chemical composition will take place with respect to the chromium, molybdenum and vanadium additions. The variation in alloying element concentrations across a sample of steel can be measured with the help of an electron beam microprobe analyzer. This laboratory technique uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample of mold steel and determine the distribution of alloying elements. However, it also is helpful to use a much simpler method to visually show these variations. For example, when polished and treated with an acidic solution samples of an H13 steel will reveal their relative levels of chemical segregation. These alloying inhomogeneities appear in the form of bandings. That is, the banded areas or zones within the ingot are comprised of various concentrations of the steel's alloying elements. Another concern is the precipitation and accumulation of primary carbides in the ingot core. This cannot be avoided in the conventional mold steel manufacturing process. After the ingot goes through the forging and rolling process, these carbides also will exhibit a banded structure. These regions will greatly reduce the transverse toughness properties and as the level of banding increases, the impact toughness of the mold steel will suffer. To some extent thermal treatments and mechanical working such as forging and rolling, will remove the pattern of chemical and carbide segregation. However, the carbide networks will have a tendency to align themselves as stringers or banded areas that run parallel to the primary hot working direction. When the carbides form as long stringers they will act as a stress riser within the steel. These regions will be more susceptible to brittle failure and the overall toughness properties of the steel will be degraded. In addition, this inconsistency is actually a variation in the mold steel's chemical composition. Therefore, it will have a detrimental effect on the polishability and texturing characteristics of the material. A more homogeneous microstructure can be obtained by performing an additional re-melting step during the production of the material. An electro-slag remelted (ESR) mold steel possesses a more homogeneous microstructure. The lack of primary carbides improves the material's resistance to cracking and also provides for superior polishability and texturing characteristics.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22
Removing Lint When You Don't Have a Lint Roller
Описание: Removing Lint When You Don't Have a Lint Roller Have a big job for a lint roller, but worried the one you already have on hand just won't cut it? Missing a lint roller altogether? No matter what your lint-roller situation, we've got you covered. And the good news is, all this project takes is two ingredients you probably have at home: a paint roller and some (ideally good quality) duct tape. The process of making your very own, super-powered lint roller is simple — just wrap the tape, sticky side out, around any paint roller, and then get to work on your clothes, couch, or virtually any other fabric you can dream up. Masking tape, painter's tape, or basically anything you have on hand will work, too. On a big or small roller. You'll want to make sure to spot test first, especially if you're using it on something nice, since sometimes cheap duct tape can leave gummy residue on fabric. 3 Reasons to Use Your Super-Powered Lint Roller 1. When you don't have a lint roller at all The super-powered lint roller is a perfect option if in a pinch if you can't seem to find your existing lint roller or you don't have one. 2. Cleaning up a big, hairy mess If you're a pet owner (or live with a human who sheds), you know what it's like to discover big, hairy messes in unexpected places. (Gross.) These heavy-duty or everyday hair-ridden scenarios are where your super-powered roller will come in extra handy. It'll do a better job of picking up lots of hair, without having to tear and twist off a half a dozen sticky sheets from your disposable roller. 3. Precise rolling of a large area If you don't have time to pore over every inch of your interview suit with the tiny lint roller you have on hand before you leave, a larger roller that covers more surface area will pack a stronger punch, leaving you ample time to finish your skincare routine before jetting out the door. Is Your Business Using the Right Packaging Tape? There are two primary types of packing tape that are used to seal cartons: plastic pressure-sensitive tape and paper water-activated tape. Each has different physical properties, methods of application, appearance, and performance. It is important that companies go beyond simple decision drivers like cost and availability, and consider how these attributes can impact their operations.Plastic Pressure-Sensitive Tape Plastic pressure-sensitive tape (PST) is what is referred to as a "surface mount" type of tape. This carton sealing tape is manufactured by applying a dry adhesive to a plastic film. Both the adhesive, which can have many different strength formulations, and the film, which comes in a variety of widths, are petroleum-based materials. Pressure-sensitive tape is generally applied with a hand-held "tape gun." The pressure applied after the tape is dispensed, typically with the fingers or palm as a follow up, causes the tape to adhere to the surface of the carton. Plastic pressure-sensitive tape can be further divided into moving tape and shipping tape or packaging tape. Moving Tape Moving tape generally does not have to be as strong or adhere as well as shipping