lluutty190
- Создано: 20-10-21
- Последний вход: 20-10-21
Профиль пользователя
lluutty190 объявления
Benefits of Using Wood Boxes and Crates
Описание: Benefits of Using Wood Boxes and Crates With so many packing materials and shipping containers available, why would wood be the best to use? There are a few reasons why wooden boxes and crates could be considered better than cardboard boxes-they are stronger, longer-lasting, and eco-friendly. Made of either lumber, plywood or engineered wood, these boxes and crates are an excellent way to transport any household item from one place to the next. This guide will explain the benefits of using wood boxes as an eco-friendly alternative to cardboard and plastic. Wood is a natural resource that is not only more environmentally conscious than man-made material but looks better as well. Read why using wood is the way to go when packing up and moving away. Wood is stronger than cardboard Bottom-line, wood boxes and crates can carry more weight than cardboard containers and provides more protection. While cardboard is a thin pasteboard made of heavy-duty paper wood is a hard, fibrous substance made of tree bark and branches that will hold up. A hard material like wood is more durable and will withstand more stress than a softer substance. This can easily be seen by the difference in wet wood and moist cardboard. While wet wood will only become damp, wet cardboard will eventually soften and tear. A good example of wood versus cardboard strength is apparent when transferring large quantities of books. If packed in a wood box or crate, books will remain in the container regardless of the total weight; however, with cardboard, they can and will often fall through the bottom of the container, especially if wet. Wood is better for long-term use Wood boxes and crates are also excellent for long-term use. After moving your belongings in the containers, the cartons can be reused in various other ways. From making a wooden planter to gifting produce, wood boxes and crates can be used creatively with a little imagination. One way to reuse wood crates is to paint the plywood and place anywhere throughout the house, making a decorative storage case for books, magazines, towels, blankets, pillows, toys and more. You can stack wooden crates Another benefit of wood boxes, and especially crates, is the ability to stack them high, creating space in small areas. Placing them one on top of the other utilizes more room in any part of the house. An added benefit of stacking crates rather than cardboard boxes, is not only the strength, but the easy view into the container. Being able to see what is in the crate saves a lot of time when searching for a particular item. Rather than searching through several taped boxes to locate something, you can simply look through the spaces between the wood to find what you are looking for. Reusable and Environmentally friendly Improperly disposing of cardboard and plastic can cause soil contamination and water pollution in landfills, bringing irreparable harm to the environment. One of the biggest benefits to using wood boxes and crates other than cardboard or plastic containers is the fact that the material is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental damage. Along with reusing wood boxes or crates for decorative purposes, you can also break down the wood and use for other projects, or even better, use it to keep you warm on a cold winter night. Simply break down the wood box or crate and throw the planks into the fire for fuel. With so many benefits to using wood boxes and crates, it is easy to see why they are more beneficial than other packing materials. And to top it off, you can get them for free by visiting your local liquor store and asking if they can spare any extra wine crates. Serving trays are handy items to have around the home, and a good-quality wooden serving tray ranks above all others. While a serving tray can serve many purposes, it is one of the most preferred home décor items for your personal as well as entertaining needs. Available in a variety of shapes and sizes, such as decorative round trays, wooden tray sets are a great investment as they make it easy to carry things around the home, serve food and drinks and use as a base for placing your décor items – a flower vase, terracotta figurines and even your green pots on a side table or a centre table. WONDERFUL WAYS TO USE A SERVING TRAY AT HOME No matter what you decide to do with a serving tray, one thing is for sure – serving platters are a great addition to your kitchen, dining space and even the bedroom. Think about breakfast in bed, and the first thing that comes to mind is a charming and decorate serving tray to hold your glass of fresh juice, a plate of sandwiches, and a bowl of corn flakes. On days when you are entertaining house guests in your garden, you can use decorative snacks serving tray to serve them tea/coffee and biscuits. Your guests will love your hospitality as well as compliment you on your exceptional taste in home décor. BEST-SELLING DECORATIVE WOODEN TRAYS ONLINE AT ARTYSTA GALLERY DINING TABLE SERVER A decorative wooden tray is an excellent purchase for placing condiments on your dining table. Take a look at our Handcrafted Decorative Wooden Tray with Kulhads that is great for serving tea/coffee. The beautiful Warli art adds to the tray's appeal and celebrates India's local art. LIVING ROOM SNACKS TRAY Having evening tea in the living room with family and friends becomes even more special when you enjoy tasty snacks served in an eye-catching snacks tray. Our boat-shaped Sheesham wood handmade wooden tray with two ceramic bowls is a must-buy. OUTDOOR WOODEN TRAY SET Sometimes all you want to do is enjoy the pleasant weather, sipping tea and snacks from the comforts of your balcony or kitchen garden. Our Warli art Decorative Wooden tray set comes in handy here. Available in big and small sizes, the wooden trays with handles are just right for serving cups of tea/coffee, biscuits and tasty refreshments.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
How cosmetic containers are devided in kinds
Описание: How cosmetic containers are devided in kinds Cosmetic containers expand to a range of jars, bottles, pots, tubes, pens, compacts and liquid dispensing solutions. Each container offers a different design and solution; however, in the world of 'cosmetic containers', each product sits under the skincare, hair and beauty categories. This article will explore the different types of cosmetic containers available in the packaging industry. Raepak offers an extensive range of distinctive packaging products that enable us to explore innovations and keep an eye on exciting designs that are beneficial to the current market cycle. Cosmetic Jar Containers Cosmetic containers in the form of jars are perfect for skin care and beauty products. Jars can contain gels, creams, lotions and deep skin cleansing products. Most jar containers come with a shive (a flat plastic shelf that fits inside the jar) used to keep the contents free from foreign debris (dust & germs). Moreover, jars are designed with airtight lids, which keep the contents fresh and ready for future use. Raepak use a range of materials in the range of jars available; PP Jars – Recyclable – Soft or hard plastic effect PET Jars – Recyclable – Glass, hard or soft plastic finish SANS Jars – Non-Recyclable – Glass, hard effect plastic ACRYLIC