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Meaning and Principles of lenses
Описание: Meaning and Principles of lenses lens, in optics, piece of glass or other transparent substance that is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays of light from the object. A lens is a piece of transparent material, usually circular in shape, with two polished surfaces, either or both of which is curved and may be either convex (bulging) or concave (depressed). The curves are almost always spherical; i.e., the radius of curvature is constant. A lens has the valuable property of forming images of objects situated in front of it. Single lenses are used in eyeglasses, contact lenses, pocket magnifiers, projection condensers, signal lights, viewfinders, and on simple box cameras. More often a number of lenses made of different materials are combined together as a compound lens in a tube to permit the correction of aberrations. Compound lenses are used in such instruments as cameras, microscopes, and telescopes. Optical principles for lenses A optical lens produces its focusing effect because light travels more slowly in the lens than in the surrounding air, so that refraction, an abrupt bending, of a light beam occurs both where the beam enters the lens and where it emerges from the lens into the air. A single lens has two precisely regular opposite surfaces; either both surfaces are curved or one is curved and one is plane. Lenses may be classified according to their two surfaces as biconvex, plano-convex, concavo-convex (converging meniscus), biconcave, plano-concave, and convexo-concave (diverging meniscus). Because of the curvature of the lens surfaces, different rays of an incident light beam are refracted through different angles, so that an entire beam of parallel rays can be caused to converge on, or to appear to diverge from, a single point. This point is called the focal point, or principal focus, of the lens (often depicted in ray diagrams as F). Refraction of the rays of light reflected from or emitted by an object causes the rays to form a visual image of the object. This image may be either real—photographable or visible on a screen—or virtual—visible only upon looking into the lens, as in a microscope. The image may be much larger or smaller than the object, depending on the focal length of the lens and on the distance between the lens and the object. The focal length of a lens is the distance from the centre of the lens to the point at which the image of a distant object is formed. A long-focus lens with beamsplitters forms a larger image of a distant object, while a short-focus lens forms a small image. Usually the image formed by a single lens is not good enough for precise work in such fields as astronomy, microscopy, and photography; this is because the cone of rays emitted by a single point in a distant object is not united in a perfect point by the lens but instead forms a small patch of light. This and other innate imperfections in a lens’s image of a single object point are known as aberrations. To correct such aberrations, it is often necessary to combine in one mount several lens elements (single lenses), some of which may be convex and some concave, some made of dense high-refractive or high-dispersive glass, and others made of low-refractive or low-dispersive glass. The lens elements may be cemented together or mounted at carefully calculated separations to correct the aberrations of the individual elements and obtain an image of acceptable sharpness (see also aberration). The precise mounting also ensures that all lenses are properly centred; that is, the centres of curvature of all the lens surfaces lie on a single straight line called the principal axis of the lens. A frequently used measure of the quality of any lens system is its ability to form an image that is sharp enough to separate, or resolve, two very close dots or lines in an object. Resolving power depends on how well the various aberrations in a lens system are corrected. The simplest compound lens is a thin cemented combination of two single lenses, such as that used in the objective (the lens nearest the object) of a small refracting telescope. Microscope objectives may contain as many as eight or nine elements, some of which may be made of different materials in order to bring all colours of light to a common focus, and thus prevent chromatic aberration. The objective lenses used in cameras may contain from two to 10 elements, while a so-called zoom or variable-focal length lens may have as many as 18 or 20 elements in several groups, the different groups being movable along the axis by levers or cams in order to produce the desired change in focal length without a shift of the focal plane. Lenses also vary greatly in diameter, from as small as 0.16 cm (1/16 inch) for an element in a microscope objective to as large as 100 cm (40 inches) for an astronomical telescope objective. In reflectors and several other types of astronomical telescopes, concave mirrors are used for the objective instead of lenses. Manufacturing optical lenses In the manufacture of lenses, slabs of glass are cut with a glass saw or slitting disk; a piece of the desired type and shape is chipped to a rough, round blank, or the pieces may be heated to softness, rolled to a round shape, and pressed in a mold to the desired size and to approximately the desired curvature of the surfaces. The surfaces are then ground, or lapped, to the final form, using coarse emery, carborundum, or diamond as an abrasive. Lens surfaces are ground on an iron tool, either flat or suitably curved, using progressively finer grades of one of the abrasives mentioned above. In the grinding process, a rotating cup-shaped tool is mounted so that its axis of rotation intersects the axis of the lens at the centre of curvature of the desired spherical surface. The obliquity of the tool axis must be adjusted so that the rim of the tool cuts across the centre of the (concave) lens being generated. For convex lenses, the centre of the rotating tool face cuts the rim of the lens blank. As both tool and lens rotate about their respective axes, a spherical surface of the desired radius of curvature is generated on the lens. Also, there are optical windows, optical mirrors, optical prisms, etc. Fine grinding, or smoothing, is done using carefully graded emery flour as an abrasive. A number of fine-ground lens blanks are then mounted with pitch on a block so that they can be polished together. The polishing tool is covered with a thin layer of pitch, wax, or even coarse cloth, and wet rouge or certain other mineral oxides are also used as polishing agents. The polishing of glass is a slow process, requiring lenses to be oscillated back and forth, sometimes for hours, against the rotating polisher. After both sides have been polished, the lens is ground around the edge to centre it and give it the correct diameter. If a compound objective is being made, several single lenses must be mounted together in a precise coaxial arrangement, and their thicknesses, separations, and centring must be kept very close to the prescribed values, or the aberration corrections laboriously determined by the lens designer will not be realized. The finished lens’s resolving power is then tested by using the lens to form an image of a point source or other suitable test object. Sophisticated variants of this basic testing procedure have been developed using photoelectric cells or interferometers to obtain greater measuring accuracy.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
Can you Laminate Fabric in a Laminating Machine?