tape for a few reasons. First, cartons used in a move from one location to another tend to be handled fewer times than product shipments – potentially just being carried onto a moving truck at the point of origin and off the truck at the destination – so the tape has to endure less stress. Second, there is minimal risk of theft during a move, as cartons tend to be in the care of the same crew from start to finish. And finally, the person who receives the carton is often the one who sealed it. Consequently, there are not many negative repercussions if the condition of the seal is not optimal on arrival. What is electrical tape made of? The key properties of a reliable and trustworthy electrical insulating tape are that it must: act as an effective insulator against electricity, protecting circuitry and users by not conducting current easily be heat-resistant and fireproof to a reasonable degree for the application it's being used in be flexible, user-friendly and easy to apply to a range of wires, circuits and connections (often in relatively tight spaces) By far the most common material for electrical tape these days is vinyl, but we'll investigate more materials and their uses in a later section. For now, we'll take a closer look at some of the general properties of insulating tape listed above, and how best to use it to make the most of those key attributes. Does electrical tape conduct electricity? When used properly, electrical tape should act as an insulator - that is to say, it should protect against transfer of any electrical current passing through the wires to people or components potentially coming into contact with them. As such, properly rated and applied insulating tape should NOT conduct electricity. How to use electrical insulation tape Electrical tape is most commonly used in DIY applications for making repairs and joins to smaller wires. As we'll outline in more detail below, it should not be used for major repairs to very badly damaged wires, or on its own for creating permanent connections in junction boxes, light switches, or wiring outlets. In these sorts of high-demand, potentially high-temperature environments, insulating tape should only be used in conjunction with purpose-made wire nuts and other connector tools for a safer and more secure fix. Furthermore, electrical tape shouldn't be used as a standalone repair for damaged or unspliced wires in close proximity to soft furnishings or other flammable materials Can electrical tape catch fire? Although most reputable brands of electrical tape will have decent thermal properties (generally to cope with temperatures up to around 80 degrees Celsius), many varieties of insulation tape are indeed flammable if they're allowed to get hot enough. The likelihood of combustion is usually reasonably low if it's used sensibly and in the environment for which it was designed, but this will depend entirely on the application in question and the type of tape being used. Several varieties of electrical insulating tape have much more advanced heat-resistant properties than others. We'll highlight some of the more specialised types in subsequent sections. What can I use instead of electrical tape? There are various alternatives to electrical tape available, with the most popular options including wire connectors (or 'wire nuts') and heat-shrink tubing. Wire nuts are typically insulated plastic caps with internal threading that are designed to be twisted on to the ends of stripped wires. Heat shrinks are very commonly found on wires in smaller electrical components and circuits, but they're not usually used in household or industrial applications where the wire gauge tends to be much larger. Other types of adhesive tapes are not generally recommended as a substitute for electrical tape when in direct contact with wiring or circuitry, as they're designed for other applications and tend to lack sufficient thermal or insulating properties for electrical use, which can mean they quickly become unsafe if deployed incorrectly. Can you use electrical tape to insulate wire? One of the main purposes and most common uses of electrical tape worldwide is to insulate and protect wires and other connections. However, it's worth noting that in many applications, simply twisting wires together and sealing with electrical tape alone is deemed an unsuitable splicing method for meeting stringent safety standards. Wire nuts are often required in addition to insulating tape for achieving a fully code-compliant setup, so always check any regulations that might apply to the job in question. Furthermore, always be aware that despite the impressive dielectric performance of many purpose-manufactured electrical tapes, very few materials are always 100% non-conductive under the right combination of circumstances. Given enough voltage and current, a short enough path to ground and in the right/wrong environmental conditions, even the most specialised electrical tape types could potentially conduct enough current to cause serious harm. Be vigilant of the potential limitations of insulating tapes when used incorrectly or unsafely, and always shut down all circuits to the fullest extent possible before commencing any kind of repair or maintenance work on them. Electrical Tape vs Duct Tape It's very important, when dealing with electrical circuitry, to acknowledge and understand the key differences between an electrical tape and duct tape: Duct tape is a widely available pressure-sensitive hybrid sticky tape, generally made from a cloth backing coated with a thin layer of polyethylene