Jars – Non-Recyclable – used for luxury brands and high profile cosmetics. Cosmetic Bottle Containers Bottle containers can be produced as an airless recyclable container or a high-end luxury acrylic bottle. Acrylic foundation bottles look fantastic with a matching jar and can store nourishing body lotions or face creams. PP airless lotion bottles can also store creams and lotions. However, they are cheaper to produce and lighter in raw plastic material. Acrylic airless bottles are seen as a hybrid between both full acrylic and pp airless containers. PP Airless Bottles – Recyclable – All products ACRYLIC Bottles – Non-Recyclable – Luxury products AIRLESS Acrylic Cosmetic Bottles – Non-Recyclable – Luxury products. Cosmetic Pot Containers Cosmetic containers in the form of pots can be funky, stylish, trendy or sophisticated. Small pots for cosmetic packaging tend to be perfect for eye serums, aromatherapy oils, lip balm, hand creams or hair products. Moreover, small plastic pots tend to be made with a wide range of different plastic types; PMMA/PETG/PP/AS & ABS. Using these plastic combinations helps with the shape and aesthetics of the final glass cream jar design. Tube Containers Cosmetic tube packaging containers come in different shapes, colours, materials and profiles. Cosmetic tubes, covered in a cosmetic bottle set, are manufactured from high-quality materials, including AS, ABS, PETG, and PCTG. Each item is designed to work with makeup for the beauty & cosmetics industry. Furthermore, cosmetic containers are manufactured to have an excellent quality finish and be competitively priced. What can you use tube containers for? Liquid makeup Skincare Nail care Foot and hand creams Hair serums and gels Oils Oral care. Cosmetic Pen Containers Cosmetic pen containers come in a beautiful range of styles and design. Each pen gives off a trendy vibe, is easy to use and fits perfectly into any purse or handbag. Cosmetic pen packaging is manufactured from high-quality materials and can be used for eyebrow, lip gloss, concealer, highlighters or liquid blushers. Cosmetic pens also have a huge selection of inserts that can be used for applying the desired application; these include; 19 Hole Flock Brush Hole Flock Hole Silicone – 4 Lengths Bristle Silicone Spatula. Alternatively, ball cosmetic pens are perfect for applying eye serums, oils or liquid gels. The metal ball acts as a smooth applicator that applies the liquid evenly across the skin's surface. Compact Containers Compact containers are manufactured to be used with beauty and makeup products. Makeup powder is available in a vast range of colour palettes, and it helps give the wearer a look they desire. Compacts can be produced in a range of different styles included; square, round, rectangle and bespoke finishes. Cosmetic Liquid Dispensing Containers Cosmetic liquid dispensing containers come in different shapes, colours, materials and profiles. Furthermore, they can work well with other cosmetic containers to offer brands a set of makeup and beauty products – offering a collection of different makeup and beauty product solutions that can help target a wider audience. Cosmetic liquid containers are primarily for; Concealers Foundations Cream blushers Highlighters Primer applications Glass perfume bottle
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
Wear Resistance: The underlying property in modern steels
Описание: Wear Resistance: The underlying property in modern steels Recent research predicts that the mining automation market will be worth $3.29bn by 2023 — a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 per cent since 2017. While automation greatly enhances productivity, it also places additional demands on steel components. This article examines why wear resistant steels are vital to modern, enhanced production. The research by Markets and Markets found that the recent boom in automated mining technology is going from strength-to-strength. Atlas Copco, Rio Tinto and Caterpillar are presently among the big players in automated mining, and Asia-Pacific (APAC) is set to becoming the largest market. However, the more intense rigours of automated drilling processes also put greater demands on steels used in mining equipment. Components like rock drills are already subjected to factors that cause considerable wear — like vibration and the type of motion, temperature, load, velocity, contact area, sliding distance and atmosphere. If the wrong steels are used for these components, then this can lead to equipment failures and downtime. That's why choosing wear resistant steels is crucial to getting the best performance from automated drilling technology. Wear resistant — or abrasion resistant steels — are relied upon in applications where resistance to abrasion, impact or sliding are essential. Their popular uses include in rock drills, wear plates for rock-processing machinery, crushers and power shovels. Wear resistant steels are typically austenitic grades, the most widely used grade of stainless steel. They are non-magnetic and contain high levels of chromium and nickel with low levels of carbon — typically of around 1.2 per cent. Austenitic steels are usually 12 per cent manganese, a strong austeniser, which means it helps to retain the steel's tough properties at room temperature. They also have work-hardening capabilities. Pure metals are rarely used in manufacturing because they are too soft. Instead, wear resistant steels contain the non-metallic elements carbon and nitrogen, the atoms of which fill the gaps between the steel's iron atoms. This "distortion" makes it more difficult for the layers of the metal — or the lattice — to slide over each other. Wear resistant alloys are harder, less malleable and more ductile than pure metals, as a result. This is advantageous in applications like in rock drilling, where the steel is repeatedly pounded. The more pounding the drill takes, the more the carbon and nitrogen deform the steel's surface and the stronger it becomes. Another Layer of Protection Surface fatigue or micro-cracking are both mechanisms that affect ultra-hard materials and reduce the long-term performance of components. This is the case with Ground Engaging Tools (GETs) used in mining, construction or agriculture. GETs are often compromised because of wear caused by gouging, high-stress abrasion or impact, leading to loss of functionality or even failures. These consequences can be avoided with an optimised steel coating — applying a tougher material onto base materials through nitriding, chromium depositing or welding. The coating can enhance a component's hardness and toughness, protect from hard abrasives and better withstand compressive stresses. Ultimately, the properties of wear resistant and bulletproof steels should link directly to customers' needs. This applies to a steel's compatibility to heat treatment facilities and melt shops, where wear resistant grades are through-hardened in a process known as quenching and tempering (Q&T). The steel's grain structure is changed to increase toughness and improve formability, which makes the material less brittle. As a growing number of mining projects strive for greater levels of productivity through automation, this knowledge will be vital to ensuring that wear resistant and high strength steels remain fundamental in withstanding the rigorous demands.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRUCK AND A TRACTOR?