Описание: Can you Laminate Fabric in a Laminating Machine? When you think of fabric, laminate is probably not what springs to mind. Some examples of laminate fabrics are oilcloths, vinyl, chalkboard fabrics, and some types of faux leathers. These items are really great to have around the house but can be pricy to purchase. Instead, why not make them yourself? Can you laminate fabric in a laminating machine? Not all fabric can be laminated in a machine, but many can be and you can do it yourself! Any material that has a plastic-like coating is a laminate fabric. However, you will not be able to sew fabrics that were laminated together using a laminator machine. Laminate fabrics can be great for projects that you intend to use that might get a little messy, like makeup bags, baby bibs, placemats, etc. Can You Even Laminate Fabric? If you can’t find the pattern or fabric that you are looking for that is already a laminate fabric, you can rest easy. Making your own laminate fabric is possible! We’ve listed a few tips and tricks to get you started on this journey: Laminator Machine: It is not suggested that you put your fabric through a laminator machine for most uses. The only reason you would put the fabric through a laminator machine is if you were making items such as placemats. Once you laminate fabric with a laminator machine, you can no longer sew it into anything else. Before you put your fabric through the laminator machine, you will want to make sure that you starch your fabric before you put it through the laminating machine. Otherwise, you might get wrinkles and issues when you laminate it. Iron on Laminate: The most common option for creating lamination fabric is to use iron-on vinyl. Unlike using a laminator, using iron-on vinyl will allow you to make a laminated fabric that you can still work with and sew into other projects. To use iron-on vinyl and turn your fabric into a laminate you will: Cut a piece of your iron-on vinyl to fit the piece of fabric you are working with. If you are working with something difficult, you might want to use more fabric and vinyl than it calls for, just in case. Iron your fabric well and make sure it is entirely flat. Peel the paper backing off the vinyl and make sure to place it on your fabric sticky side down and that no part of the vinyl hangs off the edge. Do not get rid of the paper you pulled off. Place the paper that you pulled off over the vinyl, shiny side down. Iron the vinyl to the fabric using medium heat. Do not iron on with moisture. Instead, use a dry iron. Be very careful not to leave the iron in one spot too long, or you might melt the vinyl onto your iron. Take off your paper, and you should have a laminate fabric that you can use for your projects! Most iron-on vinyl should have directions printed on them so that you know if yours has any variations to the application process. Can You Iron laminated Fabric Afterward? It is possible to iron laminated fabric after you laminate it if you do it carefully. You can iron the fabric that you made using iron-on vinyl, but don’t laminate it twice to try and flatten it out.If you want to iron your laminate fabric, you will want to iron on the side that you did not stick the laminate on, or you will want to iron using backing paper. You never want the vinyl itself to touch your iron. You also want to make sure that your vinyl doesn’t get too hot or it will melt. How Do You Sew Laminated Fabric Together? It is entirely possible to sew laminated fabrics together that were laminated using an iron-on method. However, you will not be able to sew fabrics that were laminated together using a laminator machine. Some considerations will have to be made to sew laminated fabrics together; they cannot just be put through a sewing machine like normal. Metal Pieces: Make sure that you do not use metal surfaces on vinyl when sewing because it will stick to the fabric and prevent it from going through the machine properly. To fix this issue, there are a few things that you can do. You can change your presser foot out for one that is either Teflon or plastic. If you do not have one, then you could also put tape over the metal surfaces on your machine. Matte tape or painters tape works very well. Stitch Length and Needle Size: It is beneficial for you to change your stitch length and needle size when working with vinyl. If you use a larger needle, you will have an easier time piercing through the fabric.Using pins will create noticeable holes in your fabric, so you will want to be careful where you pin your fabric. You could always use clips instead of holding your fabric pieces together. A longer stitch length is also ideal when working with vinyl. Because of the nature of the fabric, a stitch length that is too short will make a very sloppy mess of your project. What is Laminated Fabric Typically Used For? Laminated fabrics are often used for function and are less often used for aesthetic purposes. Some examples of laminated PE films for your fabric include vinyl, PVP acrylic, and silicone. There are many potential applications for laminated fabric. These applications include: Wind disposable coverall HosesSafety Vests Truck Covers HatsGlovesRain WearShoe/Clothing LiningsBags Shade Materials Pond Liners Irrigation Material Home Furnishings Backpacks Carpeting Airbags These are just a few examples. Laminated fabric is used for anything that needs a level of water resistance, such as isolation gown. They are also used for anything that you might want to be stain-resistant or easy to clean. How Durable is Laminated Fabric? Laminated fabrics are very durable. They have a high tensile strength even though they are often a lighter-weight fabric. Because the laminated fabric is very durable and lightweight, it is often used for clothing and other materials that you need to be able to fold and bend often. Other coated fabric types can be stiffer and less versatile. They are also less durable. For these reasons, you might want to consider using laminated fabrics whenever you need something waterproof and durable for your sewing projects. Are Their Other Ways to Coat Fabric with Polyurethane? There are a few different processes that are used to make polyurethane-coated fabrics. There are a few industrial processes that are utilized to coat fabric in polyurethane. There is both a wet process and dry process that are used based on what the future use for the fabric will be. Most processes for coating fabric with polyurethane are commercially completed. That way, you know that you are going to get an evenly coated and durable laminated fabric that will work for any project that you want to complete. It is more complicated to complete these processes at home. Iron-on methods are the most ideal for home use.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
Injection Molding: Faster, Smarter, More Efficient Machines Tackle Sustainable
Описание: Injection Molding: Faster, Smarter, More Efficient Machines Tackle Sustainable A profusion of new and upgraded injection machinery at K highlighted twin themes of Circular Economy and Smart Manufacturing. While presses keep getting faster, they also grow ever more energy efficient in kWh/lb of plastic processed. The vast majority of injection machines at the show were all-electric, hybrid, and/or servohydraulic. This year’s exhibits featured machines equipped to process large amounts of post-consumer recycle (PCR) or biobased materials. Reducing waste and downtime also contributes to more efficient and therefore more sustainable manufacturing. In that vein, K 2019 saw a continued push toward greater self-regulation in processing, greater connectivity between machines, and improved communication between humans and machines as milestones along the road to Smart Factories and Industry 4.0. The following report presents news not covered in our September show preview and elsewhere for a more complete picture of injection molding news at the show. See also Keeping Up and Starting Up sections of this issue for additional K-related news. A report on robots will come next month. Going for the ‘Green’ Our September show preview highlighted several exhibits of machines from Arburg, Engel, KraussMaffei and Wilmington Machinery tailored to handle large amounts of regrind or PCR, in some cases through foaming and/or sandwich molding. Other examples at the show included Boy Machines processing wood-plastic compound (Fibrolon from FKuR) on a Boy 125 E. Husky highlighted the