or similar flexible plastic The main aim of duct tape is to provide a flexible high-tack layer that will adhere reasonably well to a very wide range of surfaces, and provide a degree of moisture resistance (although it is not technically 'waterproof' to any significant degree) Although it may technically offer slightly more protection against exposed wires than no covering at all, cloth duct tape is NOT an electrical insulating material and is entirely unsuitable for proper protection against live current Duct tape is flammable if allowed to heat up to any significant extent Duct tape is not especially durable and will degrade relatively quickly in adverse conditions (ironically, it's not especially suitable for duct work for this reason) when compared to most specialist electrical tapes Electrical tape is generally made of a stretchy vinyl/PVC material designed to offer better insulation against current While all tapes will eventually shift or degrade in especially challenging environments, proper electrical insulating tape from a reputable brand (such as 3M) tends to perform far better in the long-run against adverse weather conditions, changing temperatures, moisture ingress and chemical corrosion Is duct tape safe to use as electrical tape? As we can see from the bullet points above, duct tape is a multi-purpose utility product and is absolutely NOT a suitable substitute for purpose-made insulating tapes where electricity is concerned. Electrical tape is specifically designed and produced for meeting the day-to-day needs of electricians, and is the only appropriate choice when an adhesive tape is required in an electrical context - duct tape, or any other kind of adhesive tape for that matter, will not do the job safely. Different types of electrical insulation tape, colours, materials, and their uses. There are a large number of electrical tape types sold on today's market, with a wide variety of intended uses, key attributes, materials, colours and sizes on offer. As with most such products, the best kind to use will be entirely dependent on the scenario and the job you expect it to perform. In this section, we'll go over some of the different kinds of electrical tape and what sorts of applications they're most commonly found in.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22
How does a miniature circuit breaker actually work?
Описание: How does a miniature circuit breaker actually work? Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) ensure electrical safety in homes, offices, and other buildings as well as for industrial applications by protecting electrical installations against overloads and short circuits. Once a fault is detected, the miniature circuit breaker automatically switches off the electrical circuit to prevent damage to wires and to avoid the risk of fire. Warranting reliability and safety for people and assets, MCBs are equipped with two tripping mechanisms: the delayed thermal tripping mechanism for overload protection and the magnetic tripping mechanism for short circuit protection. Just imagine you live in an apartment built maybe sometime in the 60s. You've just decided to get your annual spring clean over and done within record time tonight. In preparation, you've compiled your favorite MP3 playlist on your PC and it's being streamed in all rooms. You've filled the dishwasher and turned it on, the washing machine is full of clothes and you've flicked the switch, you've pulled the vacuum cleaner out of its corner and plugged it in. Not long after, you hear a quiet 'CLICK' from the corner (or, in the case of older apartments, from out in the hallway). The lights are out, the music is only playing in a couple of rooms or not at all, the washing machine and the dishwasher are off and the vacuum cleaner has fallen silent. You're annoyed, and you try to figure out what's going on. Usually, 'the cause' can be located quite quickly: that 'thing' in the box on the wall is off. So, you switch it back on, and off you go. Moments later, the circuit breaker once again clicks to cut off the overload. In a pinch, you might even get the bright idea that you might be able to jam the switch in the ON position so that you can just finish vacuuming your apartment. What happened? Annoyingly, doing that won't let you effectively clean your apartment nowadays. Our ABB miniature circuit breaker will, thankfully, protect your wires from both overloads and short-circuits even if the switch has been forced into the ON position, due to what we call a 'trip-free' MCB. Even if your finger keeps the switch in the on position, the internal mechanism will trip and ensure safe disconnection of the overloaded circuit. What exactly does an MCB do? The short answer: it protects wires from overloads and short-circuits. When we look on the inside of an MCB we can see how that actually works. While electricity has become an indispensable component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its own hazards to human life and property. Electrocution and fire being the two major risks associated with electricity, one cannot afford to be negligent when it comes to insulating equipment. A Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) is an important safety measure when it comes to protection of electrical circuits. It is a current sensing device, which can automatically measure and disconnect the circuit whenever a fault occurs in the connected circuit or the current exceeds the rated sensitivity. Principle behind RCCB RCCB works on the principle of Kirchhoff's law, which states that the