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• Создано: 19-11-21
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An introduction to automatic flexible packaging machines

Описание: An introduction to automatic flexible packaging machines  Packaging is an essential activity in the food system. Consequently, virtually every food product is packaged one or more times before it reaches the ultimate consumer. In most food production and distribution systems, packages are used to move products from farms to processing plants, between processing plants, and from processing plants to retail outlets and on to consumers. There are many rigid and flexible package forms including boxes, pouches, bags, cups, trays, cans, tubes, and bottles. A food package can hold processed food products, fresh food products, or other food packages. Packages perform one or more of four basic functions: containment, protection, communication, and utility.  It is a device designed for the assembly of unit loads from individual items. Usually a part of automated assembly lines, vertical powder packaging machine are the final step in the manufacturing process and the first step in the transportation process. They may be automatic or semiautomatic and can handle materials packaged in rigid, semirigid, or soft containers and materials not packaged in containers, such as metal castings, sheet metal, rolled metal sections, and lumber. The machines can be set up to handle items of a given standard size or items within the same range of standard sizes, with the necessary adjustments being made either manually or automatically. They can be used to make up unit loads on auxiliary devices, such as pallets or skids. There are machines that only assemble loads, and there are machines that both assemble and break up loads. There is great variety in the design of powder quantitative packaging machine. Among the factors that influence design are the specific features of the manufacturing process and the properties and dimensions of the goods. The unit load consists of a stack of individual items that have been collected in sequence in accordance with the load-sorting plan, which determines the relative positions of the items. Further development of the design of packaging machines has been based on matching the dimensions of packaging materials to those of the as-yet-unpackaged goods and on considerations of the size, shape, and weight of the unit loads. Such standardization makes it possible to select the optimal industrial methods for machine packaging, which is, in turn, a prerequisite for the design of unified and universal packaging machines. The first packaging machines appeared in the USSR and abroad during the 1940’s.    Packaging machines are used for the assembly of unit loads from sheet goods, from bulk goods in sacks, and from individual items in the metallurgical, printing, and wood-products industries. Such machines may be designed to assemble unit loads horizontally, vertically, or in a manner that combines horizontal and vertical operations. In machines designed for horizontal operation, the goods from the conveyor belt, guided by the distributor in accordance with the work plan, are conveyed into the collector. There the goods form a layer, which is moved by the carriage of a twin-chain conveyor to the flaps of the stacking device. The flaps are then opened, the layer of goods is lowered onto the pallet, and the stacking device is readied to receive the next layer. After the last layer is stacked, the load proceeds to the delivery conveyor and from there to the exit conveyor. The distributor makes it possible to carry out sequential sorting of items of various standard sizes according to a variety of programs by making the required adjustments in the control system. Flexible packaging equipment processes a layered (usually plastic) material called film to produce filled bags, pouches, sticks, and other flexible package types. This material usually contains a sealant layer that bonds together with heat to create a sealed package. Some flexible granule packaging machine use a large roll of film wound around a hollow core, called rollstock (pictured at right), to form bag shapes. Other packaging machines use already-formed bags, usually called premade pouches. In either case, rollstock and premade bags are purchased from a film supplier, which is a company that creates or converts packaging materials. Sometimes these materials can be purchased directly from an equipment manufacturer, and other times the film supplier is a separate entity. Ask your packaging machine manufacturer for their recommendations for film suppliers.  Form fill seal machines are the most widely-used automatic flexible packaging machine type. This equipment does exactly what its name suggests: Forms bags, fills them with product, and seals the bags closed. Some machines perform these processes vertically (vertical form fill seal or VFFS) and some do it horizontally (horizontal form fill seal or HFFS). VFFS machines have the advantage of occupying limited floor space and are more economical in co  Multilane stick pack machines are very popular in industries that package small packets of powder or liquid products like condiments and drink mixes. These machines work similarly to form fill seal machines but create multiple packages at once. Packaging equipment is often rated by speed or throughput, which is how many finished bags can be completed by the machine in a certain timeframe. This is usually represented as bags per minute (bpm), which is how many finished bags can be produced by the machine per minute. Often a machine will be rated for a maximum number of bags per minute, while actual production speeds will vary based on many factors including operator skill, product properties, bag styles, and plant environment. BAG PARAMETERS Packaging equipment will also have bag size parameters, usually represented by width, length, and/or depth in millimeters (mm). This means a finished bag must fall within certain size constraints. Some packaging machines can accommodate very large bags, and others work best creating much smaller packages. Your food packaging machine manufacturer will use your bag parameters to decide which machine to recommend. Packaging machines can also have bag weight parameters, meaning the machine can only support bags up to a certain weight. If a bag is very large and heavy, load-bearing support shelves can be added.  BAG TYPES    Another parameter will be the bag types a packaging machine can produce. Certain models can only create simple flat bag types while others can create more complex bags, like stand-up pouches.    ELECTRICAL & AIR REQUIREMENTS    Packaging machines need adequate power and air supply to operate. Specifications for these components will also be listed on most spec sheets. Last year many companies collaborated on new materials, machinery compatibility and corporate initiatives, and joined recycling groups. It’s time to look forward, get inspired and realize that sometimes it is better to work with a partner or two.  When making the choice between premade pouches and form-fill-seal, OEMs should consider factors like run speed, changeovers and flexibility of package sizes handled, according to the 2019 Flexible Packaging Assessment by PMMI, The Association for Packaging and Processing Technologies. The packaging machinery market is seeing an uptick in demand for rental machinery. There are three key drivers of this trend: flexibility, cost and return on investment. Continuously evolving consumer demands and the explosion of SKUs means that flexibility is paramount, particularly in the food and beverage markets. Packaging is constantly changing, and to keep up with consumer and retail/CPG demand, we have to look at the future as "now." Thinking ahead in order to make trend predictions and how machines and materials can be used is one way to help stay ahead in the ever-changing market.    Depending on the type of food being packed, packing comes in various types. To pack these food materials, various teabag packaging machines are used. The packing styles also change depending on the storage life of the product. Food that are high perishable like fresh processed meats and frozen items are best when vacuum packed since it can tremendously extend its storage life. There is a separate type of food packaging machine or food packing equipment used to perform vacuum packaging of the products.  Here are the various types of food packaging machines: Food Vacuum Packaging Machine: It is one of the most efficient packaging machine to pack foods because it avoids air making food remain fresh. As aerobic microorganisms are responsible in swift deterioration of foods, they hardly thrive or are immobilized under this condition. Food vacuum packaging machine helps to extend storage life of food products thereby making the product well suited for sale on the freezer or cold display storage units of several retail stores.  Biscuit Packaging Machine Biscuit packaging machine is another type of food packaging equipment. It is usually fitted with electronic digital temperature controller to maintain high precision in achieving the desired temperature during food packing process.  It helps to bring optimum freshness of the food. The most interesting aspect of this machine is that packaged products are closely monitored with its automatic feed counter that shows the quantity of items placed packed by machine. This makes it easier for the food manufacturing companies to monitor daily factory output. Bundling Food Packaging Equipment Bundling Food packaging Equipment is quite common and is widely used by many food suppliers. It is capable of storing huge quantity of foods before they are banded or wrapped together as a single bundle. It is also called as the banding machine. It can also be used for packing small items such as stick candies or individually packed hot-dogs that need to be bundled together for economic purposes. Bagging Machine It is popular in several China food processing factories. Foods in this case are packed in bags, sacks and pouches. This bagging machine is common to pack cereals and powdered foods such as milk powder and sugar. Closing Machines These closing machines are similarly common in many food factories. This equipment is used to tie metal wires to enclose the food bag or pouch.  Capping Machines Capping machines are popular among food suppliers of food syrups and drinks. This equipment is not used solely to pack food items but it is usually used in conjunction with other food packaging equipment.    The major function of this equipment is to close bottled food items by placing air-tight caps. This is common in soda-manufacturing companies. Accumulation machinery Accumulation machinery is used along with the capping machine. This machine allows proper alignment of bottles for systematic and organized filling of foods. It is used in soda companies and bottled-water companies.  There are various types of liquid packaging machine. It is important to tailor-fit the selection when yo buy one of these machineries according to the type of food that is being packaged to ensure optimum quality products with fully extended storage life.

