tfhj271
- Создано: 15-12-21
- Последний вход: 15-12-21
Профиль пользователя
tfhj271 объявления
Sparkling water: Benefits, risks, and more
Описание: Sparkling water: Benefits, risks, and more Sparkling water contains dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which makes the water fizzy. The carbonation of sparkling water can occur naturally or artificially. Sparkling or carbonated water forms naturally when volcanic gases dissolve in springs or wells of natural water. This naturally occurring sparkling water often contains minerals such as sodium or calcium. To artificially carbonate water, pressurized CO2 is injected into the water, forming bubbles. Artificially carbonated water may naturally contain minerals, or it may have minerals added to it. There has been some debate regarding the health implications of sparkling water. Read on to discover the possible risks of drinking sparkling water and how it compares to other carbonated drinks. Is carbonated water a health risk? Water is an essential resource that all people need to live. A person cannot survive without water, as it is required for many processes within the body. However, certain properties of sparkling water may be associated with health risks. Calcium loss There are theories that carbonated beverages can cause calcium loss in bones. Researchers believe that phosphorus, which is present in some natural soda water, reduces the amount of calcium that the body can absorb. According to a study in 2006Trusted Source, cola beverages are associated with low bone mineral density in women. However, carbonated water does not contain phosphorus. In addition, most people get sufficient phosphorus from food, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Trusted Source. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, certain carbonated mineral spring waters can help improve bone health. The organization notes that carbonated drinks should not take the place of calcium-rich beverages, such as milk. Tooth decay Sparkling water, whether natural or artificial, contains CO2, which makes it slightly acidic. Acid in food and drinks can erode the hard protective layer of the tooth, known as the enamel. In a 2017 studyTrusted Source, researchers found that artificially carbonated water eroded tooth enamel in a laboratory setting. The erosion of enamel increased when the water had higher levels of carbonation. In addition, certain sparkling waters may have citric acid added to them to enhance the flavor. Citric acid can also increase the acidity of the carbonated water, which can lead to erosion. The addition of sugar in some carbonated water also increases the erosion effect on enamel. A person may be able to limit the eroding effect of carbonated water by drinking through a straw. Doing so can prevent the sparkling water from touching the teeth, as it moves more directly into the throat. Irritable bowel syndrome Although carbonated water does not cause irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), its consumption may cause a person’s symptoms to flare up, and people should avoid carbonated water and other carbonated drinks, according to researchTrusted Source. Weight gain There are conflicting studies on the effect of sparkling water on weight gain. A study from Japan found that drinking carbonated water led to feelings of fullness in young females. However, the study was small and offered no data on the effects of drinking carbonated water among males. Sparkling water does not lead to weight gain, as it contains zero calories. However, when other ingredients are added, such as sweeteners, sugar, and flavor enhancers, the beverage may then contain sodium and extra calories — usually 10 calories or less. However, calories associated with sparkling water will not generally lead to weight gain, even over time. There is some researchTrusted Source suggesting carbonated water can increase ghrelin, which is a hunger hormone. These findings were in an animal study, and the results have not been corroborated in human studies. How does it compare to other drinks? When compared to other drinks, carbonated water, unlike alkaline water, can be seen as a healthier alternative. Plain carbonated nano water consists of water and CO2, meaning there are no added sugars, sweeteners, or artificial flavorings. Sparkling water hydrates the body in the same way as plain water. What are the concerns about sugary drinks? A person who drinks sugary beverages regularly may be at riskTrusted Source of certain health conditions, such as: excess weight type 2 diabetes heart disease kidney disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease tooth cavities gout The CDC state that sugary drinks are the primary source of added sugars in the American diet. They also note that, on a given day between 2011 and 2014, 63%Trusted Source of youths drank a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), averaging 143 calories. In the same period, 49%Trusted Source of all U.S. adults consumed an SSB, averaging 145 calories. Information from the CDC suggests that adults and adolescents are more likely to drink sugary beverages if they also: smoke do not get enough sleep do not get enough exercise eat fast food regularly do not eat fruit regularly What healthy flavors can be added to sparkling water? A person who would like to add some healthy flavor or sweetness to their sparkling water can try: adding a few slices of cucumber or citrus fruit adding a splash of 100% fruit juice, such as pomegranate putting in a few blueberries or strawberries adding some mint leaves mixing in some chunks of watermelon or mango Adding healthy fruits, vegetables, or herbs to their water means a person gets additional benefits from their vitamins and minerals. Summary Sparkling water can occur naturally or be created artificially as healthy drinking water. Sparkling water does not cause calcium loss, but it may contribute to tooth decay. Carbonated water may also cause flare-ups of IBS symptoms. More studies are required to understand the effect of sparkling water on weight gain. Carbonated water is a healthier alternative to sugary drinks. A person can add fruits, vegetables, or herbs to sparkling water to gain additional flavor and health benefits.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
Are oats good for you?