ability of its newest HyPET HPP5e system to mold PET bottle preforms from 100% PCR with no sacrifice of cycle time or product quality (e.g., color). What’s more, the Husky machine can take molten PET reclaim directly via melt pipe from Erema, NGR, or other recycling systems, thereby eliminating pelletizing, crystallizing and drying steps and saving large amounts of energy. Husky says customers prefer this approach to feeding reground flake. This “RMTP” capability is expected to be commercial mid-to-late this year.Machine capabilities to process large amounts of recycle or bioplastics supported the “green” theme of K 2019. Chen Hsong demonstrated three-layer sandwich molding with recycle in the core. It utilized a second injection unit and an adapter plate to divide the two streams. And Milacron showcased its M-Powered integration of iMFLUX low-pressure molding technology, which is said to adjust automatically for large variations in melt viscosity, a potential risk in processing PCR. Milacron’s multi-nozzle low-pressure injection molding machine (LPIM) technology for structural-foam and structural-web molding is already to handle up to 100% regrind, and testing is underway with iMFLUX on LPIM machines. Another “green” thrust in molding exhibits involved processing of biobased materials. One impressive demonstration in this vein was Nissei’s production of champagne flutes from PLA bioresin. Nissei says PLA has poor flow characteristics, but was able to mold this deep-draw drinkware with what it claims is the thinnest wall ever molded in PLA—as thin as 0.65 mm over a flow length of 125 mm. To accomplish this, Nissei came up with a new way to inject supercritical CO2 into the melt to improve the fluidity of the material. Remarkably, the glassware is crystal clear, owing to the use of only 0.5% CO2 and the microscopic size of the gas bubbles. The glasses were molded in two parts, a base and cup in a cell utilizing two presses with Cartesian robots that deliver parts to an assembly station with a Kawasaki DuAro two-armed collaborative SCARA robot. The machine were Nissei’s brand-new, all-electric NEX 280V-71E (details below). One press molded the 185 g cups in eight cavities in 37 sec, and the other molded 108 g bases (o.74 mm thick) in four cavities in 72 sec. (Nissei will be speaking about this application in the Green Molding session at the Molding 2020 Conference, March 17-19 in Lombard, Ill.) A new option on J-ADS all-electric auxiliary machinery from JSW is said to be advantageous for molding thick-wall parts from PLA and other resins. The optional JS servo drive is said to enable extended hold times together with fast injection and high responsiveness. Another unusual demonstration at K was the debut of a machine and material for molding a new kind of eco-friendly products. Zeroplast is a patented material from a Polish company of the same name (zeroplast.com) that is composed entirely of mineral and nonfood plant-derived waxes, fibers and fillers (including rice hulls and calcium carbonate). This “plastic-free” material is compostable and biodegradable in natural environments. It is also recyclable without any loss of properties, the company says. The material is said to be heat stable to greater than 200 C (392 F) in processing and to 70-75 C (158-167 F). Zeroplast worked with Wittmann Battenfeld on an exclusive basis to develop a bowing molding machine process for this material. The result is a specially modified, all-electric EcoPower 240 press (240 metric tons) with a special injection unit, heating system, and processing software. According to Wittmann sources, this system was adapted to the Zeroplast material’s sharp transition from solid to liquid and the resulting narrow process window. At the show, Wittmann molded a thick-walled cosmetic jar and cap with the heavy feel of glass, molded in two colors in 4 + 4 cavities, with a paper in-mold label (uncoated for biodegradability) and automatic assembly of jar and lid in a screwing station outside the press. (Wittmann Battenfeld will present this innovation in the Green Molding session at the Molding 2020 Conference.) Developments in LSR Apart from news reported in our September K preview, Fanuc of Japan (represented here by Milacron) has developed new standard software for LSR processing on Roboshot all-electric machines of 50 to 100 tons, as well as its own screw and barrel design for this process. Sumitomo (SHI) Demag also introduced a turnkey LSR package for its IntElect series with a special screw, nonreturn valve, vacuum system and other LSR-specific options. For the pumping/metering system, the company has partnered with Nexus Elastomer Systems of Austria. Elmet has shrunk its TOP 5000 P pumping system with 15% smaller footprint and 10% reduced height. Also, Elmet is developing an alternative to this pneumatically driven piston-pump system: the TOP 5000 E with servoelectric screw pump. Elmet says servo drive is more expensive and will offer the same precision as the existing version, but it is being offered to meet competition from other vendors. Meanwhile, Elmet introduced a web-enabled Premium Connectivity Package with email functionality and remote support for the whole TOP 5000 series. All TOP 5000 dosing systems already have a VNC and OPC-UA interface for data exchange with the molding machine. The new remote-access interface allows users to change settings and monitor system status via the new Elmet Connect online portal and an app, without requiring access to the customer’s own IT network. Incidentally, Elmet noted that the emergence of LSR 3D printing has opened up a new market. A single TOP 5000 system could feed 10 to 20 3D printers. Zeiger Industries has enhanced its LSR conversion kits with new quick-disconnect water-cooling jackets for the barrel to facilitate maintenance. These also come in a toolless version. Also new is a connection to allow easier uncoupling of the pump assembly from the barrel. This version eliminates threads, reducing the risk of damage to the barrel in case of LSR leakage into the coupling, which can lock the threads. More New Machines & Upgrades Arburg introduced its first machine that can be configured with an app. The Allrounder 270 S compact (hydraulic, 35 m.t.), as the name suggests, has a space-saving design with reduced width and the control cabinet integrated into the machine base. It can be configured and ordered online with an app on Arburg’s customer portal in a few simple steps. The customer benefits from faster delivery and prices about 25% lower than standard hydraulic machines, Arburg says. Arburg also initiated the spread of features launched with the new hybrid Allrounder “H” series at K 2016 to other Allrounder lines. At this show, the all-electric 570 A (200 m.t.) and 630 A (250 m.t.) appeared for the first time with the new “H” series clamp design, exterior styling, and Gestica controller with gesture-based commands. Another introduction from Arburg was the vertical, hydraulic Allrounder 1600 T (200 m.t.) with a larger (1600-mm) servo-electric rotary table for automated overmolding of metal inserts, such as pipe fittings mold. Boy Machines introduced a couple of new features not previously reported: an electric slide table for the Boy 35 E VH with vertical clamp, and integration of a Regloplas TCU with the Procan Alpha controller on a Boy XS (10 m.t.), enabling mold temperatures to be displayed and adjusted on the press control screen (via Euromap 82.1 protocol). Chen Hsong is offering several new lines of machines, not all of which were at the show. The Jetmaster MK6 line of servohydraulic toggle presses comes in 88 to 668 m.t. The clamp, base, and injection blowing machine unit have all been redesigned and beefed up. Also redesigned is the Jetmaster Large SVP/2 series from 650 to 3000 m.t. New Evolution MK6e servohydraulic toggles (90 to 650 m.t.) are a lower-cost version said to be suitable for 80% of the market. The powerpack has been downsized somewhat, so these machines are not optimal for high-volume or high-torque production. There’s also a smaller new low-cost line, Focus SVP/2 from 20 to 60 m.t. At the higher-performance end is the new Speed series of servohydraulic toggles (128 to 468 m.t.) with a “top-of-the-line,” high-response servomotor for ultra-high-speed injection. The related new Speed-Pack series (260 to 470 m.t.) has longer screws, up to 26:1 L/D. Finally, a new all-electric series is the Spark line from 100 to 230 m.t., boasting a more compact and more open design. Fanuc has a new standard execution for medical Roboshot machines, including such features as stainless-steel construction, special screws, HEPA filter, and new “bush-less” tiebars. JSW introduced its patented SOFIT foam injection technology. It involves injecting nitrogen gas into the barrel in a decompression zone after the melting zone and before the metering/compression zone. A special screw and barrel are required, but a cost-saving feature is the ability to feed nitrogen directly from a storage tank via a pressure-reducing valve, with no need for a high-pressure metering pump. KraussMaffei showed the new Netstal Elios 4500 (450 m.t.) high-speed, hybrid toggle press. The series was launched at NPE2018 with a 750-tonner, which is now supplemented by models of 450, 550, and 650 m.t. Also new was a 21.5-in. multi-touch display on the KM CX 80 hydraulic machine with a PLC control based on the KM MC6.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