Описание: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRUCK AND A TRACTOR? When you're first starting out in the truck business, it can be confusing trying to sort out all of the truck-world lingo, such as, "What is the difference between a truck and a tractor?" A truck can refer to any number of larger vehicles that require a commercial driver's license (CDL) to drive. A tractor is one type of truck that is capable of carrying heavier loads than a regular (or "straight") truck. There are so many words in the truck business that seem at first to mean the same thing — semi-truck, tractor-trailer, 18 wheeler, semitrailer — that it's natural to feel overwhelmed by all these terms that truckers use on a regular basis. Luckily, once you have started immersing yourself in the world of truck driving, it becomes easier to puzzle all these terms out. Before you know it, you'll be tossing out tractor truck lingo without thinking about it twice! Until you get to this expert level, we're here to help you sort out all these truck words and what they actually mean. Trucks and Tractors: What Do the Words Mean? As you're trying to sort out all these different words, it can be helpful to take a look at what the words themselves actually mean, both in the truck driving world and beyond. So before we enter our mini online truck school to learn the difference between a truck and a tractor, let's take it back a step further and go to vocabulary school first. Truck: Defined In general, when people say truck, they are referring to the kinds of trucks that we teach you to drive at TDI. However, the word "truck" has been around for a very long time — longer even than the invention of cars! Before automobiles were invented, the word "truck" simply referred to any wheeled structure used to support and carry heavy things from one place to another. So, years and years ago, a "truck" might have meant anything from a wheelbarrow to a horse-drawn cart. Tractor: Defined As you probably know, a tractor is a term used in the truck driving world and in the farm world. On a farm, a tractor is used for things such as plowing or harvesting fields. There are also tractors in the world of airplanes. Obviously, none of these are what we mean by the word tractor when we use it to refer to a truck. So how can this one word be used to describe such very different vehicles? The word "tractor" also originated before motor vehicles existed. It meant simply a device capable of pulling heavy things. So What Is The Difference Between a Truck and a Tractor? Now let's put it all together. Part of the reason that there's so much confusion about the difference between a truck and a tractor is that tractor refers to a subset of trucks. In other words, "truck" can refer to a wide variety of vehicles, ranging from pickup trucks to garbage trucks, and a tractor is a specific kind of truck. And there are also dump truck, cargo truck, and other special utility truck. When we talk about tractors as a type of truck, we're talking about trucks designed specifically to pull trailers. Trailers are the wagon-like part attached to the backs of trucks. Tractors are different from other kinds of trucks because they have a fifth wheel mounted over the rear axle that enables them to pull a trailer. To put all this another way, a truck is able to carry the weight of its cargo without any additional "help." But a tractor, which is a type of powerful truck, is used when the cargo is too heavy to be carried by a regular or straight truck. Tractors are used when a truck's heavy cargo needs to be supported by not just a structure with wheels, but by an additional power supply. Tractors also go by a number of other names, such as semi, big rig, and 18-wheeler. Tractors are generally used to pull semi-trailers, which are a specific type of heavier trailer. Semi-trailers do not have front axles or the ability to move on their own. They are supported in the back by their own wheels and in the front by a fifth wheel that gets mounted to the tractor. What Kind of CDL Do I Need to Drive a Truck or a Tractor? Now that we've discussed the difference between a truck and a tractor, you're probably wondering what kind of CDL you need to drive these vehicles. There are three classifications of CDLs. A Class C CDL allows you to drive vehicles with more than sixteen people and to transport hazardous materials. With this type of license, you can drive vehicles such as buses, hazmat vehicles, and trailers. With a Class B CDL, you can drive vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, or to tow a vehicle up to 10,000 pounds. This means that you would be able to drive straight trucks, box trucks (such as delivery trucks), and larger buses (such as segmented buses or school buses). A Class A CDL lets you drive vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or to tow a vehicle weighing more than 10,000 pounds. This is the type of license that allows you to drive tractors, truck and trailer combinations, flatbeds, and livestock carriers, as well as most Class C and B vehicles. Ready to Drive a Tractor? Here at TDI, our training focuses primarily on CDL Class A. This means that, once you're finished with our school, you can drive any kind of truck, including those powerful tractors, like container tractor truck, cement tractor truck, and delivery truck. With our help, you'll have your CDL and be ready to drive those tractors in just three weeks and for a starting price of $225. To learn more about getting your CDL with TDI, contact us today. We look forward to teaching you everything we know about how to become a safe, efficient, and confident truck driver.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
Stainless Steel Pipe Types
Описание: Stainless Steel Pipe Types Stainless steel is a versatile material comprised of a steel alloy and a small percentage of chromium — the addition of chromium adds to the material's corrosion resistance, a trait that earned stainless steel its name. Because stainless steel is also low-maintenance, oxidation resistant, and doesn't affect other metals it comes in contact with, it is frequently used in a large array of applications, especially in piping and tubing manufacturing. Based on the end use of the pipe, stainless steel piping is broken down into several categories. Different Types of Steel Tubing and Stainless Steel Piping Pipes and tubes are sometimes difficult to classify, and tend to be distinguished based on function. In addition to these classifications, stainless steel is also distinguished by type and grade. 