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

A Dump Truck for the 21st Century

Описание:  A Dump Truck for the 21st Century For more than a century "tipper" trucks—so called for their ability to lift their cargo beds at an angle that allows their contents to empty without manual intervention—have helped construction crews haul heavy building materials, including tons of asphalt and gravel at a time. The typical model of tipper seen on construction sites worldwide is the dump truck, which uses a hydraulic lift to raise one end of its cargo bed high into the air while its contents slide out of the back or to the side. Munich-based truck maker F.X. Meiller GmbH & Co KG has seen the future of construction hauling, and it is a sleek all-wheel drive tipper capable of dumping on all four directions. Chinese transportation designer Haishan Deng created a series of concept drawings depicting what Meiller's new "super tipper" truck in action that won him a 2007 red dot award for product design from Germany's Design Zentrum Nordrhein Westfalen, an institution formed in 1955 to promote industrial design aesthetics. Inspired by the movement of quadruped animals, Deng designed the super tipper with independent suspension arms that absorb uneven terrain better than conventional dump trucks. No word yet on when Meiller plans to build these tippers or how much they will cost, but Deng says the truck's six engines and battery system will be the priciest parts. A scaled-down prototype is scheduled to be on display May 17-20 in New York at the International Contemporary Furniture Fair. Dumper trucks also known as tipper trucks are widely used across the construction and mining industry for the handling of heavy materials. These trucks are equipped with an open-box hinged at the rear which can be put in use for handling and dumping of materials. The market for truck dumper is expected to show a nominal growth on account of the constantly growing construction and mining industry around the globe. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to a boom in the construction activities especially across the developing economies of the world such as India, China, and Brazil among others. Furthermore, the booming infrastructural development in various economies of the world due the impressive economic growth has led to the development and up-gradation of the commercial infrastructure as well, which in turn is projected to augment the demand for dumper trucks. The growing demand for minerals has also led to an upsurge in the activities across the mining sector globally, thus, a significant growth in the investments in the mining sector in the major developing economies is further widening up the opportunities for the manufacturers over the next five years. Additionally, the constant participation by the major manufacturers operating under the market are playing a significant role in shaping up the global dumper truck market growth throughout the forecast period. Major players are heavily investing in R&D and are further launching new vehicles with advanced features to meet the growing requirements of the end-users. However, the recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease is projected to negatively impact the growth during the short run as the temporary halt in the construction activities has led to a decline in the demand by the end-users. Also, the temporary suspension of manufacturing activities across the automotive sector due to a decline in demand is also inhibiting the market growth during a short period of six to eight months. Also, the longer average lifespan of these trucks coupled with the growing acceptance of pre-owned fleet are also considered to be some of the major factors that are expected to hamper the demand for the new fleet by the fleet owners as well, thereby expiated to negatively impact the market growth in the coming years. Booming Investments in Infrastructure Development Is Driving the Growth Infrastructure is considered as one of the most essential areas where truck dumper parts are used widely either for waste handling or material handling. Impressive economic growth in several countries around the globe has led the government to take various initiatives to the development of commercial infrastructure. Thus, an increase in the number of construction projects globally will bolster the demand for dumper trucks during the next five years. In the major emerging economies such as India and China urbanization and industrialization have led to an upsurge in the construction activities. According to the statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,the infrastructure investment in road, rail, and air have increased significantly over the past years in the world’s fastest-growing economies, India and China. The above figure represents the infrastructure spending in India and China which covers the spending done on new transport construction and also the improvement of the existing transport infrastructure. Thus, a significant increase in the construction of transport infrastructure is also playing a major role in widening up the opportunities for the key market players during the next five years as investments in the infrastructure represents a significant growth of the transport industry as it requires the construction of new roads, highways, airports, and others. Participation by Market Players The global dumper truck market is poised to witness a decent growth on account of the constant participation by the major players of the market in partnerships, R&D, mergers, and acquisitions for the expansion of their market share during the next five years. Players are also launching new vehicles with advanced features to cater to the growing end-use requirements, which is also positively impacting the growth during the next five years. For instance, recently in June 2020, Ashok Leyland, an Indian automobile company announced the launch of a new range of trucks with BS-VI compliances that also included tipper trucks. Similarly, in September 2018, SML Isuzu Limited, leading commercial vehicle manufacturer announced the launch of its three new heavy-duty carriers Samrat GS tipper in the construction segment, and two trucks, Samrat GS HD19 and Sartaj GS turbo-CNG for commodity transportation. Furthermore, in March 2018, Ashok Leyland also announced a launch of three major trucks in the heavy-duty multi-axle range which included tipper trucks also. Similarly, in January 2018, Tata Motors announced its global expansion plans by announcing the launch of a range of trucks with an aim to tap the road construction and mining sector. Moreover, in January 2017, Man Trucks announced the launch of its new fuel-efficient CLA EVO 25.300, 6x4, BS 3, tipper truck. Segment Overview: The global ordinary rear truck dumper has been segmented on the basis of type, end-user industry, and geography. On the basis of type, the classification has been done into articulated and rigid. By the end-user industry, the market has been segmented on the basis of mining and construction. Geographically, the market has been distributed into North America, South America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Asia Pacific. Mining to Show a Healthy Growth By the end-user industry, the mining sector is anticipated to witness a decent growth throughout the forecast period due to the growing investments in the mining sector globally. The growing demand for mineral fuels, iron, and other industrial minerals has been on the verge of increase for many years. According to the report from the International Organizing Committee for the World Mining Congresses, the world mining production reached 16.9 billion metric tons by 2016 from 11.3 billion metric tons in 2000. Dump trucks are heavy machinery used to transport large volumes of loose materials such as dirt, sand, ores, gravel, and demolition waste across mining, civil or major construction sites. If your next construction or mining project requires the transportation of loose material, chances are you're going to need a dump truck. The two most popular dump trucks for hire include rigid rear dump trucks and articulated dump trucks. Our directory offers a huge volume of power generators for hire by qualified suppliers throughout Australia. These suppliers offer a diverse range of power generators to suit most projects and operations across the nation. Whatever you need to hire - from track mounted dump trucks, to high rail dump trucks, front tip dump trucks, fully sealed rear truck dumper, and even underground dump trucks, you can contact our many dump truck hire suppliers directly, and at no cost.  What dump truck do I need? Dump trucks come in an assortment of types and configurations, with each designed for use across a variety of different applications, so picking the right one for your project or operation is important. Popular applications include using articulated dump trucks for civil and mining operations, rigid rear dump trucks for use in tandem with hydraulic excavators in mining, fully automatic side truck dumper and front tippers for use in compact or low capacity operations, track mounted dump truck for operations that require work on sandy, bog, dirt, snow, or muddy terrain, hi rail dump truck for use in railway projects, and underground dump truck for use in both hard-rock and soft-rock underground mining and tunnel construction projects.  Dump trucks are typically filled with dirt, sand or minerals by another machine where it then transports and dumps its load at a specified location. As such, the key feature of a dump truck is the dump box which is powered by hydraulics, allowing operators to lift and tip loads. In layman terms, hydraulic hoist systems are used to lift the dump box when it needs to be emptied.  Articulated dump trucks (which are hinged between the cab and the dump box) are hugely prolific in the civil and mining industries. Articulated dump trucks are large, heavy-duty dump trucks that are used off-road to transport bulk loads across rough terrains. Moxy Engineering is a popular manufacturer of articulated dump trucks, over time many in the earthmoving industry have grown to use the generic term 'Moxy truck' to describe the articulated dump truck. Typically Moxy dump trucks have an all-wheel drive and when steering the machine, the operator will pivot the front cab section in relation to the dump box rear by using hydraulic rams. This allows its wheels to follow the same course and make a Moxy truck an ideal off-road vehicle. Articulated dump trucks are also excellent for major projects with a degree of limited space, due to their smaller turning circle. If you need to haul bulk materials from A to B for your next sub division, civil or mining project, consider one of iSeekplant's numerous articulated dump truck hire suppliers. There's a wide range of articulated dump trucks for hire from 10 tonne to 40+ tonne capacity.  

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Why Choose Aluminium Telescopic Ladder

Описание:  Why Choose Aluminium Telescopic Ladder Ladder technology has definitely developed over the years. Once we think about the fact a primitive person crouching within the grass that Mesolithic rock paintings first portraying the existence of the equipment over 10,000 years ago, it makes us realize simply how far they have actually come. Variants of the currently commonplace tool are intensive with most of us having a step or extendible ladder squeezed into the garage, attic or spare area. However, in recent years, the development of telescoping in mechanics has led to the introduction of the telescopic ladder. This comparatively new variant is quickly growing in quality and though originally developed for the professional market, telescopic ladders are eagerly adopted by a large range of customers. What is Telescopic Ladder? In a nutshell, a telescopic ladder has the flexibility to slide outward or inwards, adjusting the length of the ladder. This implies that the ladder's length can be adjusted to the length of the task. Pretty cool hey? Aluminium telescopic ladder has actually enabled individuals to complete jobs with more efficiency, which is perhaps one of the reasons individuals opt to invest. However, there are many more reasons to shop telescopic ladder and during this article, we tend to take a glance at what some of those different reasons are. Suitable for each indoor and outside use, the aluminum telescopic ladder can fit into slender or awkward areas, with some makers offering models that reach up to virtually 4 or more meters in height. As well as non-slip feet, which most manufacturers provide, there aren't many roles that a telescopic ladder couldn’t conquer. one of the advantages of the telescopic ladder over different designs, like the extendible or step ladder, is that the design permits for the ladder's length to be customized by simply pulling out the number of sections needed, rung by rung, and locking them into place. Therefore whether or not you're just making an attempt to achieve your prime room cabinet or pruning overgrown trees within the garden, this innovative ladder is going to be up to the challenge. A telescopic ladder leaned against a wall usually of aluminium construction, telescopic ladders are not only light-weight, however, but they're also moveable and compact too, particularly as compared to their ancient rivals. In fact, some telescopic ladders are as little as thirty-one inches, once folded. They simply retract to conveniently work into a car boot, below the steps, in an exceedingly cabinet or loft, that means that space-savvy owners and tradesmen no longer ought to battle with their extendible ladders taking up the length of their garage or the roof of their van. For accessorial convenience, several telescopic ladders also come with a protecting storage bag, typically that includes a carry handle, creating each storage and movableness simple and hassle-free. Safety considerations are completely addressed  by manufacturers of telescopic ladders, with most supporting a generous work capability of around 150 kilograms, which is sometimes over enough to require the load of each a DIY enthusiast and their tools and is comparable to ancient varieties of ladder, that square measure typically additional cumbersome and restrictive in their use. Anti-slip rungs are typically a sought after feature, as is an angulate thumb release, ensuring simple use for people with smaller hands still as protective hands from pinching throughout telescopic retraction. We tend to hope this helps you create a much more hip to call when deciding if a telescopic ladder is for you. Of course, if you continue to have more questions about telescopic ladders or would really like more info on a certain type then get connected with our customer services team and they will be over happy to assist. Safety Guide for Telescopic Ladder The Ladder Association, a not-for-profit body dedicated to promoting safe ladder use, has created a safety guide for users of stainless steel telescopic ladder – a progressively popular piece of equipment for performing at height – following recent reports of unsafe merchandise in India. The guide provides key safety data for members of the general public, as well as steering on: Buying – a way to ensure users are shopping for safe ladders that meet the European product standard for ladders, EN 131Using – recommendation on sensible practice for employing a telescopic ladder to work at height Maintaining – a way to take care of and properly store your telescopic ladder to confirm it remains in good condition After getting the reports of non-secure multipurpose ladder who were published following inquiries created by Derbyshire County Council’s trading standards team, who discovered a complete of thirteen completely different telescopic ladder varieties all did not meet en 131. The Ladder Association worked closely with Derbyshire County Council’s trading standards team and therefore the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) on this issue and part-funded the merchandise testing. The Ladder Association’s Tech. Manager and Chairman of the committee, Don Aers: “As a safety-led organization, we've issues concerning the safety of some telescopic ladders, that are low-cost imports that claim to adjust to the product customary, EN 131, however once tested, fail to do, therefore. They place unsuspecting users in danger who believe they have purchased a safe product.” “You ought to check all sorts of the ladder before every use and examine them totally at regular intervals. Because of these findings, we tend to advise anyone who owns and uses a telescopic ladder to transfer our safety guide and examine the ladder completely for any signs of injury or element failure. If you've got any doubts in any respect concerning its condition, then don’t use it and contact the supplier for the recommendation.” The Ladder Association plays an important role within the development of each British and European standards and maybe a long-standing member of the European Standards Committee for ladders, CEN TC93, and it's working group, WG12 that is specifically liable for telescopic ladders. WG12 is presently drafting a revision of en 131 – 6 – that part relating to telescopic ladders – to more develop and advance the merchandise standard. Large ladders are heavy, cumbersome, and bang into doorways at every turn. If you find yourself tired of lugging them around, you may want to look into the best telescoping ladders. Made from durable aluminum, they extend up to 10 feet or more, and then retract to a size small enough to carry under one arm. Telescoping ladders usually weigh less than their full-size counterparts—typically under 30 pounds. Retracted, they’re around 2- to 3-feet tall, making them easy to stow in a utility closest or a garage. If you want a more convenient ladder, keep reading. The best telescoping ladders are durable, easy to extend, safe to use, and light enough to carry under one arm. The following five meet our strict requirements. One of them is sure to make a great addition to your home or workshop. Telescoping ladders are compact for storage while offering a sturdy base for climbing. Depending on your plans for the ladder, you may want to consider other factors, too. Size, weight, and safety features vary from ladder to ladder. Some telescoping ladders are better suited to specific tasks than others. Length Most telescoping ladders range in height from around 8 feet to 12.5 feet fully extended. A few are as tall as 16.5 feet. For most around-the-house purposes, a 12-foot ladder is sufficient. That’s tall enough, for example, to reach the gutters on a single-story home. You can extend a telescoping ladder in 1-foot increments. That is, you could extend it just 6 feet, 7 or all the way to 12. Material Telescoping ladders are manufactured from fiberglass or airplane-grade aluminum. Both materials are lightweight yet strong and durable. While aluminum is the most common material, fiberglass has its share of fans. Aluminum: A telescoping ladder made from aluminum can weigh as little as 15 pounds, or as much as 35 pounds, depending on length. The most common length—12.5 feet—weighs an average of 24 pounds. An aluminum telescoping ladder costs from $100 to $250. Fiberglass: Fiberglass is stronger than aluminum, but it’s also a little heavier. Expect a fiberglass telescoping ladder to weigh 3-5 pounds more than an aluminum ladder of the same size. Expect them to cost more, too. They start around $250 and can go as high as $600. Because fiberglass does not conduct electricity, this ladder is well-suited for electricians and others who work around electricity. Weight Limit The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) verifies that a ladder will safely support the weight that the manufacturer claims it will. When shopping for a telescoping ladder, look for one that’s ANSI certified. Typical ANSI weight limits on this type of ladder range from around 250 to 350 pounds. If you’ve ever found yourself in a situation where your ladder was too short or too tall – we understand your frustration! Even if you’ve never heard of them before, a telescopic ladder can definitely make your life easier with it’s easy-to-use adjustable height. Never worry about having to own several different sized ladders when you can have one collapsible ladder that will help you get your around the house chores done in no time at all. All you’ve ever needed to know about telescopic ladders lies within this nifty article where we’ve also included some of the little giant ladder you can find online today. How Does a Telescopic Ladder Work? A telescopic ladder is a versatile, portable, and convenient take on a traditional ladder. These ladders have technology to extend and lock by the foot to the user’s desired height. Because these ladders are so versatile, it makes them very popular amongst homeowners, especially if you have a hard time replacing light bulbs or getting up into the corners of the ceiling to clean. These ladders have a locking mechanism in each step so it will hold and stay extended at the height that you need. This means you don’t have to full expand the ladder before you use It, as you basically just extend it to the specific height that you need to get the job done. Unlike a longer, traditional ladder, these ladders are adjustable and won’t cause unnecessary bulk or height where you don’t need it. 