Описание: Are oats good for you? Oats (Avena sativa) are a cereal commonly eaten in the form of oatmeal or rolled oats. According to some research, they may have a range of potential health benefits. They are mainly eaten as porridge, as an ingredient in breakfast cereals, and in baked goods (oatcakes, oat cookies, and oat bread). Over the past few decades, oats have become a very popular “health food.” Oats are loaded with dietary fiber (containing more than many other grains) and have a range of healthy cholesterol-lowering properties. This MNT Knowledge Center feature is part of a collection of articles on the health benefits of popular foods. We will cover any health benefits that oats might have and explain the research behind these claims. Benefits The possible health benefits of oats include: reducing the risk of coronary artery disease, lowering levels of cholesterol, and reducing one’s risk of colorectal cancer. There are fruit oatmeal, yogurt oatmeal, nuts oatmeal, etc. 1) Oats and coronary artery disease A paper published in the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine in 2008, assessed a number of studies across more than a decade. They found that eating foods rich in whole-oat sources of soluble fiber (oats, oat bran, and oat flour) may help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. They concluded: “onsumption of oats and oat-based products significantly reduces total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations without adverse effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations.” 2) Colorectal cancer Researchers in Britain and the Netherlands pooled published evidence that covered nearly 2 million people to evaluate whether a high-fiber diet (mainly from whole grains and cereals like oats) is linked to a lower risk of colorectal cancerTrusted Source. Their findings were published in BMJ. The study found that for every additional 10 grams per day of fiber in someone’s diet there is a 10 percent reduction in their risk of developing colorectal cancer. The authors concluded, “A high intake of dietary fibre, in particular, cereal fiber and whole grains, was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.” 3) Blood pressure An article published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded that a diet including plenty of whole-grains (such as oats or wholemeal bread) is just as effective as taking anti-hypertensive medication in lowering blood pressure. They found that three portions per day can”significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged people mainly through blood pressure-lowering mechanisms.” 4) Digestion and obesity According to a wide-reaching collection of scientific reviews published in the October 2014 supplement issue of the British Journal of Nutrition, oatmeal may play an important role in improving satiety (the feeling of fullness), diet quality, and digestive, cardiovascular, and general metabolic health. Whole grains are often recommended for their beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal tract. The researchers suggest potential health effects ranging from improved immune health to reducing the risk of obesity and chronic disease. According to the supplement, epidemiological evidence suggests that regular consumption of whole-grain foods may be correlated with lower body mass index (BMI). The researchers state that eating oats appears to help reduce hunger and increase feelings of fullness. Also, oats and their fiber content help keep the gastrointestinal tract running smoothly; they can help reduce constipation, like grain cherrios. 5) Antioxidants in oats and grain balls Oats contain a range of molecules that act as antioxidants; this includes avenanthramides, which are polyphenols. Avenanthramides may play a role in keeping blood pressure lowTrusted Source by increasing nitric oxide production. They could also have anti-inflammatory and anti-itchingTrusted Source properties when applied topically to the skin. Nutrition Dietary fiber — oats are rich in a specific type of fiber called beta-glucan. This particular type of fiber is known to help lower levels of bad cholesterol. One cup (81 grams) of dry oats contains 7.5 grams of fiberTrusted Source, the recommended daily intake of fiber is 25 grams for women and 38 grams for men. Minerals — oats are rich in a range of important minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. Just 100 grams of oats contain: 51 percent of the daily recommended intake of thiamine 8 percent riboflavin 5 percent niacin 6 percent vitamin B6 14 percent folate 13 percent pantothenic acid 26 percent iron 44 percent magnesium 52 percent phosphorus 12 percent potassium 26 percent zinc 31 percent copper 246 percent manganese Risks Although oats don’t contain gluten, in rare cases, they are grown in the same fields as wheat or barley, and these crops can sometimes contaminate oats with gluten. Therefore, those who have gluten intolerance or celiac disease may have to exercise caution when eating oats.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
What are the Pros & Cons Of Using Wrought Iron Gate?