The many uses of fruit and vegetable powders
Описание: The many uses of fruit and vegetable powders Next-level nutrition The growing need for clean label products is a broad demand but a real one. According to Nielsen, clean label products have been the biggest growth drivers of the packaged food and beverage industry in the past five years. Fruit powders can help slim down ingredient labels and increase wellness claims as they are natural and retain many of their built-in health advantages. “Fruit powders have been used in baked goods for quite some time,” said Brigham Sikora, research, development and applications director, Bakery, Kerry. “The innovation we are seeing currently and some of the uses we are trying to explore are using our vegetable and fruit powders to add claims of servings of fruits or vegetables in the final product. In some cases, we are also able to label just the fruit or vegetable in the ingredient declaration with no other additives.” Kerry’s portfolio of powders includes a range of fruits, vegetables and specialty varieties such as honey, maple syrup and balsamic vinegar and have been applied to cookies, muffins and donuts as an added health component. “Traditionally, fruit powders have been used in bakery items to add flavor and in some cases color,” Mr. Lutomski said. “But recent trends look for more than just taste, color and ease-of-use; these trends are looking for ingredients with inherent functional benefits and clean labels.” The advantages of produce powders can be seen in scientific studies as well as countless consumer trends. For example, a 2016 study performed at the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center involving adults who had mild cognitive impairment — a risk condition for Alzheimer’s disease — revealed that participants given the powdered equivalent of a cup of blueberries vs. a placebo powder had improved cognitive performance and brain function compared with those who took the placebo. The blueberry group also demonstrated improved memory and improved access to words and concepts. As these studies reveal health benefits, powders instead of other fillers could be used to leverage these research-based claims and target consumers searching for specific benefits. Welch’s Concord Fruit Powder is packed with a wide variety of polyphenols. The polyphenols found in concord grapes have been shown to help support a healthy heart and early research indicates they also provide enhanced cognitive function. The fruit and vegetable powder format has a denser concentration of the polyphenols allowing it to have a real effect on herbal extract products. “The baker will need to determine what claims they are comfortable making, but Welch’s will gladly share its research to help our customer make that decision,” Mr. Lutomski said. Another factor to consider is the growing desire among millennials for snacks loaded with vital minerals, nutrients and vitamins. “Snacking Motivations and Attitudes US 2015,” a recent report by Mintel, revealed they are more likely than older generations to buy snacks with added nutritional benefits such as high fiber, energizing claims or protein content. Kate Leahy, spokesperson for Sunsweet Ingredients, noted that Sunsweet’s new Dried Plum Powder’s most common use so far has been in bars with a health positioning. The juice powder, composed of 99% dried prune plums, imparts the digestive benefits found in prunes and contains high levels of powerful antioxidants. She added that the powder as nutritional supplement may be used in place of flaxseed, rice bran or citrus fiber for boosting fiber content. It also may replace 50% of inulin or maltodextrin allowing for reductions in sugar and salt. FutureCeuticals offers manufacturers the ability to deliver a clean label with substantiated U.S.D.A. serving claims through its line of TruServ Organic Whole Food Powders with vitamin that offer fruit and vegetable serving claims based on U.S.D.A. My Plate. Each claim has been verified by FutureCeuticals’ exclusive method of validation that connects its extensive production data and the U.S.D.A. Nutritional database. “The goal is to deliver clean, whole food ingredients while offering customers the convenience of real food as well as having the confidence that it can be substantiated on the label,” said Andrew Wheeler, marketing director, FutureCeuticals.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
How Gasification Works
Описание: How Gasification Works Some of the most promising, attention-getting energy alternatives aren't revolutionary ideas. We all know about windmills and waterwheels, which have been around for centuries. Today, a variety of improvements, including innovative turbine designs, are transforming these ancient machines into cutting-edge technologies that can help nations satisfy their energy needs. There's another old process -- one you probably don't know much about -- that's gaining in popularity and may join wind and hydropower in the pantheon of clean, renewable energy. The process is known as gasification, a set of chemical reactions that uses limited oxygen to convert a carbon-containing feedstock into a synthetic gas, or syngas. It sounds like combustion, but it's not. Combustion uses an abundance of oxygen to produce heat and light by burning. Gasification uses only a tiny amount of oxygen, which is combined with steam and cooked under intense pressure. This initiates a series of reactions that produces a gaseous mixture composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This syngas can be burned directly or used as a starting point to manufacture fertilizers, pure hydrogen, methane or liquid transportation fuels. Believe it or not, gasification has been around for decades. Scottish engineer William Murdoch gets credit for developing the basic process. In the late 1790s, using coal as a feedstock, he produced syngas in sufficient quantity to light his home. Eventually, cities in Europe and America began using syngas -- or "town gas" as it was known then -- to light city streets and homes. Eventually, natural gas and electricity generated from coal-burning power plants replaced town gas as the preferred source of heat and light. Today, with a global climate crisis looming on the horizon and power-hungry nations on the hunt for alternative energy sources, gasification is making a comeback. The Gasification Technologies Council expects world gasification capacity to grow by more than 70 percent by 2015. Much of that growth will occur in Asia, driven by rapid development in China and India. But the United States is embracing gasification, as well. Let's take a closer look at how this process works. We're going to start with coal gasification, the most common form of the process. The heart of a coal-fired power plant is a boiler, in which coal is burned by combustion to turn water into steam. The following equation shows what burning coal looks like chemically: C + O2 --> CO2. Coal isn't made of pure carbon, but of carbon bound to many other elements. Still, coal's carbon content is high, and it's the carbon that combines with oxygen in combustion to produce carbon dioxide, the major culprit in global warming. Other byproducts of coal combustion include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, mercury and naturally occurring radioactive materials. The heart of a power plant that incorporates gasification isn't a boiler, but a gasifier, a cylindrical pressure vessel about 40 feet (12 meters) high by 13 feet (4 meters) across. Feedstocks enter the gasifier at the top, while steam and oxygen enter from below. Any kind of carbon-containing material can be a feedstock, but coal gasification, of course, requires coal. A typical gasification plant could use 16,000 tons (14,515 metric tons) of lignite, a brownish type of coal, daily. A gasifier operates at higher temperatures and pressures than a coal boiler -- about 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit (1,427 degrees Celsius) and 1,000 pounds per square inch (6,895 kilopascals), respectively. This causes the coal to undergo different chemical reactions. First, partial oxidation of the coal's carbon releases heat that helps feed the gasification reactions. The first of these is pyrolysis, which occurs as coal's volatile matter degrades into several gases, leaving behind char, a charcoal-like substance. Then, reduction reactions transform the remaining carbon in the char to a gaseous mixture known as syngas. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are the two primary components of syngas. During a process known as gas cleanup, the raw syngas runs through a cooling chamber that can be used to separate the various components. Cleaning can remove harmful impurities, including sulfur, mercury and unconverted carbon. Even carbon dioxide can be pulled out of the gas and either stored underground or used in ammonia or methanol production. That leaves pure hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can be combusted cleanly in gas turbines to produce electricity. Or, some power plants convert the syngas to natural gas by passing the cleaned gas over a nickel catalyst, causing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to react with free hydrogen to form methane. This "substitute natural gas" behaves like regular natural gas and can be used to generate electricity or heat homes and businesses. But if coal is unavailable, gasification is still possible. All you need is some wood. Coal gasification is sometimes called "clean coal" because it can be used to generate electricity without belching toxins and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But it's still based on a nonrenewable fossil fuel. And it still requires mining operations that scar the Earth and leave behind toxic wastes of their own. Wood gasification -- or biomass gasification, to be more technically correct -- may provide a viable alternative. Biomass is considered a renewable energy source because it's made from organic materials, such as trees, crops and even garbage. Biomass gasification works just like coal gasification: A feedstock enters a gasifier, which cooks the carbon-containing material in a low-oxygen environment to produce syngas. Feedstocks generally fall into one of four categories: Agricultural residues are left after farmers harvest a commodity crop. They include wheat, alfalfa, bean or barley straw and corn stover. Wheat straw and corn remnants make up the majority of this biomass. Energy crops are grown solely for use as feedstocks. They include hybrid poplar and willow trees, as well as switchgrass, a native, fast-growing prairie grass. Forestry residues include any biomass left behind after timber harvesting. Deadwood works well, too, as do scraps from debarking and limb-removal operations. Urban wood waste refers to construction waste and demolition debris that would otherwise end up in a landfill. Pallets -- flat transport structures -- also fall into this category. The choice of feedstock determines the gasifier design. Three designs are common in biomass gasification with mechanical casting: updraft, downdraft and crossdraft. In an updraft gasifier, wood enters the gasification chamber from above, falls onto a grate and forms a fuel pile. Air enters from below the grate and flows up through the fuel pile. The syngas, also known as producer gas in biomass circles, exits the top of the chamber. In downdraft or crossdraft gasifiers, the air and syngas may enter and exit at different locations. The choice of fuel and gasifier design affects the relative proportions of compounds in the syngas. For example, wheat straw placed in a downdraft gasifier produces the following: 17 to 19 percent hydrogen gas 14 to 17 percent carbon monoxide 11 to 14 percent carbon dioxide Virtually no methane But charcoal placed in a downdraft gasifier produces the following: 28 to 31 percent carbon monoxide 5 to 10 percent hydrogen gas 1 to 2 percent carbon dioxide 1 to 2 percent methane . One attractive quality of gasification is its scalability. The Polk Power Station just southeast of Tampa is a gasification plant covering 4,300 acres (1,740 hectares). It converts 100 tons (90.7 metric tons) of coal an hour into 250 million watts of power for about 60,000 homes and businesses . But you don't have to be a giant public utility to experiment with gasification. You can build a simple, small gasifier with materials you find around the house. YouTube features several videos of these homemade units. One video, for example, shows a paint can playing the role of the pressure vessel in which gasification reactions occur. As the syngas is produced inside the sealed can, it moves through some simple plumbing fittings to a burner can, where the gas can be ignited. Another interesting video shows a small team assembling and operating a wood gasifier based on plans prepared by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. FEMA developed these plans in 1989 specifically for small-scale gasification in the event of a petroleum emergency. The agency's report includes detailed, illustrated instructions for the fabrication, installation and operation of a downdraft biomass gasifier generator. (A link to the report is included in the source list under "Lafontaine" on the next page.) The unit requires a galvanized metal trash can, a small metal drum, common plumbing fittings and a stainless steel mixing bowl and can be mounted on a vehicle to provide syngas for internal combustion. With the gasifier in place, the vehicle can run reliably using wood chips or other biomass as the fuel. If you're interested in gasification, but aren't the do-it-yourself type, then you might want to consider buying a gasification unit from a manufacturer. For example, New Horizon Corporation distributes gasification systems that can be installed in a home environment. These biomass gasification boilers can heat houses, garages and other buildings and can use a variety of fuels, including seasoned wood, corn cobs, sawdust, wood chips and any kind of pellet. Either way, gasification will likely emerge as one of the most important energy alternatives in the coming decades. It's the cleanest way to use coal, but also works efficiently with renewable energy sources, such as biomass. And, because one of the primary products of gasification is hydrogen, the process offers a stepping stone to producing large quantities of hydrogen for fuel cells and cleaner fuels. Keep reading for more links to the future of energy and green technology.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
How a fuel pump works
Описание: How a fuel pump works A car engine burns a mixture of petrol and air. Petrol is pumped along a pipe from the tank and mixed with air in the carburettor , from which the engine sucks in the mixture. In the fuel-injection system, used on some engines, the petrol and air are mixed in the inlet manifold . A fuel pump draws petrol out of the tank through a pipe to the carburettor . The pump may be mechanical worked by the engine - or it may be electric, in which case it is usually next to or even inside the fuel tank . Keeping the petrol tank safe For safety, the petrol tank is placed at the opposite end of the car from the engine. Inside the tank, a float works an electrical sender unit that transmits current to the fuel gauge, signalling how much petrol is in the tank. The tank has an air vent - usually a pipe or a small hole in the filler cap to allow air in as the tank empties. Some of the latest systems have a carbon filter , so that fuel fumes do not escape. How a mechanical pump works A mechanical fuel pump is driven by the camshaft , or by a special shaft driven by the crankshaft . As the shaft turns, a cam passes under a pivoted lever and forces it up at one end. The other end of the lever, which is linked loosely to a rubber diaphragm forming the floor of a chamber in the pump, goes down and pulls the diaphragm