304 Stainless Steel Pipe For tubing and piping applications, type 304 stainless steel is a common selection because it is highly chemical- and corrosion-resistant. However, type 304 stainless steel is not compatible with applications where temperatures fall between 800 and 1640 degrees Fahrenheit (F) because it is prone to carbide precipitation, a result of the material's .08 percent carbon content limit. Stainless steel type 304L circumvents this problem because it has a lower carbon content limit, and therefore can be subjected to welding and higher temperature applications. Other types of stainless steel often possess additives (such as nickel or molybdenum) which strengthen traits that are desirable in particular applications. Stainless Steel Tubing for General Corrosion-Resistance This general category of steel is appropriate for applications that require corrosion resistance above other traits. Ferritic or martensitic types of steel (those made with the most chromium) are manufactured to be either heat-treated or annealed. Austenitic Stainless steels (those with high chromium and nickel contents) offer even more resistance, and can be used under the same general conditions as ferritic and martensitic types. Stainless Steel Pressure Pipe This type of stainless steel pipe is made from either solid chromium or a chromium and nickel combination. Types of stainless steel pressure pipe include seamless and welded pipe, electric fusion welded pipe for high-pressure applications, large diameter welded pipe for corrosive or high-temperature applications, and seamless and welded ferritic and austenitic stainless steel pipe. And there is also stainless steel AP tubes. Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing For applications where stainless steel tubing or piping must come into contact with food and other sensitive products, sanitation is a high priority. Stainless steel sanitary tubing is used in such applications because it has high corrosion-resistance, doesn't tarnish, and is easy to keep clean. For specific applications, different tolerances can be achieved. The grade typically used for these applications is ASTMA270. Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing In applications such as cylinders, bearings, and other hollow formed parts, stainless steel mechanical tubing is typically used. Tubing can manipulated to have a variety of cross-sectional shapes, such as square and rectangular, in addition to the more traditional, round tubing cross-section. Typically, ASTMA 511 and A554 grades are employed for mechanical tubing applications. Stainless Steel Aircraft Tubing In highly-specific aircraft applications, chromium and nickel type stainless steel bright anneal tubes is used because of their heat and corrosion-resistance. Found in applications that require high-strength, stainless steel aircraft tubing can be work-hardened or welded, although work-hardened pieces shouldn't be used with some kinds of corrosive substances. Low-carbon types of stainless steel are a common choice for welded parts. For applications that require seamless and welded tubing in larger sizes (1.6 to 125 mm in outside diameter), aircraft structural tubing is used—this type of stainless steel tube is manufactured according to Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS) or Military Specifications (MIL Specs). Aircraft Hydraulic-Line Tubing Another type of aircraft tubing, aircraft hydraulic-line tubing is used in aerospace applications as fuel-injection lines and hydraulic systems, and tends to be small. It is often manufactured from types 304 or 304 L duplex stainless steel tube because of the steel's high-strength, corrosion-resistance, and ductility.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
Every Question You've Ever Had About Lash Extensions, Answered
Описание: Every Question You've Ever Had About Lash Extensions, Answered The beauty industry has seen it all when it comes to lashes—magnifying mascaras, "miracle" growth serums, heated curlers—you name it. But no trend is quite as polarizing as eyelash extensions. When extensions first hit the mainstream market, it seemed like a relatively painless way to achieve wispy, fluttering lashes without the inconvenience of falsies or mascara. But as with any new beauty service, lash extensions quickly revealed their drawbacks. For starters, some states haven't placed regulations on the service, consequently leading to cases of irritation, infection, and damaged natural lashes due to poor hygiene and technique.1 The process is also fairly expensive, setting you back hundreds of dollars and hours of your personal time. But is it worth it to wake up with a flawless set of semi-permanent lashes every day? What Are Lash Extensions? Eyelash extensions are semi-permanent fibers that are attached to your natural eyelashes in order to make your lash fringe look longer, fuller, and darker. Individual lash extensions are applied to each of your individual natural eyelashes (one extension per natural eyelash) using a semi-permanent glue. The material varies from studio to studio, but lash extensions can be made of synthetic, mink, faux mink eyelashes, or silk fibers. Most studios offer a variety of extension lengths, curl patterns, and tints so clients can customize their look. Types of Eyelash Extensions Lash artists use three different kinds of eyelash extension materials: mink, silk, and synthetic. Some studios also carry "faux mink eyelashes" extensions, which are technically just synthetic extensions that mimic mink extensions. Most lash studios have their preference for the type of lash extension they use and won't always ask you if you have a preference. So if you're vegan or allergic to cats, be sure to specifically request that mink eyelash extensions are not used on you. No lash extension type lasts longer than the other, but mink and silk flat eyelashes tend to have a more natural look, while synthetic lashes can be thicker and darker, which is better suited for those who want a bolder look. Within these three categories (mink, silk, and 3D synthetic eyelashes), there are varying degrees of length and curl to choose from. Typically your lash artist will use multiple lengths and curl strengths to create a wide-eyed effect, with longer lashes being placed towards the outer corners of the eyes and shorter lashes placed on the inner corners. What's the Application Process Like? " are carefully applied one at a time (typically 80-140 per eye) using a specially-formulated, semi-permanent glue that will not irritate or damage the natural lash," says Richardson. "The lash is only applied to an existing lash, not to the skin." While the exact process varies from salon to salon, here's what you can expect: Evaluation: "Prior to application, the technician should go through all the risks and benefits of having eyelash extensions before applying them, and also ask about any conditions you may have that would make eyelash extensions unsuitable for you," says Richardson. They'll also ask you to remove your contacts if you wear them. Decide on Extension Length and Curl Strength: Your lash artist should start the process by asking you what kind of look you're going for, whether that be more glamorous or more natural. Based on your desired look, you'll choose an ideal length and curl strength for the extensions. Keep in mind that your artist may decide to use up to 3-4 