Описание: What are the Pros & Cons Of Using Wrought Iron Gate? Wrought iron gates in Singapore can be seen here and there like in houses and condominiums. These types of gates are durable and may vary from one design to another. Iron alloy is what wrought iron gates are made of, which has high amount of carbon similar to steel. Despite it being prone to rust, there are ways on how to prevent Wrought Iron Gates from rusting. Galvanized wrought iron is treated to give it a protective layer, and Aluminum wrought iron, with its strong and lightweight properties, is also made available. But when it comes to home improvement, it’s important to weigh pros and cons before making any decision. Below are some things you should consider when it comes to wrought iron gates. – Durability. Wrought iron is more durable than other fence materials such as wood or vinyl. Its strong quality makes it harder for it to be destroyed, making it an outstanding choice in providing security in your homes. It may be prone to rust but can be easily maintained. Painting it occasionally will prevent it from corroding. – Appearance Having malleable and elastic properties, wrought iron can be bent to different shapes and designs; hence the term “wrought”. There are numerous designs to choose from in this type of gate. You can even ask designers to customize a design for you. – View and Structure The iron bars of this type of gates with wrought iron balustrade are usually thin, thus making it perfect for sceneries as they do not block the view. Also, their sturdy structure can hold heavier objects such as pots of plants and ornaments of different kinds. Some fence materials are vulnerable to pests which can plague the plants, but that’s not something you should worry about when you use Wrought iron gates. Additionally, their sturdy structure makes them easy to install. Cons – Price The price is definitely higher than regular fence materials. But there are a lot of retailers out there that offer affordable Wrought Iron gates. Since they last longer than their other fence counterparts, you will definitely get your money’s worth in the long run. – Sensitive to heat and cold Wrought Iron tends to absorb extreme heat and cold. Without proper maintenance, these kinds of residental metal gates will eventually corrode when exposed to constant rain and extreme sunlight. Having wrought iron gates are a sure way to impress the neighbors with their beautiful designs. But its durability and sturdiness make it the perfect protection for your homes. There are factors to consider when buying wrought iron gates like the ones mentioned above. Makers of this type of gates are constantly improving their craft to provide the consumers the perfect wrought iron gates. Singaporeans like adding a bit of artistic flair into their homes and these gates are perfect in making your place look more beautiful. To top it off, wrought iron gates are the most durable fence material out there, so you don’t have to worry about replacing your gates every now and then. They will give you and your homes long lasting protection. 7 Mistakes To Avoid When Installing Wrought Iron Gate 1. Using wrong materials The material that you select is vital since different materials often have different strengths. This means that you need to choose that material, which can overcome stresses exerted by walls. With many wrought iron gates with residental fence, including industrial metal gate, in the market, you need to make sure that you make the correct choice as you buy from the market. This has an implication that you need to look for a home expert to offer you the information that will help you make the best choice. This will also make your house look amazing whenever you are looking. 2. Leaving large spaces in between bars This is another important aspect that you need to consider as you do this task. This is because large spaces can always allow intruders to get into your room. In addition, large spacing between metal bars can form the wrought iron gate can sometimes be dangerous on the security of the households. You also need to ensure that spacing is not too small to allow kids and pets to get out of window. This will enable you to have the best home that you need. 3.The choice of having a wrong design of wrought iron gate With many designs of wrought iron gate, you need to make sure that you make the best choice in the Singapore market. We have suitable brick walls among others are very suitable for concrete walls especially on your windows. These specific designs are also meant to offer maximum security at the same time for safety purposes. Many people have been making this simple common mistake in Singapore whenever they are making their homes to look amazing when compared to what the market offers. Moreover, many of the intruders will never find their way right into your house. 4. Using of the wrong wrought iron gate thickness You have to select very well that thickness of bars of your wrought iron gate. For instance, you need to make a decision that will use thick bars especially for those small houses. This will means that you can obstruct viewing out of these houses when you are from far at the same time enhancing the looks of your windows. You need to ensure that you do know that perfect size of the wrought iron gate that are needed based on dimensions of your home. You should always ask a home expert if you truly have no idea. 5. Using of very color, which will never match wrought iron gate The wrought iron gate are available in many colors. The common mistake whenever it comes to the colors, which most people often do is to select a color of wrought iron gate that will never match with window frames. For the people who need color combinations, you can never ask seller of wrought iron gate or any experts on that perfect color, which will match well with your wrought iron gate. 6. Hiring of unskilled/unprofessional professionals when fixing wrought iron gates It can very dangerous for people in this country of Singapore to use of unprofessional experts whenever they are offering these wrought iron gate with steel fence. This will make you have the best and what you need. They overlook this fact by fixing of wrought iron gate requires an expert whenever you are looking for these services. An expert will often ensure that non-resultant force as well as the grills in the equilibrium state. These unskilled professional will always fix the wrought iron gate without minding of the resultant forces thus reducing lifespan. 