with it. When the lever pulls the diaphragm down, it creates suction that draws fuel along the fuel pipe into the pump through a one-way valve . As the revolving cam turns further, so that it no longer presses on the lever, the lever is moved back by a return spring , relaxing its pull on the diaphragm. The loosely linked lever does not push the diaphragm up, but there is a return spring that pushes against it. The diaphragm can move up only by expelling petrol from the chamber. The petrol cannot go back through the first one-way valve, so it goes out through another one leading to the carburettor. The carburettor admits petrol only as it needs it, through the needle valve in its float chamber. How an electric car fuel pump works An electric pump has a similar diaphragm-and-valve arrangement, but instead of the camshaft, a solenoid (an electromagnetic switch ) provides the pull on the diaphragm. The solenoid attracts an iron rod that pulls the diaphragm down, drawing petrol into the chamber. At the end of its travel the iron rod forces apart a set of contacts, breaking the current to the electromagnet and relaxing the pull on the diaphragm. When the diaphragm return spring raises the diaphragm, it also pulls the rod away from the contacts; they then close so that the solenoid pulls the rod and diaphragm down again. Circulating petrol continuously Most mechanical and electrical systems pump fuel only when the carburettor needs it, such as motorcycle fuel pump injector. An alternative system has a complete circuit of pipes, from the tank to the carburettor and back again. The pump sends petrol continuously round this circuit, from which the carburettor draws petrol as it needs it. Filtering petrol and air Both petrol and air are filtered before passing into the carburettor. The petrol filter may be a replaceable paper one inside a plastic housing in the fuel line . A pump, like a motorcycle fuel pump, may include a wire or plastic gauze filter, and sometimes a bowl to catch sediment . The air cleaner is a box fitted over the carburettor air intake, usually containing a replaceable paper-filter element .
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
Custom Cosmetic Boxes Will Make a Significant Impact on Your Business
Описание: Custom Cosmetic Boxes Will Make a Significant Impact on Your Business Custom cosmetic boxes are one of the most basic forms of packaging used to package decorative items. These boxes can come in many materials. The most common type is cardboard. You can also make them out of Kraft paper. It is challenging and can be used to protect delicate items. Cosmetics, by nature, are fragile. These products require proper packaging that can preserve and protect them. These boxes are designed so that they can effectively present the product. They are made to reflect the brand identity and ensure that the customer recognizes the product. Due to its simplicity of design, the packaging is cost-effective. The process can be performed in any shape. If the brand can't afford this, they may order these boxes customized from online suppliers. It is essential to make a sale with custom printed cosmetic containers. These boxes can be easily customized to meet the needs of their intended users. In addition, they can help customers make an impression and convince them of the brand's worth. Custom Cosmetic Boxes and Their Uses What we are talking about is the first thing we should know. Brands can use custom cosmetic boxes to make sure their products are noticed and stand out. Modification is the ability to change the shape, size, or style of the box to suit the customer's needs and the manufacturer. What do you think about the use of this cosmetic container packaging? Brands use it. What's its role in helping brands improve their sales? This topic is covered in detail below. Boxes are Boost Your Businesses There are many ways these boxes, like perfume box, can boost sales and increase the profitability of your business. These benefits are possible due to the packaging's structure and design. They influence the quality of product, and ultimately the sales. It's as easy as that. We've compiled a list to help you understand why these boxes matter so much to make sales. 1. Protection and Product Quality High-quality products are the first thing that will help you increase sales. The use of proper packaging to preserve and protect cosmetics will ensure high quality. These boxes can be used to protect the products and prevent them from being damaged and also display them. This makes them easier to present to customers. It helps brands to avoid losses. The packaging stays effective during warehousing as well shipping, transit, retailing, and even transport. The packaging at each stage is critical if the business wants to succeed. 2. Attracting Vendor The purpose of personalizing packaging is to make the product stand out. Selling products is easier for brands that can make their products stand out. Blank cosmetic boxes won't sell. The packaging can be made more appealing by using flexographic printing and die-cutting techniques to create aesthetic designs. This will make it more attractive and catch the attention of consumers. This customization will make your cosmetic boxes whiter and more appealing. This will increase sales. 3. Image Framework It is possible to win the customer's trust by enhancing the brand image. Discount box printing is one of the most prominent brands that invest so heavily in their brand images. These brands have printed logos and names on their packaging. This logo is the company's image. The more the symbol is known, the greater its reach. 4. Save and Invest Money in Your Future A fundamental way to help your business grow is by saving money. We all know that savings are essential. So how can these boxes allow you to save money? These boxes are simple to make and very economical. They don't require any expensive machinery or raw materials. They can be manufactured easily by any brand. They can make the boxes themselves or get them wholesale from one of the many suppliers, like a gift box. A great way to get affordable and practical packaging is to buy wholesale cosmetic boxes. 5. Green is great The packaging also helps to establish a positive image in the market. These boxes can be completely biodegradable. They can be broken down entirely in just three months. These materials are both valid and very adaptable to helping save the environment. They can also help to establish a brand's image in the market. People care about their carbon footprint. They also love brands that are concerned about their issues. 6. Preserve Shipping We all know about the rise of online shopping. But online shopping requires one thing: shipping. Packaging is crucial. Packaging used for shipping is appropriate. It is durable and robust, as you can see. It is lightweight and helps to save money. It would be best if you had lots of it. All of these will allow them to grow and be more successful. Not only are they able to offer their services online more effectively, but they also make them less expensive. Last Words These are some of the factors that contributed to these. Custom Printed Box, such as corrugated paper box, is an essential tool that can be used to help manufacturers increase their business. These advantages are all available to them. For starting a business, you'll need the best packaging. The best cosmetic box suppliers will be able to help you. They will be able to provide you with the best packaging. You'll also be able to profit and achieve success in your company.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
How to design cosmetics packaging: the ultimate guide