different extension lengths, concentrating longer extensions on the outer corners and shorter extensions on the inner eyes. Cleansing the Eye Area: Your lash artist will have you lie down and ensure that you are in a comfortable position. Then, they will cleanse the area to remove any makeup, oil, and germs from the area. It's helpful to your artist if you arrive makeup-free to your appointment. Applying the Tape and Eye Gels: Your eyes are closed for the duration of the process, which typically takes 1-2 hours, depending on the number of extensions your lash artist is applying. To prep for the actual application, you lash artist will apply an under-eye gel to your lower lash line to keep your lower lashes out of the way and provide a contrasted background to work against (it's easier to see your lashes against a crisp white background). Then, the eye gels will be secured with medical-grade tape on both sides of the eye (this tape doesn't touch your lashes, and it doesn't hurt once it's removed later). Application: Using tweezers, your lash artist will dip the end of each extension in the lash glue and then apply it to your individual circular eyelashes. In most cases, one eyelash extension is applied per natural lash, however, more voluminous looks can require multiple extensions per individual natural lash. The application isn't painful, although you may feel anxious having tweezers operate so close to your eyes while they're closed. Drying: The lash glue dries very quickly, but your lash artist will likely have you sit for around 10 minutes once all of the extensions have been applied. Some lash artists like to point a small, handheld fan at your extensions to speed up the drying time, while others prefer to let the glue air dry. During this stage, your eyes are still closed. Removing the Tape and Gels: Once your lashes are completely dry, your lash artist will remove the under-eye gels and tape (this doesn't hurt at all, but let your lash professional know if you tend to experience sensitivity in this area so they can practice extra caution). Once removed, your lash artist will likely brush through the lashes with a spooly, then you'll be asked to slowly blink your eyes open. Et voila! Where Should You Go For Eyelash Extensions? One of the scariest things about eyelash extensions is that the process isn't regulated in some states, as is the case in Alabama, Maryland, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Wisconsin. A shocking number of states only require a cosmetology license in order to perform the service, and while these professionals are extremely skilled in their respective areas of focus (hair coloring, hair styling, hair cutting, makeup, and nails), they aren't trained specifically to work on the eye area, which is extremely sensitive and delicate. When booking your lash extension service, make sure your lash artist is a licensed esthetician (rather than a cosmetologist).1? Estheticians are specifically trained in skin-oriented treatments, like facials, microdermabrasion, chemical peels, and—you guessed it—eyelash services. Ideally, visiting a licensed esthetician at a studio that focuses on lash services (like Envious Lashes in New York City) is your safest bet. The Benefits It Works: With lash extensions, you'll wake up every day with long, fluttering, gorgeous lashes.The process is extremely effective at enhancing your eyes, and looks incredible on everyone. Completely Customizable: Your look can be as natural or as dramatic as you'd like, just work with your lash artist to decide on the ideal length and curl of your extensions. Virtually Waterproof: While you can't get them wet in the first 48 hours, you can still swim, shower, and sweat in your extensions (although the dryer you keep them, the longer they can last). Pain-Free: The entire process is 100 percent painless for almost everyone, from start to finish. It's (Usually) Safe: Dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and estheticians agree that, for the most part, extensions are safe (although there are risks of irritation and infection...more on that below). The Drawbacks Irritation and Infection Risks: "The major risk of eyelash extensions is irritation of the eyes. Eyelash extensions typically require a to attach the extension to the natural follicle, and eyes are incredibly sensitive to these chemicals," says Dr. Nazarian. "Even many hypoallergenic ingredients can still inflame or irritate tissue by weighing them down or pulling on the hairs... hence the inherent problem with extensions." She continues, "Anything around the eyes can irritate, either due to the chemicals or due to the friction and tugging forces around the lashes." To prevent irritation and allergic reaction, it's a good idea to do a patch test on your hand with the adhesive. Dr. Nazarian also recommends that you request your esthetician use a latex- and formaldehyde-free adhesive, since these ingredients are two of the most common irritants.2? Investment of Time and Money: Your initial set will cost anywhere from $100-300, with refills setting you back around $50-150 every 2-4 weeks. Getting your initial set can take up to two hours, with refill appointments lasting up to an hour. Potential Damage to Natural Lashes: Even if you see the best lash artist and execute your aftercare perfectly, it's still very possible that you'll see damage to your natural human hair eyelashes. As your natural lashes grow, your extensions get farther and farther from the root of the lash. This makes it harder for your natural lashes to support the weight of the extension, which can cause breakage. Rubbing or itching your lashes in your sleep (either with your hands or against your pillow) can also cause damage to natural lashes. 3? Uneven Fallout: Your lashes are at all different stages of growth at any given time, which means that some lashes are in a period of growth, while others are getting ready to shed. This means that a few weeks after your appointment, some extensions will fall out as lashes shed and are replaced with new, extension-free eyelashes, while others will remain in tact. This can create an uneven, scattered effect if you don't get your extensions refilled every 2-4 weeks. Washing Your Face Is a Pain: Remember that you can't rub your eyes when you have eyelash extensions, which means you have to work around the eye area when you're washing your face.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
Quartz Glass