7. Failure to consider installation cost Most homeowners are ready to pay many experts more money without comparing involved costs. You should always to reduce total cost without compromising that quality that you are looking for. It is also important to compare the prices before install the wrought iron gate at the best lowest cost in the market. This will always make you have the best installation.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
All About Knitting Acrylic Yarn (everything you need to know)
Описание: All About Knitting Acrylic Yarn (everything you need to know) Acrylic yarn often gets a bad rap in the knitting community. Many people love it, many people hate it (so much that they consider themselves yarn snobs that would never touch it), and many people fall in between – they know when it can actually be a great choice for a project and realize there are times you may not want to use it. We’ll explore knitting with acrylic yarn in this article – and everything you should know about it. While acrylic yarn has some drawbacks, it does deserve a place in the knitting world – it’s an affordable choice and it can be a great, washable, easy-care yarn with many uses. In this article we’ll look at some of the important things you need to know about knitting acrylic yarn: How Acrylic Yarn is Made Properties of Acrylic Yarn Knitting with Acrylic Yarn Choosing Knitting Patterns Buying Acrylic Yarn More Questions about Knitting Acrylic Yarn We’ll look at all of these topics in-depth so you’ll know when acrylic is the right choice for your next knitting project. Some links below are affiliate links. If you click through and make a purchase I may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. See the disclosure policy for more information. How Acrylic Yarn is Made Before we dive in to the advantages and disadvantages of knitting acrylic yarn, how to care for your projects, and all of that – let’s take a quick look at how acrylic yarn is actually made. All fibers for yarn can be divided into four broad categories – animal fibers (like wool yarn, silk, and alpaca), plant fibers (like cotton yarn and linen), biosynthetic fibers (like rayon and bamboo), and synthetic fibers (like acrylic and nylon). Acrylic yarns fall within the synthetic fibers category because it is a petroleum-based product that is engineered and manufactured to be a soft, light, and durable yarn. It is not a natural fiber – it is a man-made fiber. The process for making acrylic yarn begins by melting and mixing the ‘ingredients’ before extruding them through spinnerets to create filament threads that are bundled together. These threads are then stretched and cut to imitate the staple length of other fibers before being combed and spun into yarn. In the end, that mixture of petroleum-based man-made materials ends up looking and feeling like real, natural fibers. If you’d like to see the manufacturing process in action, here’s a video about the process for Red Heart Yarns: Properties of Acrylic Yarn Acrylic yarn gets a mixed review from knitters – sometimes unfairly. Acrylic yarn actually does have some good advantage that make it useful for knitting. But it does have some drawbacks that you should know about – so you can make the right choices for your knitting projects. Advantages of Acrylic Yarn Acrylic yarn actually has a long list of benefits. It’s perfect for hard-wearing projects that need to be tossed in the washing machine. here are some of the benefits of acrylic yarn: inexpensive widely-available wide-range of colors While acrylic yarn has some really great advantages, there are some drawbacks as well. These include: can’t be blocked odor absorbing not breathable prone to pilling not insulating can be scratchy heat sensitive Now that you understand the benefits and the drawbacks of using acrylic, you can choose the right types of knitting projects that it might be best suited for. Knitting with Acrylic Yarn Every acrylic yarn is different. Some will feel quite soft while you’re knitting, others might feel scratchy. Some will feels slippery and some will not. It just depends on how the filaments have been cut and spun and what the acrylic is blended with. For this reason, you’ll want to choose your knitting needles with care. With slippery fibers it might be a better choice to knit with plastic, wood, or bamboo needles – something with some ‘grip’ so your stitches won’t slip and slide off the needles. For less slippery fibers you can use whatever types of needle material you prefer. Choosing Knitting Patterns Acrylic cannot be directly substituted for every pattern – it has its own characteristics that need to be considered when choosing an appropriate pattern. Kids and baby garments and blankets are great for acrylic and acrylic blends because of the durability and easy care. Acrylic yarn is a great choice for gifts and charity knitting. If you are knitting a gift and you know the recipient wants something easy to care for or you’re just not sure if they are willing to take the time to hand wash and dry, acrylic or acrylic blended yarn that are machine-washable and dry-able are a great choice. Donation and charity knitting is also a great time to use