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

What is Quartz Glass?

Описание:   What is Quartz Glass? Quartz is one of the most abundant and widely distributed minerals in nature. Quartz is the only stable polymorph of crystalline silica on the Earth‘s surface. It is found in all forms of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. It becomes concentrated in soils, bodies of water and sand when a quartz-bearing rock is weathered or eroded. The chemical formula of quartz is SiO2. The silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bond is polar and covalent. Elemental silicon contains four valence electrons making the silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. One oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms, making the body-centered tetrahedral crystal system of quartz. The tetrahedral crystal system is composed of four oxygen atoms at the corners and a central silicon atom. In one tetrahedron, the O-Si-O bond makes a 109° angle. In a network of SiO4 tetrahedra, the corner oxygen atoms link the central silicon atom. The Si-O-Si bond makes a 144°. The structure of the networked SiO4 is open with wide spaces, hence giving quartz a hexagonal crystalline form. Quartz can be manufactured into quartz glass tube, which is valued for its exceptional purity and serves a wide range of applications. Quartz glass does not contain additives. It is sometimes referred to as fused quartz or fused silica; the difference between the two is that fused quartz is made from pure silicon dioxide (SiO2) while fused silica is made from synthetic precursor. Natural quartz is rarely used in the industry since it may contain several impurities; the most commonly used raw material is "cultured quartz", which is quartz crystals that are grown in controlled conditions. Quartz glass is valued due to its distinct and high value characteristics. Among these are because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion, high gas permeability, and extensive optical transmission. Chapter Two - Production of Quartz Glass This chapter presents the steps in transforming the raw quartz into a formed, fused quartz glass plate. Washing and Drying Dirt, moisture and contaminants present in the natural quartz are removed in the early stages of processing which may affect the quality and performance of the quartz glass rod to be produced. This is only applicable for mined quartz. The objective of this step is to reduce the raw quartz into a size suitable for the fusion method and machinery to be utilized. Natural quartz undergoes a series of size reduction steps such as crushing and milling (ball milling or roll milling). Quartz is very brittle in nature, which makes comminution quite easy. Afterwards, the particle size is analyzed and larger grains are separated. In this stage, thermal energy is used to break the strong silicon-oxygen bond. With increasing temperature, more bonds are broken and result in the less viscous flow of quartz. After shaping and cooling to its final form, the ordered crystalline structure of SiO2 molecules is converted into a vitreous, amorphous structure and metastable form of quartz. Depending on the desired purity level and end use application, the natural quartz may be homogenized and formed through the following fusion methods: Electric fusion This method produces an industrially known Type I quartz glass. Electric fusion method is used if a high level of purity and low hydroxyl (OH) content (> 1 ppm – 30 ppm) is to be obtained. The quartz glass with low OH content produced from this method has high infrared transmission, but aesthetically pleasing bubbles and drawing lines are present in the glass surface. The starting material is natural quartz grains, and may be subject to the following production modes: Continuous Mode: The quartz sand is continuously fed on top of a refractory metal crucible column which contains an electric heating device. The internal chamber of the crucible is maintained at a dry and vacuum-sealed atmosphere to keep the melted quartz from reacting with the refractory material. After passing through the hot crucible column, melted quartz is collected in an orifice located at the bottom of the column in which it is shaped and cut into plates, tubes and rods. This method is suitable for high volume manufacturing. Batch or Boule Mode: Large quantity of quartz is placed inside a refractory-lined vacuum chamber which also contains an electric heating device. After the quartz is fused, the viscous melt is collected and shaped into its final form. This method is used to create quartz glass with more sophisticated shapes and details. Flame Fusion In this method, a natural quartz or a synthetic precursor can be a starting material. Natural quartz passes through a chamber with a high temperature hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2) flame until the starting material is fused. If silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), a gaseous synthetic precursor, is to be used, it is made to react with the H2/O2 flame. The viscous melt is deposited in a refractory-lined vacuum chamber, collected slowly by a die at the bottom of the container, and shaped to its final form. Due to its direct contact with H2/O2 flame, this method produces quartz crucible with 150-200 ppm OH content from natural quartz and up to 1000 ppm for synthetic silica. Glass produced from crystal quartz through flame fusion is classified as Type II, and from synthetic precursor as Type III. Type III synthetic silica glass is a product of a chemical reaction. The combustion of silicon tetrachloride gives synthetic quartz and leaves environmentally toxic byproducts, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid. Natural quartz or a synthetic precursor may be the starting material for this method. Quartz glass produced from the combustion of a synthetic precursor in plasma flame is known as Type IV. Electric Arc Fusion The quartz sand is melted in an electric arc furnace. The resulting glass ingots are crushed and molded; the formed parts are dried and sintered. In this method, the quartz glass produced is white and opaque and does not generally belong to any types of quartz glass. However, it is comparable to transparent quartz in terms of purity level. Shaping and Finishing Processes A manufacturer can process quartz glass just like any other kinds of glass. Mechanical forming Shaping and forming of quartz glass may require diamond cutting tools due to its hardness. Also, such operating parameters must be optimized since the quartz glass is also brittle and there is a limited force that can be applied before cracking or fracture occurs. Some of the mechanical processes include: Cutting: Band and wire saws, chop saws, CO2 lasers, and water jet cutters are used to cut the quartz glass instrument. Using a laser cutter can leave a glazed and smooth cut, while those quartz glass which used saw cutting can leave a rough cut. Thick quartz glass slabs may require multiple consecutive cuts if a single cut would not suffice. Annealing may be required to relieve the thermally-induced stress and to keep it from shattering. Drilling: As detailed in the fused quartz glass product, holes may be produced using a diamond driller. A laser driller may be used to cut thin, small plates. Proper cooling must be ensured in order to prevent the tools from premature worn-out. Grinding: The quartz glass surface may be smoothened and its thickness may be reduced, depending on the end-use application. Hot Forming The quartz glass is quite complex to thermoform due to its high melting point and steep viscosity, allowing it to be formed on a very narrow temperature range. If the temperature is too low, the glass is solid; if the temperature is too high, the glass is less viscous and volatile resulting in evaporation of the parts. In addition to this, single or multiple annealing steps are required to relieve the thermal stress and prevent fracture induced by hot forming. The following are some hot forming methods which a manufacturer can use in order to enhance the glass product: Welding: Two components of quartz glass are joined together through a weld. The ends of each component are heated, and a piece of quartz glass is melted to fill the gap in the seam or joint. It is critical to keep the temperature just high enough in order to avoid thermal stress. Collapsing: In this process, quartz glass rods are reduced to a smaller diameter. A metal tube is heated to the softening temperature of the quartz glass and pressure is applied under the tube to push the glass rods. Elongation and Compression: A positive or negative radial force is applied to elongate or compress the quartz glass rod to its final diameter. This is performed at the softening temperature of the quartz glass, and an optimal force must be applied in order to prevent fracture and cracking. Glass Blowing: A piece of molten quartz glass is inflated with the aid of a blowpipe in order to acquire a hollow shape. Purity is one of the most important aspects in quartz boat manufacturing. Contaminants, even in very low levels, influence the thermal, electrical and optical properties of the resulting quartz glass and material in contact in their final application. Strict handling precautions must be taken at the starting material source and all stages of production to ensure high purity. The most common impurities are metal oxides (Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, etc.), water, and chlorine. Water is present in quartz glass as hydroxyl (OH) groups. The OH content can change depending on the thermal treatment and amount of moisture to which the quartz glass is exposed at an elevated temperature. OH influences infrared transmission, viscosity and attenuation. High levels of OH reduces infrared transmission. OH also lowers thermal stability; higher OH content means that the quartz glass is not suitable for high temperature end applications. An annealing step may reduce the OH content of the quartz glass in electric fused quartz glass. Quartz glass is chemically inert to most chemical compounds: water, salt and acids, making it an advantageous material in chemical laboratories and industries. It is essentially impermeable to gases. Hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid are the only agents that can etch and disintegrate quartz glass at ambient temperatures. However, alkali and alkali earth agents attack the surface, causing accelerated devitrification. 0.1 mg of alkali per square centimeter of alkali compounds can amplify to transform all of the semi-stable molecules. Even fingerprints, which contains traces of alkali, can trigger devitrification. Quartz glass is known for its very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Thermal expansion refers to the fractional change in size of an object in response to the change of its temperature. For most materials, CTE is directly proportional to temperature change. Quartz glass also has excellent thermal shock resistance, which can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature. Quartz glass also has low thermal conductivity. Quartz glass is softened starting at 16300C and acts like a viscous liquid at high temperatures like most glass types. This state occurs at a wide range of temperature, and viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. Viscosity is also increased by the presence of impurities. Quartz glass has almost similar mechanical properties compared to other glass types. Quartz glass has high compressive strength, but also exhibits high brittleness. Surface defects can also affect the overall strength of this material. Machine-polished parts tend to be weaker than fire-polished ones. Also, the age of the glass also affects reliability due to exposure to the environment. Quartz glass has been a subject of research due to its extensive optical transmission properties, covering the ultra-violet regions, visible and infrared wavelengths. It can be further enhanced through addition of doping materials. Transmission is influenced by the quartz glass‘ purity and OH content. The increase in metallic impurities and OH-molecular vibrational and rotational excitations can lead to light absorption and hence affect the consequent transmission. A majority of the applications of quartz pyramid utilize its optical properties due to its wide transparency range and superior light transmittance, ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared regions. Quartz glass is not easily damaged by ultra-violet and high energy radiation. Light can pass through a quartz glass in a functionalized optical path with minimal distortions. Examples of products with optical applications are: prisms, lenses, beam splitters, polarizers, mirrors and windows. High purity quartz glass is used in various lamps and lighting systems, such as mercury lamps, halogen lamps, xenon lamps, ultra-violet lamps and arc and filament lamps which provide light source at high temperatures. These lamps are utilized in several industries, among which are sterilization and cleaning apparatuses in the food and medical industries and exposure devices in the semiconductor industry. 