Описание: Quartz Glass What is Quartz Glass? Quartz is one of the most abundant and widely distributed minerals in nature. Quartz is the only stable polymorph of crystalline silica on the Earth's surface. It is found in all forms of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. It becomes concentrated in soils, bodies of water and sand when a quartz-bearing rock is weathered or eroded. The chemical formula of quartz is SiO2. The silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bond is polar and covalent. Elemental silicon contains four valence electrons making the silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. One oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms, making the body-centered tetrahedral crystal system of quartz. The tetrahedral crystal system is composed of four oxygen atoms at the corners and a central silicon atom. In one tetrahedron, the O-Si-O bond makes a 109° angle. In a network of SiO4 tetrahedra, the corner oxygen atoms link the central silicon atom. The Si-O-Si bond makes a 144°. The structure of the networked SiO4 is open with wide spaces, hence giving quartz a hexagonal crystalline form. Quartz can be manufactured into quartz glass, which is valued for its exceptional purity and serves a wide range of applications. Quartz glass does not contain additives. It is sometimes referred to as fused quartz or fused silica; the difference between the two is that fused quartz is made from pure silicon dioxide (SiO2) while fused silica is made from synthetic precursor. Natural quartz is rarely used in the industry since it may contain several impurities; the most commonly used raw material is "cultured quartz", which is quartz crystals that are grown in controlled conditions. Quartz glass is valued due to its distinct and high value characteristics. Among these are because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion, high gas permeability, and extensive optical transmission. Production of Quartz Glass This chapter presents the steps in transforming the raw quartz into a formed, fused quartz glass. Washing and Drying Dirt, moisture and contaminants present in the natural quartz are removed in the early stages of processing which may affect the quality and performance of the quartz glass to be produced. This is only applicable for mined quartz banger. Comminution The objective of this step is to reduce the raw quartz into a size suitable for the fusion method and machinery to be utilized. Natural quartz undergoes a series of size reduction steps such as crushing and milling (ball milling or roll milling). Quartz is very brittle in nature, which makes comminution quite easy. Afterwards, the particle size is analyzed and larger grains are separated. Fusion In this stage, thermal energy is used to break the strong silicon-oxygen bond. With increasing temperature, more bonds are broken and result in the less viscous flow of quartz. After shaping and cooling to its final form, the ordered crystalline structure of SiO2 molecules is converted into a vitreous, amorphous structure and metastable form of quartz. Depending on the desired purity level and end use application, the natural quartz may be homogenized and formed through the following fusion methods: Electric fusion This method produces an industrially known Type I quartz glass. Electric fusion method is used if a high level of purity and low hydroxyl (OH) content (> 1 ppm – 30 ppm) is to be obtained. The quartz glass with low OH content produced from this method has high infrared transmission, but aesthetically pleasing bubbles and drawing lines are present in the glass surface. The starting material is natural quartz grains, and may be subject to the following production modes: Continuous Mode: The quartz sand is continuously fed on top of a refractory metal crucible column which contains an electric heating device. The internal chamber of the crucible is maintained at a dry and vacuum-sealed atmosphere to keep the melted quartz from reacting with the refractory material. After passing through the hot crucible column, melted quartz is collected in an orifice located at the bottom of the column in which it is shaped and cut into plates, tubes and rods. This method is suitable for high volume manufacturing. Batch or Boule Mode: Large quantity of quartz is placed inside a refractory-lined vacuum chamber which also contains an electric heating device. After the quartz is fused, the viscous melt is collected and shaped into its final form. This method is used to create quartz glass with more sophisticated shapes and details. Flame Fusion In this method, a natural quartz or a synthetic precursor can be a starting material. Natural quartz passes through a chamber with a high temperature hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2) flame until the starting material is fused. If silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), a gaseous synthetic precursor, is to be used, it is made to react with the H2/O2 flame. The viscous melt is deposited in a refractory-lined vacuum chamber, collected slowly by a die at the bottom of the container, and shaped to its final form. Due to its direct contact with H2/O2 flame, this method produces quartz glass with 150-200 ppm OH content from natural quartz and up to 1000 ppm for synthetic silica. Glass produced from crystal quartz through flame fusion is classified as Type II, and from synthetic precursor as Type III. Type III synthetic silica glass is a product of a chemical reaction. The combustion of silicon tetrachloride gives synthetic quartz and leaves environmentally toxic byproducts, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid. Plasma Fusion This process is similar to flame fusion with water-vapor free plasma flame being used as a source of heat. Plasma fused quartz glass has high purity level, low OH content, minimal bubble content and no drawing lines. Natural quartz or a synthetic precursor may be the starting material for this method. Quartz glass produced from the combustion of a synthetic precursor in plasma flame is known as Type IV. Electric Arc Fusion The quartz sand is melted in an electric arc furnace. The resulting glass ingots are crushed and molded; the formed parts are dried and sintered. In this method, the quartz flask glass produced is white and opaque and does not generally belong to any types of quartz glass. However, it is comparable to transparent quartz in terms of purity level. Shaping and Finishing Processes A manufacturer can process quartz glass just like any other kinds of glass. Mechanical forming Shaping and forming of quartz glass may require diamond cutting tools due to its hardness. Also, such operating parameters must be optimized since the quartz glass is also brittle and there is a limited force that can be applied before cracking or fracture occurs. Some of the mechanical processes include: Cutting: Band and wire saws, chop saws, CO2 lasers, and water jet cutters are used to cut the quartz glass. Using a laser cutter can leave a glazed and smooth cut, while those quartz glass which used saw cutting can leave a rough cut. Thick quartz glass sheet slabs may require multiple consecutive cuts if a single cut would not suffice. Annealing may be required to relieve the thermally-induced stress and to keep it from shattering. Drilling: As detailed in the fused quartz glass product, holes may be produced using a diamond driller. A laser driller may be used to cut thin, small plates. Proper cooling must be ensured in order