Описание: How to design cosmetics packaging: the ultimate guide There are few industries out there with as much potential to develop loyal, die-hard customers as beauty and cosmetics. Beauty products are a staple in bathroom cabinets around the world; whether a person is going for an “I woke up like this” look or the avant garde “makeup is art you wear on your face” feel, just about every woman (not to mention tons of men!) use beauty products on the daily. Which means if you own a beauty or cosmetics line, the potential for some serious business is there. But it also means if you want to grab that business and take it for yourself, you’re going to need to find a way to break through the clutter, jump off the shelf at Sephora, and tell your ideal customer “THIS is the lipstick for you!” And the best way to do that is your cosmetic packaging. Your packaging is the first thing the beauty die-hards you want to turn into customers are going to see. If your packaging grabs their attention and speaks to what they’re looking for, they’re likely to take your product home and give it a try. If not? It’s likely to gather dust on the shelf. But how, exactly, do you design the kind of packaging that makes your ideal customer scream “I need that blush yesterday?” Never fear, 99designs is here with all the information you need to design packaging that stands out on the shelf and gets your product into your customer’s bag (and, eventually, on their face). Prime before you design Before you get started with your packaging design, there are a few things you want to clarify: Define your ideal customer It’s important to know who you’re designing for. Who’s your ideal customer? Are they tween girls just as obsessed with sparkles as they are with boy bands? Are they women of color who want makeup that actually (finally) matches their skin tone? Are they men who are masculine… but also want baby soft skin? And once you know who they are, what are they looking for in a cosmetics brand? What’s going to grab their attention? Define your brand personality Just as important as your customer’s identity is your identity. What’s your branding? Are you dark and edgy (like Urban Decay)? Simple and classic (like Bobbi Brown)? Luxurious (like Dior)? Accessible (like Wet n Wild)? Who you are as a brand—and the personality you want to portray to your customers—is going to determine what design elements you use in your packaging. Define how your ideal customers are buying your product You’ll also want to consider how you’re going to sell your products. Are you selling online or in store? In small boutiques or in large retailers? Your design strategy might change depending on where you’re shelling your goods. Create a mood board for your brand A great thing to do before you start designing is to create a mood board for your brand. Pull together images, colors, advertisements and whatever else you feel embodies your brand personality; these will act as inspiration as you go through the design process. Let cosmetics packaging box trends inspire you If you need a little inspiration for your packaging design there’s no better place to start than looking at the latest cosmetics packaging trends. Once you know what’s currently trending, you can create packaging that caters to what’s important to your customers right now and that speaks to them in the right way. Remember that you want to pick a look that’s both modern and on trend, but also timeless and universally appealing, so your packaging design looks up-to-date for as long as possible. Here are the cosmetics packaging trends we’re seeing everywhere right now: 1. Intricate line drawings Intricate drawings using fine lines and lots of detail are a timelessly beautiful trend for cosmetics packaging and boutique box. Particularly floral and hand-made drawings work well, either cleverly placed in select areas or covering the whole product. If you’re going for something less feminine but still want something elegant and detailed, a more geometric, clean and cool drawing-style may be right for you. This trend is perfect for you if your brand has an eye for detail or if you’re looking for a subtle yet beautiful way of showcasing what’s inside your packaging, by drawing the ingredients you use. 2. Unique custom fonts The bold font trend we’re seeing across the board in graphic design naturally extends to packaging as well. Unique fonts can give your packaging a whole lot of character. Typography is the perfect way to express who you are as a brand, and a handlettered font can be just the thing to set you apart from the crowd. Whether it carries a retro vibe, a bold statement or a quirky flair, a unique font is sure to stick in people’s minds. 3. Bold, eye-catching patterns With loud stripes and wild color combinations the bold pattern trend is going to make your packaging jump off the shelves. Well-placed, eye-catching patterns make your packaging pop and give your brand a confident, young look that sets you apart from everyone else. Especially irregular patterns are a reoccurring trend that can give your packaging a certain edge. But that doesn’t mean that your brand has to be young and loud to be able to use this trend: abstract patterns can work for any brand, as long as you get the colors and shapes right. This is same as the electronic packaging box design. 4. Cool black packaging with a twist Black and white cosmetics packaging is a timeless trend we will never get tired of. What’s new in the packaging designs we’re currently seeing is that while white used to be the overwhelming choice for cosmetics packaging, it’s black that seems be dominating monochrome packaging right now. To add an interesting twist, these designs use subtle patterns and tiny pops of color to catch the eye. Packaging that is mostly black looks luxurious and has an air of mystery and coolness. What’s more, if you pick a classy monochrome design you can be sure that your packaging will never go out of style. 5. Lush florals and warm, earthy colors A stylishly-vintage trend we can’t get enough of is cosmetics packaging covered in rich, warm florals and natural, earthy tones. While this trend has a feminine and sometimes even sexy vibe to it, it can also feel warm and comforting. This combination of lush, rich floral illustrations with simple typography results in a classic style that creates an approachable yet luxurious look. 6. Modern minimalist pastels Pastels and minimalism are a match made in heaven. While pastels will soften an otherwise harsh looking minimalist packaging design, a minimalistic and clean design will ensure that your pastel packaging looks modern and grown up. Play with both concepts to find the right mix for your brand. You can keep it simple and stylish by picking one pastel shade that speaks to your customers and brand or you can work with a combination of pastels to achieve a playful and dreamy look. When it comes to cosmetics packaging, anything goes. Dare to be different! Play around with designs that speak to you and that express what your brand is all about. It’s unique designs that stand out from the crowd. Need more inspiration? Check out our article on packaging design trends. Create your perfect cosmetics packaging Now that you’re feeling inspired, it’s time to start designing your beauty packaging and cosmetics labels. Set your brand design standards The first thing you’ll need to do when designing your packaging is set your elements of design. There are a few different elements you’ll need to consider: Style The first thing you’ll want to consider is the mood and personality you want to bring to your daily necessities packaging. Are you going for a minimalist vibe in your design? Or do you want to go more over-the-top and stylized? Knowing what style you want to move towards will help lead the rest of your design and ensure you make packaging decisions that are in line with your overall design goals. Locking in your style will also help you determine any additional design elements you need to consider. Are you going for a pop art feel? Then you might need some illustrations done to lead the design process. Are you incorporating natural elements for your natural cosmetics brand? Then maybe you’ll want to pull in some nature photography to include on your packaging. The point is, when you know what style you’re going for, you know what design elements you’ll need to get that style to come across in your packaging. Colors When choosing colors, you want to choose colors that a) match your brand personality, b) grab customer’s attention and c) stand out from the competition. This last point is especially important in the uber-competitive world of beauty and cosmetics. Think about choosing your brand’s color palette like you would assembling this season’s must-have eyeshadow palette; you want to stay true to your brand while differentiating yourself from the competition. So, for example, pink is a wildly popular color in the beauty and cosmetics world. It’s fun, it’s feminine, and it just so happens to be a color that’s widely used in all the glorious cosmetics we put on our faces. But if you go with pink as your packaging color, it might be hard to grab your customer’s attention since the shelves of every cosmetic store are already a sea of pink.