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Big Reasons Why You Should Invest in a Vacuum Sealer This Fall

Описание:   Big Reasons Why You Should Invest in a Vacuum Sealer This Fall It seems the whole world has embraced the ethos of the ant this season, and not the grasshopper. Collectively we are preserving and storing food more than ever before: to maximize summer/early fall produce bounties, to reduce food waste in anticipation of tighter access to foods in coming pandemic months, and to have something productive to do while spending so much time at home. It’s been a big turn for many of us, but in many ways a good one. RELATED: The 10 Best Plastic-Free Food Storage Containers for a Greener Kitchen Which is why it’s time to talk about vacuum sealers. Built to do just what it sounds like—seal up food for easy long-term storage by removing any air—vacuum sealers can be tremendously useful for food preservation of all kinds. Here are the top 3 reasons you should consider investing in a vacuum sealer now, plus great models to buy now. It might seem counterintuitive for a small household, but a vacuum sealer is a terrific investment if you are only one or two at home. Since smaller households tend to go through food at a slower pace, the ability to preserve foods in smaller amounts or to store them over a longer time will help you avoid food spoilage. Whether it is repackaging a partially used wedge of parmesan cheese, breaking down a package of meat into smaller portions for freezing, or re-sealing pantry items like crackers or cereal to keep them from staling, a vacuum sealer is a great thing to have in your kitchen. A vacuum sealer does two things: it removes air from the container (usually a bag), then it seals the bag with a heated strip, trapping the vacuum inside. Air is removed with a pump that works by pulling air at a faster rate than ambient air can replace it. Pump quality varies, and is in large part the deciding factor on the price of a food vacuum sealer machine. Many edge vacuum sealers have pups with plastic parts. They work alright and can achieve a decent vacuum, but they overheat easily. They have to cool down in between uses, and often can't withstand heavy use. Higher quality food vacuum sealers have heavier-duty pumps made of sturdier parts. They can withstand frequent use and don't need to cool down between uses. back to top Why Is Vacuum So Great at Preserving Food? Contact with oxygen is what deteriorates food, causing spoilage. In the freezer, it causes ice to form, creating freezer burn. Vacuum packing removes almost all of the oxygen from the food container. When there is little oxygen to react with, food stays fresher longer in the pantry and the refrigerator, and won't get freezer burn in the freezer. That’s really all there is to it. It is not possible to remove 100% of the oxygen by vacuum sealing. So vacuum-sealed food doesn’t last forever. But it can remove enough oxygen to greatly extend shelf life. Some estimates are that vacuum sealing extends the life of frozen food by up to 5 years! back to top The Two Types of Food Vacuum Sealers: External and Internal There are two main types of food vacuum sealers: edge sealers and chamber vacuum sealers (typically called “chamber vacs”). Both types have advantages and disadvantages. Edge sealers, also called external sealers or suction sealers, are the simplest and most common type of automatic vacuum sealer. You simply fill a bag with food, place the bag in the sealer, and begin the sealing process. The vacuum is created inside the bag only, which makes it nearly impossible to seal anything but solid foods (because the pump will suck out liquid as it sucks out air).  Many edge sealers have options for moist foods and soft foods, allowing you to control the amount of vacuum they pull so as not to draw moisture up into the pump or crush soft food (bread, for example) with too much vacuum. Decreasing the vacuum leaves air in the bag, however, so you may get similar results by just using a Ziploc or other food storage bag for soft/moist foods. One clever workaround is to freeze liquids before vacuum sealing.  They use special resealable bags that have a small hole through which vacuum is pulled. Handheld sealers are tiny and generally don't pull a super strong vacuum, but because the bags are reusable, usually for up to 10 times, they're great for leftovers and sous vide (as opposed to long term freezer or pantry storage). In general, edge sealers are the most economical choice, but are sometimes not as well made as chamber vacuums. Most consumer brands--like FoodSaver and Seal-a-Meal--are not designed for heavy use. The pumps overheat easily, so you need to let the machine cool down in between uses. This can be frustrating and time consuming if you're freezing, say, half a cow or a few bushels of veggies from your garden. But for a few steaks or a tray of chicken breasts, they're great.  How do you know if your edge sealer has good internal components? Simple: spend more than $300 for it (like this Weston Pro 2300 edge sealer that gets good reviews). But if you're going to spend that much, you might want to start thinking about a chamber vacuum sealer instead.  A chamber vac works by creating a vacuum inside a chamber. Because the pressure is equalized inside the entire chamber (and not just inside the bag), a household vacuum sealer can seal liquids. This is great for soups, stocks, leftovers, quick and easy marinades (you can get marinade results in 15-20 minutes in a vacuum sealed container), and many sous vide applications. Chamber vacuums pull a stronger vacuum than other portable vacuum sealer.  Most chamber vacs also have the ability to adjust the vacuum so you can seal soft foods. But you don't do this with easy-to-use buttons like you can on an edge sealer. Instead, you adjust the actual amount of vacuum you want to pull. So while it's a little trickier to get the vacuum right--and may have a learning curve to figure out--it offers more control over the process. Once you have it set where you want it, you will rarely have to adjust it. Just as with edge sealers, you can keep on eye on the sealing process and stop the vacuum pulling at any time (for example, if food is starting to get crushed, or liquid is bubbling up into the sealing area). This packaging machine is used for vacuum packaging with packaging materials having a extremely high gas barrier for the purpose of food preservation. Most of these machines seal the bag containing food in the vacuum chamber. The four types of machines are classified by mechanical faculty: nozzle, chamber, skin, and deep-draw type. A Nozzle-Type Vacuum Packaging Machine A typical system of this type of machine is shown in Fig. 1. After air in the bag is evacuated through a nozzle, a mouth part of the bag is sealed by heater or impulse system. However, for blocks such as meat and meat products, the bag is mostly clipped with aluminum wire. The two processes of vacuumizing and sealing on most of this type of machines are automatically done, initiated by stepping on a foot swich. Accordingly, although the operation is easier than those of other types of vacuum packaging machines, the degree of vacuum of bags packaged by this type of machine is lower than for others. Vacuum packaging is a method of packaging where air from the interior of a package is removed in its entirety immediately prior to sealing the package. This involves placing food products in a plastic film package (or potentially a film package made with other polymer materials), removing air from inside the package with a vacuum pump, and then sealing the package (Church & Parsons, 1995). The materials used for vacuum packaging must be strong enough to withstand the vacuum, flexible enough to form around the food product, and have a very specific level of heat sensitivity. Regarding the heat sensitivity of the material, the material must be sealed during the packaging process, but also suitable for moderate temperatures during cooking (e.g., 75°C). This is especially the situation with the emerging popularity of sous vide cooking of foods. Vacuum packaging was invented in the 1950s by a German inventor named Karl Busch, who used the discovery for vacuum packaging meat products. Today, vacuum packaging is common for long duration storage of dry foods like cereals, nuts, cured meats, cheese, and smoked fish, as well as short duration storage of fresh foods like vegetables, meats, and liquids. Vacuum packaging of foods offers several distinct advantages for the food industry, mainly associated with the reduction, or even the potential elimination, of atmospheric oxygen. This slows the rate of oxidative reactions (i.e., lipid oxidation and protein oxidation) and limits the growth of aerobic bacteria and fungi. Vacuum packaging refers to the technique of removing air from a pack prior to sealing and it predates the use of gases as a means of food preservation. Its principal purpose is to remove oxygen by pulling the packaging material into intimate contact with the product. It works particularly well for frozen poultry such as turkeys, where the exclusion of air helps to reduce freezer burn, and for fatty fish such as salmon. Hand and semi-automatically operated vacuum packaging chamber machines are available, offering a relatively low cost option (vs. MAP gas packaging), for small- and medium-sized companies such as farms selling their own fresh meat and bacon. A significant advantage of vacuum packaging is that the pack volume is virtually the same as the product volume, with no ‘empty’ space inside the pack. However, this also means that products such as joints of meat are of unequal size, making them difficult to display. Dry goods such as pasta (provided the product can withstand the force of the packaging material being pulled around it without breaking up) lend themselves well to vacuum packaging. Products such as ground coffee and dried yeast can be packed in regular brick-shaped packs, thus minimising storage and distribution costs. Moderate vacuum packaging (MVP) is a variation of traditional vacuum packaging, used for respiring products such as prepared fruit and vegetables. The product is packed in a rigid airtight container or a pouch and is surrounded by normal air, but at a reduced pressure (around one-third of normal atmospheric pressure). This slows down the metabolism of the product and the growth of spoilage organisms (Laurila and Ahvenainen, 2002).   