to prevent the tools from premature worn-out. Grinding: The quartz glass surface may be smoothened and its thickness may be reduced, depending on the end-use application. Hot Forming The quartz glass is quite complex to thermoform due to its high melting point and steep viscosity, allowing it to be formed on a very narrow temperature range. If the temperature is too low, the glass is solid; if the temperature is too high, the glass is less viscous and volatile resulting in evaporation of the parts. In addition to this, single or multiple annealing steps are required to relieve the thermal stress and prevent fracture induced by hot forming. The following are some hot forming methods which a manufacturer can use in order to enhance the glass product: Welding: Two components of quartz glass are joined together through a weld. The ends of each component are heated, and a piece of quartz glass is melted to fill the gap in the seam or joint. It is critical to keep the temperature just high enough in order to avoid thermal stress. Collapsing: In this process, quartz glass rods are reduced to a smaller diameter. A metal tube is heated to the softening temperature of the quartz glass and pressure is applied under the tube to push the glass rods. Elongation and Compression: A positive or negative radial force is applied to elongate or compress the quartz glass rod to its final diameter. This is performed at the softening temperature of the quartz glass, and an optimal force must be applied in order to prevent fracture and cracking. Glass Blowing: A piece of molten quartz glass is inflated with the aid of a blowpipe in order to acquire a hollow shape. Properties of Quartz Glass This chapter presents the notable properties and characteristics of quartz glass. Chemical Purity Purity is one of the most important aspects in quartz glass manufacturing. Contaminants, even in very low levels, influence the thermal, electrical and optical properties of the resulting quartz tube glass and material in contact in their final application. Strict handling precautions must be taken at the starting material source and all stages of production to ensure high purity. The most common impurities are metal oxides (Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, etc.), water, and chlorine. Water is present in quartz glass as hydroxyl (OH) groups. The OH content can change depending on the thermal treatment and amount of moisture to which the quartz glass is exposed at an elevated temperature. OH influences infrared transmission, viscosity and attenuation. High levels of OH reduces infrared transmission. OH also lowers thermal stability; higher OH content means that the quartz glass is not suitable for high temperature end applications. An annealing step may reduce the OH content of the quartz glass in electric fused quartz glass. Chemical Behavior Quartz glass is chemically inert to most chemical compounds: water, salt and acids, making it an advantageous material in chemical laboratories and industries. It is essentially impermeable to gases. Hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid are the only agents that can etch and disintegrate quartz glass at ambient temperatures. However, alkali and alkali earth agents attack the surface, causing accelerated devitrification. 0.1 mg of alkali per square centimeter of alkali compounds can amplify to transform all of the semi-stable molecules. Even fingerprints, which contains traces of alkali, can trigger devitrification. Thermal Properties Quartz glass is known for its very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Thermal expansion refers to the fractional change in size of an object in response to the change of its temperature. For most materials, CTE is directly proportional to temperature change. Quartz glass also has excellent thermal shock resistance, which can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature. Quartz glass instrument also has low thermal conductivity. Quartz glass is softened starting at 16300C and acts like a viscous liquid at high temperatures like most glass types. This state occurs at a wide range of temperature, and viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. Viscosity is also increased by the presence of impurities. Mechanical Properties Quartz glass has almost similar mechanical properties compared to other glass types. Quartz glass rod has high compressive strength, but also exhibits high brittleness. Surface defects can also affect the overall strength of this material. Machine-polished parts tend to be weaker than fire-polished ones. Also, the age of the glass also affects reliability due to exposure to the environment. Optical Properties Quartz crucible glass has been a subject of research due to its extensive optical transmission properties, covering the ultra-violet regions, visible and infrared wavelengths. It can be further enhanced through addition of doping materials. Transmission is influenced by the quartz glass' purity and OH content. The increase in metallic impurities and OH-molecular vibrational and rotational excitations can lead to light absorption and hence affect the consequent transmission. Electrical Properties Quartz glass is an excellent electrical insulator, retaining high resistivity at elevated temperatures. It has a high dielectric strength. This is due to the absence of charged mobile ions in the molecular lattice and the strong silicon-oxygen bond which imparts very low polarizability to the structure.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21
Choosing the Right Folder-Gluer
Описание: Choosing the Right Folder-Gluer The search for a new folder-gluer can be very daunting. There are many folder-gluer OEMs out there and each have different models, features and sizes designed for a variety of applications. When a finisher or folding carton manufacturer is in the market for an upgraded or new folder-gluer, there are several questions to ask in order to find the best fit for the market they are involved in or attempting to enter. 1. Do you run paperboard or corrugated? The paperboard market includes folding paper cartons – sometimes referred to as just folding cartons. The corrugated market produces folding boxes that often are referred to as cardboard boxes. The folding/gluing machines for these two distinctive markets may look similar, but the design and structure of the machines are quite different. There are folder-gluers that will produce products using both of these substrates, but on a limited basis. In other words, if you wish to produce corrugated C flute boxes, don't expect the same folder-gluer machine to produce 12-point folding paper cartons – at least not efficiently. In addition, the paperboard folding carton market typically will have more variety to the carton styles (more folded panels) than the corrugated box market. Taking this into consideration, the folder-gluer for paperboard typically has to be more versatile in its design in order to produce a wider range of carton styles. However, a "specialty folder-gluer" for corrugated can be equipped to run some of the same styles as well and may need to run special folds for applications such as POP displays. 