acrylic because these types of things are often required to be easy-care and machine washable. Avoid heavily cabled fabrics (especially sweaters) – the weight of the garment (because of those cables) becomes quite heavy. When it’s worked in wool, the wool has resilience, elasticity, and memory so it will hold its shape. Acrylic, on the other hand, does not have the resilience and memory that wool naturally has and it will sag with the weight of the garment. Lace can also be a problem when knitting with acrylic T-shirt yarns. In many cases you want to use a natural, resilient fiber that can be washed and stretched to expand and open the lace patterns. This is much harder to do with acrylic (though not impossible). You can use steam blocking to ‘kill’ the fiber and make it hold its shape (see the section on blocking for more information). You’ll also want to avoid acrylic for household items that will be used near heat sources – like potholders or trivets. Because acrylic is sensitive to heat, it can actually melt and the melting fibers can even burn your skin. So definitely avoid these types of projects when using acrylic yarns. I prefer wool or animal fibers for things like this – because they are all self-extinguishing. While acrylic is a great choice for many types of knitting patterns, choose your projects with care and don’t just assume that acrylic can replace any other type of yarn. Caring for Finished Projects Most acrylic yarns are machine-washable and can even be put in the dryer on low heat (but always check the label for your specific yarn, like sock yarn – the care instructions may be different). Be careful of putting acrylic yarns in the dryer on a high-heat setting because acrylic fibers are heat sensitive and can actually melt. But for the most part, machine washing and drying on a low temperature are perfectly okay for acrylic yarns. Blocking Acrylic Knits Acrylic really can’t be blocked in the traditional sense like other plant and animal-based fibers. Instead the fibers can ‘be killed’ by applying heat to relax and set the fibers. But never apply the heat directly to the surface of the fabric – the fibers will melt. This is not the same as traditional blocking – where the project is soaked, sprayed, or steamed before placing on a flat surface (and possibly pinned or stretched) to dry. If the blocking doesn’t work just as you expected it to, you just get the project wet and try again. This doesn’t work for acrylic fibers – which are actually resistant to water. With acrylic, when steam heat is applied, the fibers are set and there is no going back. You can’t wash it and try again so this should be done very carefully. If you want to relax an acrylic garment you certainly can. For example, if the hem or edge of a garment is rolling and you want to make sure it lays flat, you can steam it to relax the yarn. Or perhaps you’ve knit a lace shawl or garment. You can stretch it out to the shape you want it to be and pin it before steam blocking it. This will set the fibers for life so do it carefully. Steam blocking acrylic yarn: Place the dry garment on a mat or towel. If you need to pin it to shape (especially for something like a lace shawl) do so – slanting the pins outward to make space for the iron or steamer. Heat a steam iron or hand held steamer. When the device is hot, hold it an inch or so above the surface of the project (don’t let the device touch the project – especially the iron, you have a little more leeway with the hand-held steamer), moving it slowly to relax and kill the fibers, pressing the button to release the steam. Continue applying steam until the project is set. Buying Acrylic Yarn Acrylic yarn (100% acrylic) is available in many, many places. It’s easily found in most local big-box stores – with brands like Red Heart, Lion Brand, Bernat and Caron. But you can also find it online. Here are a few other acrylic yarns you may not be aware of, and there are also milk cotton yarn: Knit Picks Brava Worsted (also available in other weights) Paintbox Yarns Simply DK (also available in other weights) Stylecraft Special Chunky yarn (also available in other weights) While 100% acrylic yarns are easy to find, I prefer to use it in a blend where some of the drawbacks are mitigated and you get the benefits of natural fibers. Acrylic & Wool Blends Acrylic blended with wool is a great combination of lightweight, resilient fibers. The acrylic adds some durability and makes it easier to care for. Wool will help stitch definition and blocking for an even fabric.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
The Basics of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Описание: The Basics of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Have you ever wondered how the latest styles of automobiles came to be? The next time you drive or ride in a car, you’ll notice much of the interior consists of plastic. The molding around the entertainment center, the steering wheel, and more all consist of plastic. Take a look at the exterior. The headlights and bumpers? In many models, they consist of, you guessed it, plastic. But plastic automotive molding is relatively new.Automobiles before the 1970s used metal for everything. This made them heavy and clunky.It wasn’t until the 1940s and 1950s when the plastics started booming. By the 1970s, vehicles started using lightweight plastic for decorative elements. It wasn’t until the 1980s that some exterior elements started to use plastics. The 2000s welcomed the use of plastics for structural parts making vehicles lighter and more fuel-efficient. Today, automotive molding is an efficient way to manufacture plastic components for vehicles. Here are the types and advantages of auto molding. Injection molding is one of the most popular processes of automotive electronic molding. Its uses range from forming car parts and cell