incoming current must be equal to the outgoing current in a circuit. RCCB thus compares the difference in current values between live and neutral wires. Ideally, the current flowing to the circuit from the live wire should be the same as that flowing through the neutral wire. In case of a fault, the current from the neutral wire is reduced, the differential between the two known as Residual Current. On spotting a Residual Current, the RCCB is triggered to trip off the circuit. A test circuit included with the Residual Current device ensures that the reliability of RCCB is tested. When the test button is pushed, the current starts to flow through the test circuit. As it creates an imbalance on the neutral coil of the device, the RCCB trips and supply is disconnected thereby checking RCCB's reliability. Benefits of RCCB Provides protection against earth fault as well as any leakage current Automatically disconnects the circuit when the rated sensitivity is exceeded Offers possibility of dual termination both for cable and busbar connections Offers protection against voltage fluctuation as it includes a filtering device that guards against transient voltage levels. Moulded Case Circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which protects a circuit from overcurrent and short circuit. It provides overcurrent and short circuit protection for circuits ranging from 63 Amps up to 3000 Amps. The primary function of an MCCB is to provide a means to manually open a circuit and automatically open a circuit under overload or short circuit conditions. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit, overload or faulty design. It is generally installed on the secondary side of transformer stations (main switch or for protecting individual branches). In industry, we can use it in switchgear or for protecting the motors as well we have big requirements in shipbuilding. For building applications, you can find it as the main protection switch. The Molded Case Circuit Breaker is a specific type of circuit breaker. NEMA defines Molded Case Circuit Breaker as devices designed to open or close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating. The term "molded case" simply refers to the construction of the circuit breaker and refers to the fact that the circuit breaker is an assembled unit in a supporting housing of insulating material. MCCB vs Fuse MCCB is an alternative to a fuse since it does not require replacement once an overload is detected. Unlike a fuse, an MCCB can be easily reset after a fault and offers improved operational safety and convenience without incurring the operating cost. What are circuit breakers? Essentially, circuit breaker is lockdowns but for a limited amount of time. They are designed to break the chain of infection, and bring the infection rate down. It's hoped that circuit breakers will help to reduce pressure on health services as hospitalizations due to Covid-19 rise. This is crucial for the U.K., which has the third-highest number of coronavirus cases in Europe, with its tally now standing at just over 744,000 cases with 43,816 fatalities, according to data from Johns Hopkins University. It is currently battling a dramatic second wave of infections, like the rest of Europe, particularly in northern England. On Monday, 18,804 new daily infections were reported, up from 16,982 on Sunday. The seven-day average number of cases on Oct. 16 was 17,649, according to government data, compared to 14,588 a week before. Scientists advising the government seem to favor circuit breakers, as does the opposition Labour Party, with both encouraging the government to implement a mini-lockdown. While technology has improved over years, the primary means of controlling electrical circuits remain the same. Among these are contactors , and this article examines the different types of contactors and how they work. It also looks at the differences between contactor and relay , AC contactor and DC contactor. What Is a Contactor? A contactor is an electromechanical switch whose function is to make or break the connection between the power supply and the load. The contactor is electrically controlled and usually powered at a much lower level than the switched circuit. For example, you would have a 24-volt coil electromagnet that controls a 230-volt motor switch. A contactor's applications include controlling electric motors, thermal evaporators, lighting, capacitor banks , heating, and other electrical loads. Contactors range in size and capacity. You have those that you can easily lift with your hand to massive ones measuring about a meter on the side. You also have those with a breaking current ranging from a few amperes to thousands of amperes and those from 24V DC to many kilo volts. Types of Contactors Knife Blade Switch It is the oldest type of contactors and uses ON and OFF electric motors. The knife blade switch consisted of a strip and a lever. The lever serves to pull the metal strip up and down, making this contactor a manual operation. It has several shortcomings which led to its discontinued use. These challenges include High incidences of arcing led to a short life span for the contactor Had safety risks Was vulnerable to moisture and dirt Double Break Manual Contactor This contactor was a replacement and improvement on the knife blade switch. It, however, still features manual operation. Other key features are Double break contacts, which can open the circuit in two places simultaneously, providing more current in smaller spaces. Properly enclosed unit protecting the inner parts