2. What size and style of products are you running now or considering running in the future? Let's take bottle carriers, for example. There are some OEMs that have designed a special section of the machine that will turn the product 90 degrees inline to the running direction. These sections are amazing to watch and can run at very high speeds. However, they are available at a considerable cost and add permanent length to the folder-gluer. If your product line has only a couple of designs that require turning, this additional section will need to be set-up to allow other products to pass through it when not turning. If you have large -volume products that need turning, this section may work very well for you. If not, you may want to consider looking at a machine that offers tooling instead of a turning section. Tooling can be placed on the folder-gluer to turn the product, will not increase the length of the machine and can be removed from the machine when not in use. Cost savings are great. Running speed can be an issue here as the tooling will not allow the machine to run some products as fast as the turning section will. Some OEMs offer a "Right-Angle" machine for those companies that have a lot of products or long runs that require 90-degree turning. A right-angle machine offers a simpler set-up and an increased running speed when compared to the tooling option. Other items to think about are the features and age of your current folder-gluer. Obviously, you wouldn't be considering another folder-gluer if you haven't examined the abilities and features of what you already have on your floor. Age can equate to repairs, and upgrade installations (if available) can lead to downtime and added cost. If you need a machine that can run 4-/6-corner products and your current side gluing folder gluer is not equipped to run them, your options are limited. On a side note, one also must consider the folder-gluer operator. Good operators are getting hard to find these days. Having one who can understand (or has experience) on the new mechanical and electronic systems is a real plus. Having an operator who has confidence in his ability to make the transition from the old methods to the newer ones also is a plus. Either way, the operator should be included in this process in order to give an opinion and feedback. The operator can get some questions answered from the OEM during the demonstration as well. Even operators who have many years of experience can feel challenged if the company they work for decides to enter into a different market. Now the operator must learn how to run the different carton styles that the new market presents and a new folder-gluer as well. 3. What does your budget allow? What can you afford? The price range for a new folder-gluer can run from around $200,000 for a small, simple machine designed to do simple-style products to well over a million dollars for a machine that can do large, complex styles. The price should be reflective of the technology that went into the design. However, this is not always the case. It is important to analyze all the different box folder-gluers on the market, with 4/6 corner box folder, the features available and how those features meet the type of cartons you will be running. Look for extended-length parts warranties that are included in the base price. Extra operator training also can be included, in many cases, as incentive for purchase. When comparing different pre-folding folder gluer and looking at the technology included, you have options. Option 1. Option 1 is a model that is automated with a system that can record and store the job names, carrier locations and all systems settings, with the ability to recall them, accurately place the carriers and energize the different systems for future repeated runs. These types of folder-gluers find a good home in companies that have a lot of repeat jobs or small runs that can come up during another run. That means the operator must pull the current job off of the machine and set-up the new order. That can lead to excessive waste. An automated folder-gluer that can set itself up on repeat jobs can reduce these potential inefficiencies and can save money in the process. Of course, folder-gluers with the automation option will be at the higher end of the price tag, but can offer cost savings in the form of reduced waste, quicker set-up times, increased accuracy for set-ups and, in turn, a higher quality product that may eventually pay for itself. Another benefit of the automated folder-gluer is that your jobs are stored in the memory program of the machine. In the situation where an operator is out for vacation or sick, a job that is stored in the memory program can be recalled by another operator. Look for automated set-up processes that not only set-up the entire folder-gluer but also will include automation for adjusting individual carriers and individual sections of the machine. Option 2. This is a model without automation, but with motorized carriers. This option can save on the initial cost outlay for a new folder-gluer. Even though there isn't a memory bank of jobs to recall from when repeating jobs, motorized carriers still can save a lot of time during the set-up. Motorized carriers often will allow the operator to look over a specific area of the machine while moving the carrier(s). Folder-gluer machines that offer a numerical carrier position indicator also will help the operator place the carrier. Although these indicators are not usually very accurate compared to the automated method, the operator still can write down the numerical position of each carrier and refer to this for future set-ups. Option 3. Option 3 is a model without automation or motorized carriers. The operator uses a hand crank to move and adjust each carrier position. This is even less costly and is old school for sure. But, it can fit into the overall budget better and the set-up methods of the seasoned operator. Numerical carrier position indicators should be a must have for repeat jobs; however, most seasoned operators won't use them. This is okay as long as the job is set-up in good time and the waste is low. Experienced operators generally know what they are doing on a crash lock bottom folder gluer but would be well-served using the new technology to increase their knowledge and productivity. A final consideration is the method of packing the cases with cartons or banding the bundles of boxes. You may have made improvements to your finishing department to make it more efficient with an upgrade to your folder-gluer, but how you handle the product as it exits the folder-gluer also should be considered. This will be discussed in a future article on automating the feeding, exiting and packing of the cartons.
Дата Публикации: 20-10-21