phones to toys and storage containers. Injecting molding uses an injection machine to create a foam or plastic molding. To use it, you feed plastic powder or granular into the machine which heats it into molten plastic. Once melted, the plastic enters an injector which pushes it into a shaped cavity. It fills the cavity and sits until it cools and hardens. After it hardens, you can remove it from the metal cavity and use it for its intended purpose. A similar process works with most polymers, resins, foams, and silicone rubber. The process and machine used will change a little depending on the size of the part you’re molding and material used. Structural automotive foam, which you can find inside the door and side panels, uses a foam mold. Resin is the primary material, but other plastics can work as well. It’s even lighter than most plastics and can be just as durable. Sometimes when you’re choosing what manufacturing method to use, the requirements for dimensions, materials, and specifications make conventional production processes too expensive. Milling, turning and drilling to machine a block with openings and chamfers that will hold bearings or other components is complex and difficult. Of course, you can cast parts, but the up-front cast molding investment only makes sense when fabricating parts in high volumes. What if you’re working on a prototype in its early design stages and you only need to fabricate only one or two parts? Milling and turning take a lot of time and waste a lot of material, but electrical discharge machining services (EDM) can be a more efficient solution. EDM is a manufacturing process where material is removed from a workpiece by applying a series of current discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric bath liquid. Why would you use EDM machine manufacturing as opposed to traditional methods? Read on to learn about the different types of electrical discharge machining and find out. Types of EDM Manufacturing Wire Cutting Electrical Discharge Machining: For this type of EDM, a wire is used as an electrode, and is continuously and automatically fed with a spool during the process. Typically, the fluid is ionized water and the wire is brass or copper. Checking the workpiece material and wire electrode materials to determine best electrical discharge machining process parameters is highly recommended to guarantee compatibility and to prevent corrosion. Because a wire electrode is used to cut the workpiece, only cuts through the whole thickness of the workpiece are possible. Sinker Discharge Machining: This process is known as die, traditional, or Ram EDM. It can produce complex geometries not possible with Wire EDM. The high speed electrode machine material is typically graphite or copper machined into a specific shape that’s the inverse of the intended final geometry of the part. Once the electrode is shaped, a process called “electrode wear” damages the workpiece by the sparks to form the correct geometry. Unlike Wire EDM, Sinker EDM can do both partial cuts and cuts completely through the workpiece. Hole Drilling Electric Discharge Machining: The third type of EDM is used for drilling. Hole drilling EDM is able to machine very small, deep holes, which is difficult or even impossible with conventional drilling methods. Additionally, hole drilling EDM is super clean, and doesn’t require any deburring. In this process, the electrodes are tubular and the dielectric fluid is fed through them. Similar to the other EDM types, the electrode cuts/erodes the workpiece, but due to the discharged gap, the electrode doesn’t actually contact the workpiece. This minimizes deflection of the tube electrode as compared to drill bit deflection in conventional drilling machine processes.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
Kojic acid: What you need to know
Описание: Kojic acid: What you need to know Kojic acid is a chemical skin whitening material produced from different types of fungi. It is also a by-product of fermented soy sauce and rice wine. Kojic acid is sometimes used in the food industry as a natural preservative. One of the main uses of kojic acid, however, is in some health and cosmetic products. In this article, we look at how kojic acid is used, what possible health benefits it might have, and what the potential risks and side effects are. Uses Kojic acid is sometimes used in health and beauty products to lighten the skin. It may be used to treat skin conditions, such as sun damage, scars, and age spots. The science behind how kojic acid works as a lightening agent involves its effect on melanin production. Melanin is a naturally occurring pigment in the body that gives the eyes, hair, and skin their color. An amino acid called tyrosine is needed to support the production of melanin. Kojic acid works by blocking tyrosine from forming, which then prevents melanin production. Decreased melanin production may have a lightening effect on the skin. Kojic acid is most commonly used in cosmetic products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, and other moisturing raw materials. It is also used in some soaps. Many products with kojic acid are intended for use on the hands or face. Products containing kojic acid can also be used on other parts of the body, such as the legs and arms, functioning as skin whitening material. The concentration of kojic acid in cosmetics is often between 1 and 4 percentTrusted Source. Certain products containing kojic acid, such as serums, are meant to be applied to the skin and left on and absorbed. Some products, such as soaps, are applied and washed off. Benefits The benefits of using products containing kojic acid may include the following: Anti-aging raw material effect: Products containing kojic acid may lighten the skin, which can improve the appearance of age spots and sun damage. The reduction of