Safer operation Smaller size Magnetic Contactor This is the latest contactor design and is the most advanced of them all. It is commonly used in industrial applications due to its features like It works automatically Offers the safest operation Uses the least amount of control current to open and close a circuit. How Does a Contactor Device Work? To understand the contactor working, you need to know the various parts of a contactor. There are three essential components of a contactor; The coil/electromagnet Contacts The frame or enclosure Coil or electromagnet The coil provides the driving force in a contactor that closes the contacts. It features a coil wound around an electromagnetic core and thus behaves like an electromagnet. The coil has two parts, a fixed one and a movable part with a spring connecting both parts. This structure creates a spring return mechanism. A rod called an armature is connected to the movable part. When the coil's force is more than the spring's force, both contacts connect. When the spring's force is more than the coil's force, the contacts disconnect. The input of the contactor coil could either be AC or DC. This current comes from an external control circuit for the contactor and serves to excite the electromagnetic core. For AC magnetic contactor, soft laminated iron is the electromagnetic core material. It helps reduce the eddy current loss. In DC contactors, solid steel is the material for the electromagnetic core as the issue of eddy current does not arise. Magnetic Starter Magnetic starters are the most common type of starter & they are mostly used for high power AC motors. These starters operate electromagnetically like a relay that breaks or makes the contacts using magnetism. It provides a lower & safer voltage for starting & also includes protection against low voltage & overcurrent. During the power failure, the magnetic starter automatically breaks the circuit. Unlike manual starters, it includes automatic & remote operation that excludes the operator. The magnetic starter consists of two circuits; Power circuit; this circuit is responsible for supplying power to the motor. It consists of electrical contacts that turn ON/OFF the power supplied from the supply line to the motor through overload relay. Control circuit; this circuit controls the contacts of the power circuit to either make or break the power supply to the motor. The electromagnetic coil energizes or de-energizes to pull or push the electrical contacts. Thus providing a remote control for the magnetic starter. A overload thermal relay works on the heat produced by the excessive overload current. The heat produced by the overload current is utilized to trip the motor circuit. These are mostly used for protection of low-voltage squirrel cage induction motors or DC motors of lower output rating. As a professional manufacturer, we will continue to provide customers with excellent quality products.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22
The 4 Benefits of Using PPR Pipes for Drinking Water
Описание: The 4 Benefits of Using PPR Pipes for Drinking Water PPR pipes are made of polypropylene random copolymer plastic and it is commonly a cylindrical pipe and straight. They are lightweight which makes them easy to transport and are usually offered in green and white. The PPR pipes are also known for having walls that are thicker than PVC pipes. The PPR piping system comes with fittings, valve, fusing machine, and other accessories that are available for every size of the pipe. They are safe to use and are non-toxic, that's why this is the best choice when it comes to drinking water piping systems. Let's take a dive-down look at the benefits of PPR Pipes for drinking water and why it is safer. 1. Smooth Inner Surface Compared to other traditional types of pipes, the PPR pipes have a very smooth inner wall or surface. Because of the smooth walls, the pipes only have a small effect when it comes to frictional resistance. It also reduces the pressure during transporting and distributing the fluid. On the other hand, the PPR pipes do not flake, unlike the metal pipes, that's why this is a safer choice for drinking water. 2. Long Term Service We want a piping system that is safe, and other than being safe we want it to have a long service life. For over 50 years, the PPR piping system has been functional and still has that wide range in temperature. It can endure the hot temperature and at the same time, it can withstand cold temperatures without getting cracks or breaking that will lead to water leaks. 3. Heat and Cold Resistance PPR is designed to be a versatile piping system for potable water that can be used in different industries, such as hospitals and hotels. And PPR piping system has good heat resistance that can reach up to 80 (and above) degrees celsius. It can also withstand cold temperatures, mostly installations in cold weather where other pipes are prone to damages that cause water leaks. This is why PPR is the best choice for drinking water. 