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

An Integrated Biotechnological Approach to Gold Processing 

Описание:   An Integrated Biotechnological Approach to Gold Processing  This paper reviews the state of the art in processing and extraction of gold. The ore bodies which were considered uneconomical at one time are becoming economical due to new and advanced methods of extraction. The paper discusses the gold treatment methods on free milling ores with conventional cyanidation and refractory ores with direct and pretreatment techniques for the recovery of high gold values. In the extraction aspect, the paper discloses two different extraction schemes on treating refractory ores, namely pretreatment followed by gold leaching and direct leaching. Pretreatment process involving roasting chemical oxidation and bio-oxidation have been discussed. Direct leaching of gold ore processing such as heap leaching, carbon in pulp (CIP), carbon in leach (CIL) and resin in pulp (RIP) are summarized. This paper also dicloses in a detailed manner the research approach on the development of alternative leach reagents which could improve environmental concerns as compared to the use of cyanide. Special emphasis of the review is focussed on the technical and economic guidelines for developing a small gold mine on the basis of capital and operating cost analysis. Gold miners are facing a reserves crisis, and what is left in the ground is becoming more and more challenging to process. Refractory gold reserves, which require more sophisticated treatment methods in order to achieve oxide-ore recovery rates, correspond to 24 percent of current gold reserves and 22 percent of gold resources worldwide (Exhibit 1). Despite offering a higher grade, these ores can only be processed using specific pretreatment methods such as ultrafine grinding, bio oxidation, roasting, or pressure oxidation (POX). This special treatment is required for two reasons: first, to liberate gold particles encapsulated in sulfide or arsenic minerals; and, second, to eliminate carbonaceous material occurring in the ore, which adsorbs dissolved gold instead of active carbon that is normally added to the leaching solution. According to MineSpans analysis, approximately one-quarter of the gold in geological reserves and resources can be considered refractory, and most is located in regions with a long history of gold exploration and mining, as well as a lower investment risk, such as North America, Oceania, and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It is important to note that the additional processing steps required for treating refractory ores generate additional costs compared with conventional plants; however, the reserve grade for these ores is on average 86 percent higher than those of nonrefractory-type deposits (2.25 grams per metric ton on average, versus 1.21 grams per metric ton for nonrefractory ores). Our analysis shows that, in the near future, production from refractory-type deposits is expected to grow at a higher rate than production from nonrefractory ores (Exhibit 2). This production growth for refractory ores can be explained by analyzing two main factors: costs and grade. Our analysis of recently developed and planned gold projects for refractory and nonrefractory ores found that: Capital costs per metric ton of ore capacity are higher in refractory-ore projects. Construction of processing plants with POX circuits (the technology that recently became the most popular to treat difficult ore) requires approximately 48 percent higher investments compared to plants with regular tank-leaching processes (Exhibit 3). Recently constructed POX facilities in Russia and Turkey had a price tag of nearly $1 billion, and the construction of other facilities, which are expected to cost more than $2.5 billion, are still in the pipeline. Operational costs per metric ton of processed ore are higher on average. Operational costs vary depending on the mining method and is notably 50 percent higher for open-pit refractory-ore projects. MineSpans data analysis shows that the increase in operational costs is primarily driven by higher consumables and energy costs (Exhibit 4). Due to their significantly higher grades, refractory ores yield costs per ounce that are frequently lower than the average costs for conventional ores. Mill-head grades of refractory deposits can be 86 percent higher; as a consequence, the operational costs per ounce of gold produced are approximately 19 percent lower in the case of refractory gold mines. Thus, according to MineSpans data, 54 percent of gold production from refractory deposits comes from mines situated in the bottom half of the cost curve, while only 18 percent sits in the fourth quartile (Exhibit 5). This high-grade effect is expected to remain in place at least until 2023, but grade erosion should dampen it over time. In order to generate the most value from refractory gold ore cip extraction plant and prevent longer-term distress due to grade erosion, we see three main areas for action that miners should consider: Diligent mine planning and plant design are crucial to keep capital expenditures (capex) on budget and ensure that operating expenditures (opex) stay in the expected range during the production stage. In order to decrease capex overspending, miners should pay extra attention to the plant design prior to construction. Identification of bottlenecks and overcapacities is crucial due to the many recirculation systems needed at the processing plant. A suboptimal plant design for a specific ore can quickly erode the benefits of higher-grade refractory ores through reduced recovery or the inability to approach nominal capacity. Miners should also be mindful of proper material selection during plant construction in order to decrease downtimes caused by, for example, extensive material wear in the highly corrosive environment associated with autoclaves. Digital technology will help optimize throughput and yield at the plant and mitigate costs arising from grade erosion. Custom-built artificial intelligence systems that use massive data generated by operations can significantly increase plant performance, as we have seen with clients that were able to achieve up to a 10 percent throughput increase and a 2 percent increase in recovery. Inclusion of refractory processing plants in a miner’s asset list may unlock the value of refractory-type reserves in other locations. Miners could ship high-grade refractory ore or concentrate from several mines to centralized processing facilities designed to process difficult ores—an approach already employed by Russian miners Petropavlovsk and Polymetal International. Spare capacity at refractory-processing hubs can be used to process ore delivered from third-party miners that don’t have their own refractory-processing circuit. Another benefit of having a refractory-ore processing plant is the transfer of know-how and experience between different operations. Miners can tap into the opportunity for lower costs per ounce offered by higher-grade refractory gold reserves. However, when considering this potential, they need to factor in higher capital and operational costs. The winners will be those that pay close attention to optimizing mine design, maximizing plant performance via digital technology, and asset-portfolio planning. The role of biotechnology in different facets of gold extraction metallurgy is illustrated with respect to biogenesis of gold ore processing plant, biobenefication, bioliberation and bioenvironmental control. The use and commerical potential of this technology are discussed with reference to the mining and processing of Hutti gold ores. A microbial survey of the Hutti gold mines revealed the ubiquitous presence of various autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and yeast of relevance in gold processing. The possible roles played by different indigenous microorganisms in the formation, conversion and transport of gold along with various associated minerals have been brought out. Similarly, the role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the flotation beneficiation of gold-bearing sulphides and in enhancing gold recovery from refractory sulphide ores and concentrates has been demonstrated. Direct gold solubilization could be achieved by Bacillus spp. Various fungi and yeast were found to be useful in the biosorption of gold and other base metals from cyanide effluents. It could thus show that biotechnology could be beneficially utilized in different stages of precious metal processing spanning from mining to waste disposal. first_pagesettings Open AccessReview A Review of the Cyanidation Treatment of Copper ore Separation and Concentrates by Diego Medina * andCorby G. Anderson Department of Mining Engineering, Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy Colorado School of Mines 1500 Illinois St., Hill Hall 337, Golden, CO 80401, USA Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Metals 2020, 10(7), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070897 Received: 21 May 2020 / Revised: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 / Published: 5 July 2020 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy) Download PDF Browse Figures Citation Export Abstract Globally, copper, silver, and gold orebody grades have been dropping, and the mineralogy surrounding them has become more diversified and complex. The cyanidation process for gold production has remained dominant for over 130 years because of its selectivity and feasibility in the mining industry. For this reason, the industry has been adjusting its methods for the extraction of gold, by utilizing more efficient processes and technologies. Often, gold may be found in conjunction with copper and silver in ores and concentrates. Hence, the application of cyanide to these types of ores can present some difficulty, as the diversity of minerals found within these ores can cause the application of cyanidation to become more complicated. This paper outlines the practices, processes, and reagents proposed for the effective treatment of these ores. The primary purpose of this review paper is to present the hydrometallurgical processes that currently exist in the mining industry for the treatment of silver, copper, and tantalum ore separation, as well as concentrate treatments. In addition, this paper aims to present the most important challenges that the industry currently faces, so that future processes that are both more efficient and feasible may be established. The history of modern hydrometallurgy started with the discovery of how to obtain gold and silver from ores, on 19 October 1887, by John Steward MacArthur, who was recognized for having established the application of the cyanidation process. Gold production around the world readily doubled as a consequence of cyanidation’s initial application within the mining industry. Following the first application of cyanidation in the recovery of gold, the hydrometallurgical industry has developed and grown according to the needs of the process and the mineral complexity of the ore deposits. Hydrometallurgical processes can be defined as the leaching of a desired metal into a solution, followed by the concentration and purification of the pregnant solution, and finally, the recovery of the metal or its compounds. The processing of gold and silver ore by leaching is one of the most prominent examples of early hydrometallurgy-based processes. Most of the gold extraction from ore is accomplished by the implementation of an alkaline cyanide leaching process. The chemical recovery of gold can be defined by two different operations: the oxidative dissolution of gold and the reductive precipitation of metallic gold from the solution. Cyanide is one of the most attractive lixiviants in the current industrial gold leaching process. During gold cyanidation, silver and copper are commonly present within the solution, which causes their metal ions to react with the cyanide (CN?), thus forming complexes . Cyanide is considered to be a hazardous compound because of its toxicity; there is currently environmental pressure by different groups around the world to ban the industrial use of cyanide. Research on replacing cyanide as a lixiviant has been ongoing over the years, and has found that there are other potentially workable compounds, such as thiosulfate, thiourea, halides, various sulfide systems, ammonia, bacteria, natural acids, thiocyanate, nitriles, and combinations of cyanide with other compounds . Many of these alternative gold processes are still in the early development stages. A key factor for the commercial success of these alternative lixiviants relates to the overall stability of the lixiviant and the gold complex in solution. Currently, the mining industry faces the problem of separating these complex valuable minerals from the ore in which they reside. This paper outlines various options that hydrometallurgical processes offer for the treatment of these complex minerals, containing precious metals such as Cu, Ag, and Au. 

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Quality control and quality assurance in the apparel industry