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21
Pressure Control Equipment Market
Описание: Pressure Control Equipment Market Introduction Pressure control equipment is a set of tools and device that are generally used to maintain the optimal pressure levels inside a wellbore during well intervention or workover operations. The pressure control equipment can withstand arduous conditions which ensure safety and quality, and minimize risks during drilling. It is used in number of applications where the pressure needs to be measured, monitored, and controlled. Rapid implementation of advanced technology in oilfield equipment on the account of growing global investment in exploration and production (E&P) is considered to be key factors influencing the development of pressure control equipment market. Pressure Control Equipment Market – Notable Developments Some of the leading players operating in the pressure control equipment market are Schlumberger, GKD Industries, Integrated Equipment, Brace Tool, Hunting, TIS Manufacturing, Baker Hughes, a GE company (BHGE), National Oilwell Varco, Weatherford International, The IKM Group, FHE USA, Control Flow, Lee Specialties, The Weir Group, IoT Group, and others. In February 2019, Schlumberger and Rockwell Automation, one of the largest companies dedicated to industrial automation and information, entered into an agreement to form a joint venture called Sensia, the first fully-integrated provider of digital oilfield automation solutions. Additionally, it created a JV – OneStim with Weatherford International, PLC in March 2017 to offer unconventional resource plays’ products and services to their customers in the U.S. and Canada. In September 2018, Baker Hughes, a GE company (BHGE), a key player of pressure control equipment market, was awarded an integrated services contract by Saudi Aramco for its Marjan Oilfield. Under the contract’s terms the company provided drilling services, drilling fluids engineering services, and coiled tubing services in Marjan. BHGE also received a similar contract from Equinor in June 2018 to support the petroleum company’s large proportion of drilling and well construction activities in the North Sea’s Norwegian sector. Pressure Control Equipment Market Dynamics Increasing demand for hydrocarbons, which serve as a key source of global energy supply, has brought a significant transformation in oil and industry in various regions across the globe. Such transformation has led to advances in well drilling technologies and adoption of a variety of equipment including pressure control equipment which measures, monitor, and control the fluid pressure. Surging demand for oil and gas equipment along with the rising need for higher safety norms by well drilling contractors is expected to accelerate the growth of slikline pressure control equipment market. In addition, increasing requirements of special instruments and materials in high pressure and high temperature wells will possibly push the demand for pressure control equipment. North America to Contribute Substantial Growth to Pressure Control Equipment Market Leading players foresee North America as a lucrative region for pressure control equipment market, due to increase in deepwater drilling activities in the region. Continued focus on unconventional sources and shale plays on the coattails of various technological innovations and developments is anticipated to drive the pressure control equipment market in the developed countries of North America such as the U.S. and Canada. Further, surge in unconventional hydrocarbon production in the region has been envisaged to complement the future expansion of pressure control equipment market. While increasing capital spending by leading companies in North America will continue to propel the market growth, factors such as lack of expertise, failure in drilling rig activities, and limited exposure to technologies may influence passive growth of pressure control equipment market. The study presents reliable qualitative and quantitative insights into: Pressure control equipment market segments and sub-segments Pressure control equipment market trends and dynamics Supply and demand chain of the pressure control equipment market Pressure control equipment market valuation (revenue and/or volume) Key trends/opportunities/challenges in pressure control equipment market Forces defining present and estimated future state of the competitive landscape Technological developments in the market of pressure control equipment, including pressure control stack for coiled tubing Value chain and stakeholder analysis The regional analysis covers: North America (U.S., Canada) Latin America (Mexico, Brazil) Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K., Spain) Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia) Asia Pacific (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand) Japan Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries, S. Africa, Northern Africa) The vast market research data included in the study is the result of extensive primary and secondary research activities. Surveys, personal interviews, and inputs from industry experts form the crux of primary research activities and data collected from trade journals, industry databases, and reputable paid sources form the basis of secondary research. The pressure control equipment market report also includes a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market, with the help of information collected from market participants operating across key sectors of the market value chain. A separate analysis of macro- and micro-economic aspects, regulations, and trends influencing the overall development of the market is also included in the report. Highlights of the report: A detailed analysis of key segments of the pressure control equipment market Recent developments in the pressure control equipment market’s competitive landscape Detailed analysis of pressure control equipment market segments up to second or third level of segmentation Historical, current, and projected future valuation of the pressure control equipment market in terms of revenue and/or volume Key business strategies adopted by influential pressure control equipment market vendors Outline of the regulatory framework surrounding and governing numerous aspects of the pressure control equipment market Growth opportunities in emerging and established pressure control equipment markets Recommendations to pressure control equipment market players to stay ahead of the competition. Pressure Control Equipment Market Segmentation On the basis of type, the pressure control equipment market can be segmented into: Low Pressure (Below 10,000 PSI) High Pressure (Above 10,000 PSI) On the basis of application, the pressure control equipment market can be segmented into: Onshore Offshore On the basis of component, the pressure control equipment market can be segmented into: Valves Wellhead Flange Adapter Flange Control Head Christmas Tree (Flow Tree) Quick Unions Others
Дата Публикации: 09-12-21