4. Non-Toxic Toxic chemicals that come from our water supply is a threat to our health, but pipes and fittings made from PPR are harmless raw materials. Thus, it will not carry toxic substances that will affect the health of people drinking water from it. And it's not only safe for our bodies, but it is also safe for the environment. Since they are non-toxic, any production or installation of the PPR piping system will not cause pollution. Overall, PPR pipeline is safer and has more advantages than metal pipes which is why PPR is suitable for our drinking water. After all, we want our family to be safe and healthy at the same time. We hope that this article has helped you in making a decision on which pipes you'll use for drinking water. PPR Fittings: Know More About Them PPR Fittings are the most important part of the PPR piping system because their purpose is to make different applications for water connection, whether in the building or at home. They may seem complicated because of their various appearances, but they are easy to remember! In this article, we will help you understand the functions of PPR fittings and its applications. 1. Elbow If you need to turn your pipes in another direction, use the elbow fitting. This helps you direct the flow of the water, may it be to the left or right, upward or downward direction. They are available in different angles, depending on how you need it. Usually, the elbow fitting is meant for pipes that have the same diameter sizes, so always check the sizes before you purchase this fitting. 2. Elbow Reducer An elbow reducer is a type of pipe fitting that joins two pipes of various sizes together. It connects two different pipe sizes that need an angled direction. l 3. Coupling Couplings are used to connect two pipes together. What Is Poly B Plumbing, and What Does It Mean If You Have It? Poly b plumbing used to be a household name, but that's no longer the case. If you've heard that you have this type of plumbing and want to learn more about what that means, read on. We've laid out a guide on what pb pipe is, how to tell if you have it, and what you should do if you find this piping in your home. What is poly b plumbing? Polybutylene plumbing is also known as poly b plumbing, poly b pipe, or pb pipe. This plastic piping was used frequently as a water supply line in homes from the 1970s up until the mid-1990s. It was originally used as a substitute for copper piping because of its low cost, flexibility, and easy installation. However, over time, the use of poly piping was eventually discontinued. Originally, the fault was thought to be in the brass fittings, which were used to connect one pipe to another. If the fittings were installed too tightly, they would crack and cause leaks. Eventually, though, it was also discovered that hot water and chemicals like chlorine can also melt or corrode the Pb piping system. To make matters worse, these pipes will look fine on the outside as they are degrading on the inside, so there was no way to tell when a leak would occur. How to tell if you have pb pipe If you live in a house built between 1970 and 1996, there's a chance your home might have plastic piping. Luckily, the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI) has provided tips for identifying poly piping: Poly b piping is usually a gray color. However, it may also be white, silver, black, or blue. Blue pb, in particular, is primarily used outdoors. It's usually stamped with the code "PB2110." Unlike copper pipe, poly pipe is flexible. Sometimes it can even be curved. It's a half inch to an inch in diameter. Notably, sometimes poly b pipe is confused with pex pipe. Pex piping is usually used with radiant heating systems and can be either white, red, or blue in color. While there are also safety concerns surrounding pex piping, its colors are noticeably brighter than those you would find on pb piping. Those tubes are also much more flexible, so much so that they are even able to coil. HDPE Pipe Fittings The HDPE fittings can be performed in several ways as described below. It should be noted that based on the type of the fittings included in the specifications of the design one should do pipe fittings in different parts of the plan. HDPE pipes are usually produced with two simple ends. Therefore, in order to establish a connection between the two branches, it is necessary to connect one simple end of a branch to the other simple end with a connection to each other. The various methods used to connect HDPE pipes, accessories and valves, are as follows: 1- Thermal Butt (Butt fusion) 2- Thermal bushing 3- Electro Fusion 4- Flange 5- Extrusion 6- Bolting 7- Rubber gasket latching It should be explained that all of the above methods are currently not applicable due to the lack of production of the necessary supplies in the country, but the explanations needed to use them, if produced, are given. The consultant engineer will determine the pipe connection method according to the facilities available at the time of work in the specifications of the design. At the moment, the butt thermal connection is used for the main projects of HDPE piping and the flange connection is used for special fittings. The contractor is required to provide arrangements, and qualified personnel for any method specified in the layout specifications, and, accordingly, proceed with the connection. HDPE Pipe Fittings HDPE pipeline Adaptable for all piping, these fittings are used on HDPE pipe to change direction, insert a lateral or tee, or simply to cap off an end of a line. polyethylene pipe fittings polyethylene pipe fittings are used in all polyethylene pipelines and projects that have been used in some way as polyethylene tubes, and the type of polyethylene pipe fittings will vary according to the type of project. Polyethylene pipes are used in sewage transfer, water supply, fire extinguishing systems, covering cable and gas applications, which will vary depending on polyethylene pipe applications.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22
What is the difference between hydraulic bending machine and CNC bending machine?