Описание:  Quality control and quality assurance in the apparel industry Interlinings, also called interfacing, are generally nonwoven fabrics that add more structure and body to garment components like collars, button plackets, waistbands, and cuffs. Interlinings may be fusible or sew-on. Interlining fabric durability is important for garment construction. Fusible interfacing can become unglued from fabric and shift, creating rippling, puckering, and unevenness. Hence, the fusible interfacing should be tested for their performance for defects such as cracking, bubbling, and delamination during their regular use. Fusible interfacings are susceptible to the adhesive bleeding through causing darker spots on the surface called strike-through. Fusible interlinings are assessed for their ability to stay bonded to the fashion fabric and not shift during wear and cleaning. They are also tested for compatibility and shrinkage. Compatibility indicates good drapability, bulk, and support of the fabric at the attachment point. Shrinkage can cause puckering of the attached point and bubbled appearance. The three parameters such as temperature, pressure, and time should be appropriately selected to avoid improper interlining attachment. However the quality of the face fabrics and non woven interlining used in making samples does not always conform to the materials delivered for production. The face fabrics and their interlinings must therefore be tested again to verify the previously accepted fusing parameters. One of the first successful applications of nonwovens was as interlinings for clothing (Assent, 2003). Nonwovens are still widely used for this purpose but are also used as the main material for protective clothing (Haase, 2003) and increasingly as the outer layer in fashion-based and technical garments (University of Leeds, 2007). The making-up of nonwovens is therefore an important consideration. Patterning, cutting and joining are considered very basically here. Nonwovens for interlinings are processed in such a way as to give them an adhesive surface. The patterns for these nonwovens are designed and made together with the patterns for the upper fabric and garment lining during the pattern design and grading stages. Table 8.2 outlines the functional aspects of nonwovens that impact on their performance as interlinings, and highlights the stages of fabric production that affect these aspects. Fusing of interlinings in garment manufacturing is a very important process. Interlinings are the accessories used between two layers of fabric to keep the different components of apparel in a desired shape or to improve the aesthetics and/or performance. Generally, interlinings are soft, thick, and flexible fabric made of cotton, nylon, polyester, wool and viscose or their blends, which may be coated with some resins. There are two types of double dot non woven interlining in use in the garment production: fusible and non fusible. The interlinings are carefully selected so that they can withstand the conditions during the fabric care and maintenance without any damage during the useful life of a garment. Once the garments are finished and inspected, they are packaged and transported to the retailers or the point of sale to the consumers. The garment construction and type, notably the number and type of seams, linings and interlinings as well as cut and style, clearly play a significant role in the draped appearance of the garment, the presence, nature and bonding of interlinings, etc. having a major effect. So too will the fabric colour, depth of shade and pattern have a significant effect, although these effects are essentially optical in nature and not due to actual changes in the fabric drape per se. With respect to the effects of seams, including seam and stitch type, these have been studied and reviewed in detail by Chung,12 Hu17 and Sharrouf,36 their main effects being on the stiffness (both bending and shear) of the fabric in their immediate vicinity and on their positioning within the garment.  The garment construction and type – notably the number, positioning and type of seams, linings and interlinings – as well as cut and style, play significant roles in the draped appearance of the garment, with the presence, nature and bonding of interlinings having a major effect. Fabric colours, depths of shade and patterns also have significant effects, although these are essentially optical in nature and not due to actual changes in the fabric drape per se. Seams mainly affect fabric stiffness (both bending and shear) in their immediate vicinity, the magnitude of the effect depending on their positioning within the garment. For example, bending length tends to increase with the insertion of a vertical seam, while drape coefficient increases with the addition of radial seams, and increasing the seam allowance has little effect. The most important factor for performing qualitative fusing is temperature. It must correspond to the glue line temperature, required for the certain interlining. However, the temperature setting or reading on the control panel of a fusing press indicates its belt temperature, not the temperature applied to the interlining. The real temperature that will be delivered to the interlining through the face fabric can be determined only during the test. It can be performed putting special temperature control tape in-between the face fabric and its interlining sample and fusing them. The colour of the tape will show the real temperature applied to the interlining. The optimal fusing temperature must be found for every fabric of the order to avoid its shrinkage or damaging during the fusing process. Normal cotton sheeting fabrics were applied with a layer of adhesive that can be fixed to the shell fabric by application of heat or pressure. This formed a composite part of the fused shell part and supported the outer shell for better drape and look. Woven interlinings are majorly 100% cotton based with a thread density of variable count as required for the weight or stiffness needed for a particular use. Now poly-cotton blends are also available to overcome the problems of shrinkage faced in cotton fabrics together with a variety of warp and weft combination like rayon, texturized poly and wool etc. Advantages of woven interlining The main advantage of woven fabrics is its strength and stability, hence used for all such applications where strength and stability are needed like the waistband. However, this could be a disadvantage at times where flexibility and soft hand feel is required. Woven is majorly plain weaves, sometimes crepe, herringbone or twill weaves are also offered according to the application need. In such cases, texturized poly yarns are used for voluminous body, soft and natural hand feel or drape of the fused composite at the same time strength, flexibility and lightweight of the fused laminate is achieved without much altering the natural drape or texture of shell fabric. However, woven is expensive and not suitable for less expensive casual garments hence, it was replaced by knitted fabrics that used a combination of synthetic yarns with rayon and wool for body and volume according to different application intended for. As the name implies there is no involvement of any yarn for interlacement to make the fabric. It is made directly from fiber to fabric stage in the process reducing the cost of base fabric. As there is no yarn used in making nonwovens, it lacks in strength needed for apparel use and there are many techniques applied to impart required strength to nonwoven textiles, called Bonding. They are the most versatile product available from 10gsm to 200gsm and above, offering light, soft, flexible or strong for any application one can think of. The basic manufacturing technique is using mostly synthetic fibers to form a layer, which are imparted strength by bonding. Let us understand the different layering and bonding methods, their use and their advantages and disadvantages. Seema Impex, Established in 2018 at Delhi in Delhi, is leading Importer, Supplier of Interlinings & Linings in India. Seema Impex is one of Trade India's verified and trusted sellers of listed products. With their extensive experience of supplying and trading Black Double Dot Stretch Lycra Fusing Interlining, Seema Impex has made a reputed name for themselves in the market with high quality Black Double Dot Stretch Lycra Fusing Interlining, Grey Stretch Microdot Fusing Interlining, Fine Finish Microdot Fusing Interlining etc. Focusing on a customer centric approach, Seema Impex has a pan-India presence and caters to a huge consumer base throughout the country. Buy Interlinings & Linings in bulk from Seema Impex at Trade India quality-assured products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pressing on bending rigidities of the face fabric, adhesive paste dot non woven interlining and bonded composite fabric and verify the prediction method for bending rigidity of those. Predicting methods of bending rigidity for composite with face fabric and adhesive interlining based on laminated theory were verified with measured bending rigidities and thickness of samples. Bending rigidities and thicknesses of woven fabrics, adhesive interlinings and composites with those were measured by the KES-FB system. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film was used for measuring mechanical properties of pressed adhesive interlining. Bending rigidities of adhesive interlinings became larger and thicknesses were reduced compared to those before pressing. Bending rigidities of face fabrics didn’t change though the thicknesses became thinner than before pressing. It was found that the case of considering mechanical properties of pressed face fabric and pressed interlining was more efficient to predict bending rigidity of composite with laminated model. 

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Cat Toys: Everything You Need To Know

Описание:  Cat Toys: Everything You Need To Know Cat toys aren’t all fun and games for your cat; whether elaborate or simple, toys give your cat exercise, mental stimulation, a chance to act on hunting instincts, and a way to bond with you. There are so many cat toys on the market. It can be tough to pick ones that are both safe and appealing for your kitty. Cat toys can range from free, homemade distractions to battery-powered devices. But regardless of the price tag, safety comes first. Cats should never have any toy that includes loose string or yarn. The papillae that give the cat’s tongue its rough texture act as tiny hooks to draw the string or yarn into the cat’s throat. Once ingested, string or yarn can lead to serious, even deadly, problems in the digestive tract. You can find plenty of items around the house that make safe and fun toys for your cat, starting with a plain brown paper sack whose crinkly texture delights cats, especially if the back is large enough to crawl inside. Empty boxes, from soda cases to cardboard boxes, are cat magnets. Boxes too small to hold your cat can contain small pet accessories or treats; cut small holes in the boxes so cats will be challenged to fish out the goodies such as store-bought “mice” or small balls. Interactive Cat Tree Help You Play & Bond You can join in the fishing fun with a fishing rod or teaser style toy with a wand that lets you easily move the toy and keep it just out of your cat’s reach for interactive play. Toys like the MeoHui cat feather toy or the KONG active feather teaser catnip toy have easy-to-hold wands for you with feathery temptations at the other end of the toy for your cat. Another toy that lets you be part of the game is a laser pointer specially made for pets. Although they should never be pointed in a pet’s eyes and only used with adult supervision, these low-level laser toys delight cats as they chase the light. And if your hands are full, toys such as the SereneLife Automatic Cat Laser Toy, have an automatic timer so you can set it for a few minutes of play and exercise time for your cat. Toys can also provide fun and challenge for your cat when you’re away. Catnip-filled toys fascinate some cats — only about half of all cats are fans of catnip — while balls, whether crinkly, rattling, or fuzzy, delight others. For more interactivity, look for toys that challenge cats like the Cheese Chase from Petstages. A translucent track holds a ball and tempts felines to slap the ball in circles while a top compartment with holes tests cats with another ball contained inside. And toys that contain treats — or your cat’s dry food — can make a meal last and help your cat maintain a healthy weight at the same time. Fill a toy like the PetSafe’s SlimCat, then watch your cat have fun rolling the ball around the room, dispensing one piece at a time as it rolls. Just as with children’s toys, one of the keys to success is to rotate cat toys, leaving one out just a few days, then putting it away for a while for reintroduction later. And, just as with a two-legged child’s toy, don’t forget to save the box the toy came in — that can often be just as much fun! What kind of cat barrel does your kitty prefer? Which ones would you recommend? Let us know in the comments below! There are many factors that contribute to the safety or danger of a toy. Many of those factors, however, are completely dependent upon your cat’s size, activity level and personal preference. Another factor to be considered is the environment in which your cat spends her time. Although we can’t guarantee your cat’s enthusiasm or her safety with any specific toy, we can offer the following guidelines. Be cautious The things that are usually the most attractive to cats are often the very things that are the most dangerous. Cat-proof your home by checking for: string, ribbon, yarn, rubber bands, plastic milk jug rings, paper clips, pins, needles, and anything else that could be ingested. All of these items are dangerous, no matter how cute your cat may look when she’s playing with them. Avoid or alter any toys that aren’t cat-proof by removing ribbons, feathers, strings, eyes, or other small parts that could be chewed and/or ingested. Soft toys should be machine washable. Check labels for child safety, as a stuffed toy that’s labeled as safe for children under three years old, doesn’t contain dangerous fillings. Problem fillings include things like nutshells and polystyrene beads. Also, rigid toys are not as attractive to cats. Recommended toys Active toys Round plastic shower curtain rings are fun either as a single ring to bat around, hide or carry, or when linked together and hung in an enticing spot. Plastic rolling balls, with or without bells inside. Ping-Pong balls and plastic practice golf balls with holes, to help cats carry them. Try putting one in a dry bathtub, as the captive ball is much more fun than one that escapes under the sofa. You’ll probably want to remove the balls from the bathtub before bedtime, unless you can’t hear the action from your bedroom. Two o’clock in the morning seems to be a prime time for this game. Paper bags with any handles removed. Paper bags are good for pouncing, hiding and interactive play. They’re also a great distraction if you need your cat to pay less attention to what you’re trying to accomplish. Plastic bags are not a good idea, as many cats like to chew and ingest the plastic. Sisal-wrapped toys are very attractive to cats that tend to ignore soft toys. Empty cardboard rolls from toilet paper and paper towels are ideal cat stairs with plush cover, especially if you “unwind” a little cardboard to get them started. Plain catnip can be crushed and sprinkled on the carpet, or on a towel placed on the floor if you want to be able to remove all traces. The catnip oils will stay in the carpet, and although they’re not visible to us, your cat will still be able to smell them. Catnip sprays rarely have enough power to be attractive to cats. Not all cats are attracted to catnip. Some cats may become over-stimulated to the point of aggressive play and others may be slightly sedated. Kittens under six months old seem to be immune to catnip. Catnip is not addictive and is perfectly safe for cats to roll in, rub in or eat. Comfort toys Soft stuffed animals are good for several purposes. For some cats, the stuffed animal should be small enough to carry around. For cats that want to “kill” the toy, the stuffed animal should be about the same size as the cat. Toys with legs and a tail seem to be even more attractive to cats. Cardboard boxes, especially those a tiny bit too small for your cat to really fit into. Rotate your cat’s toys weekly by making only four or five toys available at a time. Keep a variety of types easily accessible. If your cat has a huge favorite, like a soft “baby” that she loves to cuddle with, you should probably leave that one out all the time, or risk the wrath of your cat! Provide toys that offer a variety of uses – at least one toy to carry, one to “kill,” one to roll and one to baby. Hide and Seek is a fun game for cats to play. Found toys are often much more attractive than a toy which is blatantly introduced. Copyright Dumb Friends League and Humane Society of the United States. All rights reserved. While your cat may sometimes find a cardboard box more entertaining than a cat toy, that isn’t to say she doesn’t appreciate the real deal. Providing a variety of cat toys will not only keep your cat active, playtime also gives her much-needed quality bonding time with you. While playing, you also might see your cat’s “natural instincts” come to life through stalking and pouncing. This playful attacking or “object play” does wonders to stimulate your her predatory behavior. Variety—and Access—are Keys to Success Your cat will enjoy a variety of toys, but some of the usual favorites are teasers, balls, toy mice, balls, catnip-filled toys and interactive toys. Don’t leave all of her toys out after playtime; your cat may become less interested in a toy if she has easy access to it. Some toys may also have small parts that your cat could eat or choke on, so make sure you supervise playtime. Even the greatest toy on earth is no substitute for having a playdate. Make time for play sessions once or twice a day. What’s equally important is that you stop playing once your cat seems uninterested. So what should you bring to your playdate? Let’s explore your options: Fishing Poles/Teasers A favorite among cats and kittens, poles and teaser usually come with feathers, ribbons or other enticing items attached. Most cats love it if you animate the target, so keep the line moving and watch as she leaps through the air and performs graceful tricks. This type of play is great for sharpening your kitten’s natural skills like stalking, chasing or pouncing, without making you the prey. Mice and Balls Cats and kittens love small, furry toys that resemble other creatures. These toys look like prey and stimulate predatory instincts. After your cat has hunted for her toys, she may decide to bring you the kill. Praise her for a job well done to encourage more play. Always supervise your cat to make sure she doesn’t try to devour her toys. Eating these types of toys may not cause a problem right away, but watch for any signs of gastrointestinal distress and call your veterinarian if you have any concerns. Mylar balls, plastic balls with bells inside, balls filled with treats or catnip or even light-up balls make a game of fetch exciting and provide a great cardiovascular workout to help your cat stay active, flexible and coordinated. Catnip Toys Catnip is a member of the mint family and contains an essential oil called nepetalactone that can neurologically stimulate your cat. Reactions to catnip can vary: your cat may eat it, smell it, roll in it, get a sudden burst of energy or just mellow out and take a nap. When buying catnip toys, keep in mind that a kitten may not develop a sensitivity to catnip until four to six months of age, and that only 50 percent of all cats respond to catnip. Scratchers Scratching is a normal and usual cat behavior. Scratching helps cats remove the outer layers of their claws. This behavior acts like a cat manicure, and helps your cat mark her territory. Cat scratchers not only give your cat an outlet for her natural instincts, they can save your carpet and furniture from wear and tear. Types of cat scratchers vary: choose from flat scratchers, trees, condos, ramps, towers and perches in an array of shapes and sizes. Some incorporate balls, feathers or toys to catch your cat’s interest, while others provide a comfortable resting spot for an afternoon nap. Interactive Toys Interactive puzzle toys help mentally stimulate your cat by engaging her in play when you’re not home. Many include balls and other items that inspire your cat to chase, bat and uncover hidden items. When you are home, a laser pointer can provide hours of interactive entertainment and exercise for your cat as he tries to catch the bright laser beam. Household Items Cats are naturally interested in common household items like string, twine, rubber bands, ribbon, paper, tissue, buttons, marbles, balloons, tinsel and aluminum foil, but they aren’t safe options. Your cat could easily swallow these items, and if they get stuck in her stomach or intestines, surgery may be required. Also, get to know your cat. If you notice that your cat stalks the electrical cords in your house, you may want to invest in cord protectors. Doing so will limit the chances of your cat chewing through the cords and getting burned, shocked or electrocuted.  