dark spots can have an anti-aging effect. Treat melasma: Kojic acid may also be helpful in decreasing melasma, which is darkening of the skin due to pregnancy. Decrease the appearance of scars: Kojic acid may also reduce the discoloration of scars. Although the acid does not improve the thickness of scar tissue, it may reduce dark pigmentation associated with certain types of scars. Lightening the scar may make it less noticeable. Antifungal benefits: Kojic acid is also thought to have some antifungal benefits. It may be helpful in preventing and treating certain fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot and yeast infections. Antibacterial effects: Kojic acid may also provide antibacterial benefits. It may help decrease the chances of developing common types of bacterial skin infections. Safety Before using products containing kojic acid, it is important to make sure they are safe. Cosmetic products are not regulated the same way medicines and foods are. Cosmetic products are not required by law to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Trusted Source before being sold. The FDA do have a voluntary registration program for cosmetic manufacturers in which companies can report how their products are made. Also, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel reviews safety. A reviewTrusted Source of kojic acid found that some studies in mice suggested there was a link to tumor growth when the acid was used in high concentrations. However, this link was weak since kojic acid is slowly absorbed into the circulation. It is unlikely that levels would become high enough to cause cancer in humans. According to the reviewers, the available data suggest that the use of products containing kojic acid with a concentration of 2 percent for products left on the skin is considered safe. The CIR Expert Panel agreed that kojic acid could be safely used in cosmetic products. Raw kojic acid is available, but it is not recommended for skin use. Kojic acid should be diluted to concentrations of no more than 4 percent. A concentration of 1 to 2 percent is recommended to reduce the chance of skin irritation. Trying to add raw kojic acid to creams or lotions may be difficult and result in levels that are irritating to the skin. Using pre-made skin lotions and creams that already contain kojic acid in specific concentrations may be a better option. How can antioxidants benefit our health? Antioxidation raw materials are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. They are sometimes called “free-radical scavengers.” The sources of antioxidants can be natural or artificial. Certain plant-based foods are thought to be rich in antioxidants. Plant-based antioxidants are a kind of phytonutrient, or plant-based nutrient. The body also producesTrusted Source some antioxidants, known as endogenous antioxidants. Antioxidants that come from outside the body are called exogenous. Free radicals are waste substances produced by cellsTrusted Source as the body processes food and reacts to the environment. If the body cannot process and remove free radicals efficiently, oxidative stress can result. This can harm cells and body function. Free radicals are also known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Factors that increase the production of free radicals in the body can be internal, such as inflammation, or external, for example, pollution, UV exposure, and cigarette smoke. Oxidative stress has been linkedTrusted Source to heart disease, cancer, arthritis, stroke, respiratory diseases, immune deficiency, emphysema, Parkinson’s disease, and other inflammatory or ischemic conditions. Antioxidants are said to help neutralize free radicals in our bodies, and this is thought to boost overall health. Benefits Antioxidants (anti-wrinkle raw materials)can protect against the cell damage that free radicals cause, known as oxidative stress. Activities and processes that can lead to oxidative stress includeTrusted Source: mitochondrial activity xcessive exercise tissue trauma, due to inflammation and injury ischemia and reperfusion damage consumption of certain foods, especially refined and processed foods, trans fats, artificial sweeteners, and certain dyes and additives smoking environmental pollution radiation exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and drugs, including chemotherapy industrial solvents ozone Such activities and exposures can result in cell damage. This, in turn, may lead to: an excessive release of free iron or copper ions an activation of phagocytes, a type of white blood cell with a role in fighting infection an increase in enzymes that generate free radicals a disruption of electron transport chains All these can result in oxidative stress. The damage caused by oxidative stress has been linked to cancer, atherosclerosis, and vision loss. It is thought that the free radicals cause changes in the cells that lead to these and possibly other conditions. An intake of antioxidants is believed to reduce these risks. According to one studyTrusted Source: “Antioxidants act as radical scavenger, hydrogen donor, electron donor, peroxide decomposer, singlet oxygen quencher, enzyme inhibitor, synergist, and metal-chelating agents.” Other research has indicatedTrusted Source that antioxidant supplements may help reduce vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration in older people. Overall, however, there is a lack of evidenceTrusted Source that a higher intake of specific antioxidants can reduce the risk of disease. In most cases, results have tended to show no benefit, or a detrimental effect, or they have been conflicting. Types There are thought to be hundreds and possibly thousands of substances that can act as antioxidants. Each has its own role and can interact with others to help the body work effectively. “Antioxidant” is not really the name of a substance, but rather it describes what a range of substances can do. Examples of antioxidants that come from outside the body include: vitamin A vitamin C vitamin E beta-carotene lycopene lutein selenium manganese zeaxanthin Flavonoids, flavones, catechins, polyphenols, and phytoestrogens are all types of antioxidants and phytonutrients, and they are all found in plant-based foods. Each antioxidant serves a different function and is not interchangeable with another. This is why it is important to have a varied diet.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