Описание: What is the difference between hydraulic bending machine and CNC bending machine? Casting technology has a long history in our country. The overall cost of the workpiece is very low, mainly by smelting the metal into a liquid, and then pouring the liquid into a specific forming mold. After the liquid metal is cooled, a shaped casting is formed. The casting technology is to burn some steel material in a charcoal fire, and then quickly pull the red steel out and put it into an air hydraulic hammer for forging. Bending machine blade mould The reason why CNC bending machine molds choose forging instead of casting is because casting generally requires steel mills to produce rolled blanks, and steel mills are willing to produce when there are many standard parts, but standard parts for CNC bending machine molds Generally not many, it is not very cost-effective to use castings in general. Numerical control bending machine molds also have high requirements for strength. Castings are prone to bubble formation during the production process, which makes the strength not as good as forgings. Forgings are forged by air hammers, and the interior will be more rigid, so the strength will Larger, so CNC bending machine molds generally choose forging rather than casting. The CNC bending machine is an ordinary hydraulic bending machine with a CNC operating system. It is an upgraded product of the ordinary bending machine. Frequent process conversion can reduce the labor intensity of the operator. However, the operating skill of the operator is higher than that of the ordinary hydraulic press brake. Compared with the hydraulic bending machine, the CNC bending machine is characterized by its CNC operating system. This is an upgrade to the ordinary bending machine, which reduces the labor of the operator and enhances the processing efficiency. But at the same time, the operating requirements and skills of CNC bending machines are much higher than those of hydraulic bending machines, and they are relatively complex. The CNC bending machine has a multi-step programming function, which can realize multiple automatic operations and complete the one-time processing of multi-step parts. In the hydraulic bending machine, the coil is energized by the wire, and the gravitational force is generated on the pressure plate after the energization, so as to realize the clamping of the thin plate between the pressure plate and the base. Due to the electromagnetic clamping, the pressing plate can be made into a variety of workpiece requirements, and the workpiece with side walls can be processed. The hydraulic bending machine includes a support, a workbench and a clamping plate. The workbench is placed on the support. The workbench is composed of a base and a pressure plate. The base is connected to the clamping plate through a hinge. The base is composed of a housing, a coil and a cover. The coil is placed in the recess of the seat shell, and the top of the recess is covered with a cover plate. When in use, the wire is energized to the coil, and the gravitational force is generated on the pressing plate after being energized, so as to realize the clamping of the thin plate between the pressing plate and the base. Due to the electromagnetic clamping, the pressing plate can be made into a variety of workpiece requirements, and the workpiece with side walls can be processed. CNC bending machine and CNC folding machine CNC bending machine and CNC folding machine in sheet metal forming, from the following six aspects of the characteristics of the comparison: (1) different forming principles Bending machine -- bending Angle is controlled by controlling the amount of upper and lower pressure. When bending, the short side is included. Operators need to lift most of the materials on the outside. Edge folding machine - after the plate is placed flat on the work table, the edge holder is pressed down to fix the plate, and the edge holder is flipped up and down to achieve the edge folding. In all the edge folding processes of an edge, manual positioning and auxiliary turning and positioning work are no longer needed. (2)The bending accuracy is different Bending machine -- the dimensional accuracy of the control is the short side dimensional accuracy of the positioning of the rear stop. After the completion of bending, the final error accumulates to the inner space size. At the same time, because the bending Angle is controlled by the pressing amount of the upper die, the Angle is related to the thickness of the material. Folding machine -- the size precision of the control is after the first folding is finished, the first edge is taken as the positioning benchmark, and the final control size is exactly the inner space size required by the customer. At the same time, the bending Angle is directly controlled by the flanging Angle, which has nothing to do with the thickness of the material. (3) material surface damage problem Bending machine - when working, the material will generate relative movement in the lower die, leaving indentation without surface protection.When bending large workpiece, need to turn over and move many times, the process will inevitably produce scratches. Crimping machine - when working, the crimping beam cutter and the crimping beam cutter do not move relative to the material, thus completely avoiding surface damage.Large workpiece in bending, because the plate is flat processing, at the same time a positioning can be completed on one side of the workpiece all processing, completely avoid surface damage. ⑷The skill level of workers is different Bending machine - bending workers of a relatively higher level of technical requirements. Folding machine -- programming can be realized intuitively by drawing with fingers or offline programming can be realized by engineers using software and importing processing program with USB or network connection. After programming, the main work of workers becomes simple loading and unloading work without skilled bending workers. ⑸Cutting tools configuration Bending machine - different thickness, shape of the product, need different up and down mold, in the realization of some special bending (such as arc) requirements, need to change the tool or transfer to another machine tool to achieve, increase