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Lipsticks: How They Have Changed and Where They Are Going

Описание:   Lipsticks: How They Have Changed and Where They Are Going Lipstick is arguably the most enduring of cosmetic products. Both women and men have colored their cosmetics for lip at various times throughout the ages—though the practice fell in and out of favor, changing with society’s value judgements. As lip-painting fluctuated in popularity, it manifested itself as a reflection of the modesty, moral austerity and/or accepted social norms of a particular era.1 Despite its sometimes negative associations, the act of coloring lips has persisted. The use of auto liner for lip has signified many different things—not necessarily related to aesthetic enhancement. For example, coloring lips has historically represented social status2 and been used as a form of protest to signify emancipation.3 More recently, women have used it to capture the glamour of Hollywood for themselves, or quite simply to enhance their natural lip color and boost their mood. Conversely, lipstick sales have also been linked to a downturn in world economies, and as such, acts as a barometer of the mood of the people.4 Lipstick performs as much more than a cosmetic: it is an emblem, a tool of ritual, and a marker for expression, seduction and femininity. The most striking element of any lipstick is, without a doubt, the color—and red lipgloss is especially iconic today. Cleopatra is perhaps one of the most notable figures from historical times who reputedly added color to her lips using crushed cochineal beetles to extract the red carmine color.5 It also is reported that before Cleopatra, more than 5,000 years ago, Egyptians stained their lips using ochre and iodine.6 From this and other early forays into makeup application, the world’s obsession for applying lip color began. Since these first, crude methods of production, lipstick has thankfully become much more sophisticated. In today’s world, consumers expect lipstick to go beyond color application, and women’s minimum expectations for performance appear to increase with each passing decade—mirrored with the need for cosmetic companies to constantly deliver on brand promises and product performance claims, and to provide stand-out-from-the-crowd effects. The lipsticks of today are still recognizable descendents of the mass-produced formulations that began in the mid-twentieth century and consist, for the most part, of waxes, oils, alcohol and pigments. During lipstick’s development, the industry has witnessed a number of evolutionary cycles, but the core formula type has remained fairly constant, and each of the ingredients plays an important part in the structural and aesthetic qualities of a lipstick. For example, commonly used waxes such as beeswax, carnauba and candellila give substance and form to the final product. Therefore, balancing the correct wax blend is an important consideration for the formulator. The melting point of waxes impacts the softness of the end product; low-melting point waxes may render a softer stick that is difficult to contain within its pack and makes application messy and uncontrollable. A texture that is too hard can result in a difficult and unpleasant application with a poor sensorial experience. Before inserting a lipstick into its container, it must be molded into the familiar bullet shape. Traditional molding equipment is made from aluminium or steel, and the process of filling involves simply pouring the hot, molten formula into the metal split mold. Once the formulation has cooled and set, the molds are split and the lipstick bullets are removed. Until the 1970s, this process employed manual labor, which was considerably intensive since it involved cleaning the molds and maintaining product overspill. The process for molding lipsticks was automated in 1971 when Weckerle invented the first fully automatic molding machine.7 Automation gave the industry a distinct advantage of quicker, more efficient production, in turn giving manufacturers the ability to deliver a higher volume of product. Essentially, the automated process still incorporates pouring the hot, liquid formulation into steel or aluminium capsules but moves through the various stages of molding on a conveyor. Arguably, some of the most practical raw materials, in terms of lipstick manufacturing and within formulations themselves, come in the form of silicones. In the industrialization of lipstick molding, silicones have enabled the creation of soft molds—a more modern counterpart to the earlier metal molds. These are commonly used and provide greater scope for the branding, such as for imprinting logos or specializing the design of bullets themselves. Further experimentation with different silicone types in the soft filling process could hold as-yet unrealized potential for lipstick production, especially taking into account the variety of characteristics that silicone compositions can offer in terms of hardness and porosity. For example, changing the hardness of the silicone can impart different effects on the surface of the mold, which can be especially useful with soft or sticky lipstick formulations. The silicone maintains a smooth and shiny surface that could not be obtained if a metal mold were to be used. For the traditional hard-filling process, ceramic, Teflon (a trademark of DuPont) and resins such as acrylic can also play an important role in mass manufacturing (see Table 1). The automatic filling process can be split into five main technologies: Push-out mold: In this case, the lip oil is pushed out from the metal mold and into the packaging. Blow-out mold: Like the push-out mold, the lipstick bullet is blown out with compressed air from the metal mold and into the packaging component. Soft mold: In the case of a soft silicone mold, the lipstick bullet is pulled out using a vacuum system. Hybrid system mold: In a hybrid system mold, the bottom of the lipstick bullet is filled in a metal mold and the top, visible part of it is filled in a silicon mold. Center core mold: Finally, the center core mold enables the filling of different bulks in the same bullet; i.e., double and triple core. For example, a lip balm formulation may be in one core while a lipstick formulation is in another core. Different colors and formulation types can therefore be poured into different segments of the same mold. Also noteworthy is that in the case of metal molding, release agents are required to prevent the bonding of a formulation to the mold itself. However, release agents can complicate the product by affecting the sheen and finish of the surface of the formulation, or pose manufacturing challenges when used with bulks containing volatile silicones. Lipstick Packaging The well-known metal lipstick tube was born in 1915, first manufactured by Guerlain;8 prior to this, commercial lipsticks were wrapped in paper and sold in jars, pots or paper tubes. Two Americans are credited with developing this modern tubed pack. Maurice Levy invented the first metal dispenser that encased the lipstick bullet, and the pack had levers on the side to raise and lower the stick. James Bruce Mason, Jr., patented the swivel-up lipstick that remains a staple of the industry today.9 In lipstick’s history, these two notable advances paved the way for the mass manufacture and distribution of lip balm. Lipstick had become compact, accessible to those who could afford it and a portable item ideal for a lady’s purse. Gaining Acceptance Following advances in packaging, an array of flavors, shades and concepts in lipstick came onto the market—including those having long-wear properties and deodorizing effects, which increased the propensity for lipstick use. Mass manufacture, women in the workforce and greater disposable income—along with the rise of consumerism, magazines and movies—all helped contribute to a shift in attitude toward cosmetics. Ultimately, this meant cosmetic companies’ advertising campaigns could engage with a wider audience, and product sales were able to first flourish then grow exponentially.10 Long-wear Concepts In today’s market, long-wearing lipstick concepts permeate. As reviewing recent commercial launches reveals, wear is an integral part of lipstick’s key attributes, and the ability for it to last is a key consideration for formulators and marketers alike. For example, D&C Red 21, a commonly used red fluorescent dye, is one raw material used to create effective, lasting color. This dye combines with moisture on the skin, staining the lips so that color remains even after the product has worn off. Also, water-insoluble dyes or bromo acid dyes such as D&C Red 21, D&C Red 27 and D&C Orange 5 have been used since the 1920s to deliver blue-red and orange-red shades.11, 12 In the early twentieth century, chemist Hazel Bishop recognized a key consumer need and addressed it when she created a lip color. 13 The advertising campaign at the time, “It stays on you, not on him,” captured very succinctly one of the biggest problems being encountered: transfer of the product from the lips. Bishop’s attempts at developing a true long-lasting product were not without setbacks, however. Long-wearing formulas tended to dry out the lips, and this obstacle has persisted as a challenge to formulators yet today. Bishop’s lipstick incorporated dyes for staining purposes in addition to pigments, which adhered firmly to the lips to achieve lasting wear while offering a richer, more substantive lip appearance.12 Bishop’s attempts almost a century ago exemplify a concern that is still relevant today: the comfort factor. Formulators can be forgiven for believing that wear and comfort in a lip product are mutually exclusive; no sooner does one create a smooth, silky feel, then the wear is affected—and vice versa. In fact, so much so that creating a dual-ended product can be a very elegant solution to this formulation conundrum, and examples of this are common on the market today. Formulators have also turned to solvent-based ingredients to create longer-lasting lipstick. Isododecane is a solvent that can be used to help reduce product transfer. This volatile, synthetic substance flashes off on contact with the skin, binding the colorants to the lip as well as creating a lightweight and matte finish. Its very characteristics—i.e., volatile nature and lower flash point—make isododecane an excellent solvent and dispersion agent, allowing it to extend lipstick wear; however, these can also render the manufacture process more challenging. Added Benefits Aside from extending lipstick wear, treating pigments with coatings can contribute further benefits. For example, alkyl silicone can enhance wear, increase compatibility with other raw materials and improve skin feel. Isopropyl titanium triisostearate delivers similar benefits but also improves the compatibility with oils in the formulation. This aspect, in particular, allows for more pigment loading for higher color coverage and, therefore, enhances wear properties. Treating pigments with amino acids also improves skin adhesion and produces better coverage while enhancing softness and comfort. What is in the future for wear and color effects in lipsticks? Trimethylsiloxysilicate (TMS) has great potential for enhancing wear, delivering a glossy effect and increasing adherence to the lips. TMS is a highly cross-linked silicone resin that functions as a film-former. Its net-like structure and adhesive properties means it holds pigments in place, displays water-resistance and improves wear. Also on the global market, new molecules are evolving that modify the compatibility of lipstick with raw materials to provide more affinity with skin and improve the transfer-resistance. One such example is polyphenylsilsesquioxane—a hybrid between silicone elastomers and TMS resin. Pigment encapsulation is another potential route for extending lipstick wear; however, not all capsules are suitable for hot-pour products. A high-functioning encapsulation system that could withstand heat would additionally allow a broader choice of actives to increase lipstick performance. Entrapment platforms using polyurethane as a base are commonly referred to as “encapsulation,” but true encapsulation, such as those that provide the means for flavor delivery, are technologies based on hydrolyzed corn starch and hydrated silica. There is perhaps potential in this arena to bring performance results from a pigment and flavor perspective. Conclusions While wear appears to be the core performance aspect of lipsticks, it is not the only consideration. The lines between skin care and color cosmetics are increasingly being blurred, and multi-functional and hybrid cosmetic concepts are in demand. There is increasing consumer demand to achieve the best results possible in the quickest, easiest way. This makes the role of an industry formulator not only more challenging but also more intriguing as they seek the latest technologies that drive innovative products.  

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21

Space-Saving Furniture Designs for Efficient Kitchens

Описание:    Space-Saving Furniture Designs for Efficient Kitchens Over the past decade, tiny houses and micro-apartments have gained an immense amount of popularity as affordable and environmentally-friendly options for modern living. With compact architecture growing increasingly preferable or necessary for many, spatially-conscious furniture design is becoming increasingly relevant as well. One of the most critical areas for space-saving is the kitchen, where the multitude of functions and necessity of storage can make it difficult at times to make efficient use of space. Below, we outline several examples of space-saving furniture designs to make the best use of a small kitchen. The space-saving table is one of the most popular methods of increasing kitchen efficiency, with variations that can include sliding components, folding parts, and transformable functions. One of the most iconic examples of this typology is the drop-leaf table, which dates back to 16th century England. With foldable ‘leaves’ on either side, users can transform the table when not in use to increase limited walking space. Other more modern examples can include dining tables with nested chairs or ottomans, increasing storage space while eliminating the space taken up by regular chairs. Some kitchen counters or islands, such as the one shown above, can even increase space with modular sliding components serving either as plain surfaces or functional countertops with sinks and storage. The benefits of these products lie not just in their spatial efficiency, but in their ability to only take up space when actively in use. Where floor space is minimal, residential designers and homeowners can conserve space by making full use of the walls and ceiling to store necessary kitchen tools and utensils. Common examples include magnetic knife racks, hanging plants, and hanging pot racks, transferring important storage space from cluttered countertops and precious cabinets to overhead units. When trying to maintain an oft-desired minimalist scheme, designers can look for or create retractable or sheathed overhead cabinets. Just as transformable tables and kitchen islands can conserve space by compositing multiple functions into one space, so can cabinets or other kinds of shelving, being a necessary part of kitchen furnishing to begin with. These transformations can take many forms, from tables that swing or stack into shelves to shelves with nested components to those with extendable surfaces for eating or drinking, such as the one depicted above. Regardless of these many unconventional options for space conservation and efficient storage, the drawer will always be an inseparable part of the kitchen typology. Thus, making better use of the drawer will inherently improve kitchen efficiency and functionality as well. To facilitate better drawer storage, drawer organizers will always be the most timeless and effective method of efficiently utilizing precious storage space. While less extravagant than many of the above kitchen storage options, these can be the most helpful in day-to-day use for having easily accessible and well-organized tools. Altogether, there exist a variety of methods to improve the efficiency of small kitchen spaces, ranging from space-saving tables to improved multi-functional storage to even the most minute detail of drawer organizers. Combined, these furniture typologies can help even the smallest kitchen spaces exercise the full functionality of a regular kitchen, whether through home furniture transformations or optimized use of space – rendering the small kitchen a minute inconvenience if one at all. Everyone knows that Kitchen is an essential part of the house and has its own importance. Kitchen is the place where every member of the family spends at least some time of the day. The kitchen is only the place where the women prove their ability and the men make an effort for cooking, and the place that allows you to win the heart of everyone.  Of course the place should be neat and clean, more pleasant and eye-catching, can give you the feel of relax. When you are thinking about kitchen furniture there are so many things you have to judge like placement of major things (gas stove, refrigerator, sink) should be in triangular function, selection of cabinets, bar stools, table and chairs, kitchen islands, buffet furniture, kitchen hutch, faucets and accessories. Here is some kind of kitchen furniture that gives you a more clutter free kitchen. In big kitchens you can use the cart islands to bring the things from one corner to another or from the kitchens to the other rooms like living room, dining room or to your patio, garden. When you are going for these carts make sure they are enough strong if you are plan to chop on it. The wheels do not tremble and must be easily hold the load of items stored in it. These can also used as preparation table. The carts made of wood, stainless steel, or glass or a combination. You can choose them with a solid worktop like granite top or marble top, where you can chop easily. Kitchen cabinets are one of the most important parts of the kitchen furniture’s. Cabinets are very useful for the storage purpose. Everyone wants to de-clutter their kitchen so that kitchen cabinet is the best ever solution. The kitchen cabinets are made of different kind of woods like cedar wood, mahogany, teak, pine, oak, cherry, birch etc. out of them birch or cherry most popular for kitchen cabinetry. For kitchen cabinetry the style is as matter as functionality. Now the problem is how to arrange them? We have some tips to de-clutter your kitchen cabinets like place similar items or similar sized items with each other as it allow you to save the space. Minimizing the space between items can also give you the extra space to put up the other things. Choose them according to your kitchen theme or which one you want. When you are selecting the kitchen bar stools just focus on the height of the stools. It should be according to heights of your family members and Island. Pick easily adjustable stools. Style should match with your kitchen theme. Maintenance is also a need of European kitchen furniture, while selecting kitchen bar stools you should remember that bar stools and table should be easily wiped clean. Try to pick maintenance free bar stools such as bamboo, steeled. Today, table and chairs become a need of kitchens. They comes in a variety of materials like wood, glass top, marble top, glass top with wooden frame. The chairs are also available in a number of varieties and materials like wood, wrought iron, aluminum, fiberglass etc. for more comfortable sitting you can attach cushions at the seat and back.You can also use it as dining. Kitchen table and chair also saves your dining place. Make sure that your table and chairs would match your kitchen style and design. For classical design you can go with wooden chairs or wrought iron chairs design. If your kitchen has modern or contemporary look with stainless steel you can go for chairs of chrome and stainless steel. Buffet furniture come in three types of furniture like buffet hutch, buffet table and buffet cabinet. Buffet furniture comes in both varieties as functional as decorative. They all uses for the same propose that is additional storage.  These buffet furniture’s use in living and dining room also. Buffet furniture will definitely boost up your room. Wood is the most commonly used for buffets but buffets also available in metal. You can also have a marble and granite top as well as glass. If you want to make them more appealing then try to put silver, bronze or glass accents on top. Buffet furniture are also comes in hand painted drapers and carvings.  There’s nothing more inviting (and delicious) than a sunny Sunday morning brunch. And, if you’re a family or someone who lives in a home that loves to celebrate food, then it might be interesting to make your kitchen the happiest, livest room in the house that will evoke the charm and festivities of this weekend meal everyday. To create a vibrant mood in a modular kitchen, the easiest starting point will choosing kitchen furniture designs that immediately open up the room with a burst of colour. STYLE TIP: When choosing a bright colour for your kitchen room design, yo could either pick your favourite colour or shade that makes you happy, or get inspired by your favourite foods! In this kitchen, for example, the lemons have been used as a clever decorative accessory on the kitchen counter and are complemented with the citrus-hues island chairs to enhance the entire look. An open kitchen room design that extends into a living room helps bring an entire family together in a singular space. With the living room paired with an open modular kitchen, everyone in the family can go about with whatever they’re doing independently while also being together in the same room. With lesser walls, an open kitchen also adds its additional space to the surface area paired with the added ventilation that benefits both the rooms. So, in you plan on an open kitchen room design keep in mind that the décor you choose or kitchen furniture design you implement in it will extend to the living room as well. If you’d like to keep your furniture neutral, industrial or sleek but would like a bit of warmth, consider an exposed brick wall for one side of your kitchen to add a hint of charm to the entire space. Today’s modular kitchens are sleek, stylish and decked out with all the modern accessories and technology to make life as simple and streamlined as possible. While this extremely convenient and appealing to any home owner, there’s always an element of warmth and cosiness that’s required in every room of a house to make it feel like a home. While your countertops and fittings are meant to be utilitarian and functional and you wouldn’t want to tamper around with their designs, you can control the other aspects of the kitchen such as the walls and the kitchen furniture design to bring in to you. In this matte black kitchen room design, the light brown raw wood walls often the aesthetic of the space and are complemented with cabinetry under the island and the kitchen table in the same material and finish. We’ve seen it for years, while browsing through our favourite brand catalogues, magazines or mood boards online—the quintessential white kitchen. With it’s pristine white countertop, cabinetry, fittings and walls, everything looks squeaky clean and perfect. But with Indian kitchens and food comprising rich, vibrant spices and condiments that add an abundance of flavour and so much colour, how long would a clean white modular kitchen countertop stay spotless? Probably not very long. However, if you still dream about echoing this aesthetic in your Indian kitchen room design, there are easy tricks you can use to get the best of both worlds. Since your walls and cabinetry won’t serve as surfaces for food, they can be   made or painted white; while your countertop—the main problem surface—can be in a darker granite or durable stone that’s stain resistant and won’t absorb colours over time. If you feel like your kitchen lacks any personality or warmth, a burst of colour will immediately solve the problem. And, there are many ways to go about this. If you’re one to change your mind often when it comes to your décor choices or like to change the colours in the room through the year as the seasons change, you could work on your moveable accessories such as crockery, jars and storage containers which can be displayed or put away as per your mood. If you’re looking for something more permanent, consider changing the fronts of your drawers and cabinetry or retiling the backsplash behind your countertop. You could either deck out your entire kitchen in a particular design or choose a row of drawers, frameless cabinet or a strip of the backsplash to recolour (which will serve as an accent point in the kitchen room design).  

Дата Публикации: 19-11-21