the transfer of semi-finished products and temporary storage work. Folding machine - through the configuration of rotatable beading beam, while installing two sets of beading beam tools, to achieve the simi complete all bending procedures, for arc bending or other special bending requirements, basic need not change the tool, just in the program to make changes can be completely achieved. ⑹The knives' service life Bending machine - because of the relative movement of the workpiece in the die, the tool will wear, maintenance or replacement. Flanging machine - basically avoids the relative motion between the material and the cutting tool. ⑺Drive system Bending machine - hydraulic drive, bring more maintenance work and easy to be affected by environmental factors. Flanging machine -- adopts all-electric drive design, reduces the maintenance workload and is independent of the use environment, so as to achieve higher bending accuracy ⑻Disadvantages of the hemming machine 1) due to different bending principles, R Angle of the edge bender is larger than that of the bending machine; 2) limited by the supporting table, the workpiece that flips down on both sides cannot be processed; 3) the workpiece size is limited by the pressing area of the upper mold, and the workpiece smaller than the size of the pressing area cannot be processed; 4) the efficiency is not as high as the bending machine; 5) due to the structural characteristics and mold diversity of the bending machine, some complex shapes can be simple to achieve through the bending machine, relatively speaking, the flexibility of the folding machine is poor; 6) folding machine is widely used in Europe and the United States, we are affected by the traditional Japanese processing concept, the general use of bending processing, no better use of folding machine. How does the sheet metal bending machine grasp the bending size and how to adjust the mold? We all know that the material that we want to bend on the sheet metal bending machine is in compliance with the standard, and we need to have a certain control over the size of the bending, so do you know how to grasp the size of the bending? The main thing is to bend. The following article will give you a detailed introduction. In addition to the bending angle, the mold is also very important. As long as there is no problem with the use of the mold, the bending angle will be no problem. Do you know how the mold should be adjusted? Mainly about the adjustment of the machine, the adjustment of the slider stroke, and the stroke Module adjustment, gap adjustment and angle adjustment, the following is a detailed introduction, let's take a look. How to grasp the bending size of sheet metal bending machine: If you want to ensure that the bending size of the sheet metal bending machine is in compliance with the standard, you need to control the bending angle. Then the following is an introduction to the grasping method of the specific bending size: 1. Avoid using sheet metal bending machine to bend the edge alignment, avoid large angle alignment. 2. Preliminary inspection is carried out before formal processing, and cyclic inspection is carried out during processing. 3. In order to avoid accumulative errors, the unfolded size must be measured each time it is processed. 4. Choose a good processing method and a good technical preparation method to simplify the processing difficulty. 5. The bending machine selects the appropriate machine according to the accuracy requirements of the processed product. 6. Do not choose different tools, make sure that the tip of the upper die is on the same straight line before processing. 7. For products whose edges must be bent by a bending machine, the front bending angle must be less than 90 degrees. 8. Determine the accuracy of the measuring instrument before processing. Installation and adjustment of the mold for sheet metal bending machine: When installing the sheet metal bending machine mold, be sure to check the status of the equipment, and then install and debug according to the steps. Pay attention to personal safety when debugging. The following is the detailed adjustment content: 1. Adjustment of the machine When installing the sheet metal bending machine mold, you must first understand the performance of the machine, turn on the metal bending machine, adjust and check patiently, and see if the machine has previously used dust and iron chips. Prevent unnecessary trouble for later use. 2, adjustment of slider stroke First check whether the ratio between the thickness of the metal sheet bending machine mold and the upper and lower modules is normal. The general slider needs to be controlled at the switch point of the stroke line. This must be noted, otherwise the mold will not be used normally, but some people still Such mistakes are often made. 3, stroke module adjustment After adjusting the slider stroke standard, the next step is to adjust the upper limit point of the module. Generally speaking, the module is up to the highest point, and the module and switch must be set. In this way, the staying position of the module can be flowed out, and through some of the above operations, the production efficiency can be greatly increased. In this process, the module also needs to be slowed down. Because the module must be decelerated when it is down to the bottom dead center, which protects the machine and the mold. 4. Adjustment of the gap Then there is the adjustment of the gap between the molds of the sheet metal bending machine. First, measure the gap between the upper module and the lower module. The reasonable gap needs to be determined according to the sheet to be folded. 5. Angle adjustment Adjusting the bending angle is also the most important link. The selection of the angle is definitely related to the product requirements. Generally speaking, when bending a 90° mold, the angle must be set. The middle angle must be greater than the angle on both sides. Sometimes it may be tight. You can adjust it The screws on the machine are processed. After the adjustment, if the product does not change the demand, do not modify it again. Then, when bending, use the pressure gauge to calculate the accurate pressure number and adjust the pressure. So as not to cause mold chipping.
Дата Публикации: 10-06-22