Christmas tree
Описание: Christmas tree Christmas tree, an evergreen tree, often a pine or a fir, decorated with lights and ornaments as a part of Christmas festivities. Christmas trees can be fresh-cut, potted, or artificial and are used as both indoor and outdoor decorations. While the trees are traditionally associated with Christian symbolism, their modern use is largely secular. Many families place presents around an indoor Christmas tree to be opened on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. The use of evergreen trees, wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and Hebrews. Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the Devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmastime. It survived further in the custom, also observed in Germany, of placing a Yule tree at an entrance or inside the house during the midwinter holidays. The modern Christmas tree, though, originated in western Germany. The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a “paradise tree,” a fir tree hung with apples, that represented the Garden of Eden. The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24, the religious feast day of Adam and Eve. They hung wafers on it (symbolizing the eucharistic host, the Christian sign of redemption); in a later tradition the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes. Candles, symbolic of Christ as the light of the world, were often added. In the same room was the “Christmas pyramid,” a triangular construction of wood that had shelves to hold Christmas figurines and was decorated with evergreens, candles, and a star. By the 16th century the Christmas pyramid and the paradise tree had merged, becoming the Christmas tree. The custom was widespread among the German Lutherans by the 18th century, but it was not until the following century that the Christmas tree became a deep-rooted German tradition. Introduced into England in the early 19th century, the Christmas tree was popularized in the mid-19th century by German-born Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. The Victorian tree was decorated with toys and small gifts, candles, candies, popcorn strings, and fancy cakes hung from the branches by ribbons and by paper chains. Taken to North America by German settlers as early as the 17th century, Christmas trees were the height of fashion by the 19th century. They were also popular in Austria, Switzerland, Poland, and the Netherlands. In China and Japan, Christmas trees, introduced by Western missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries, were decorated with intricate paper designs. Blown-glass ornaments were offered for sale in Britain and the United States as early as the 1870s, many produced in small workshops in Germany and Bohemia, which also created decorations made from tinsel, cast lead, beads, pressed paper, and cotton batting. In the United States, F.W. Woolworth was selling $25 million in ornaments annually by 1890, by which time strings of electric tree lights were also available. In the 1930s, artificial trees made of brush bristles were developed in the United States, and the 1950s and ’60s saw the mass production of aluminum and PVC plastic trees. Artificial trees gained significant popularity, particularly in countries where fresh trees were hard to procure. The History of Christmas Tree Ornaments The idea of decorating a tree for Christmas began in Germany, where they used to add fruits and nuts to trees once the leaves fell off to symbolize the promise of spring to come. But in 1605, a fur tree was brought inside and adorned with paper roses, candles, nuts, and fruits, which was groundbreaking! The idea of decorating a tree indoors took off and spread across Germany. In the 1800s, German immigrants brought the tradition to America, who made their own interpretations. Early Christmas ornaments were made out of whatever items that families had available to them – fruit (especially apples), nuts, strings of popcorn and cranberries, paper streamers, candles, and metal foil. They really came to show off American inventiveness! Fun fact: Even before Christmas lights were invented, we loved the idea of lighting up a tree. Bits of foil were often added to reflect the light in the room and make the tree glisten! Traditional Ball Ornaments You know those sets of round plastic ornaments you decorate your tree with? Well, those originated in Germany, too! Hans Greiner started making glass Christmas ball ornaments (called baubles) during the 1800s, which became the first manufactured Christmas ornaments. In the late 19th century, the enterprising F.W. Woolworth brought the idea to America, where he sold more than $25 million worth per year. Eventually, manufacturers began using injection molding (injecting molten material into a mould) with plastic materials, which allowed for a variety of other shapes and sizes. Fun fact: The round shape of the bauble originates from the shape of the original decorating material – fruits and nuts. The Christmas Star You may know that the Christmas star you see perched on top of trees and hung on branches has religious origins, but do you know why? When Jesus was born in Bethlehem, there were three magi (or wise men) who saw an unusual star in the sky and knew that it would lead them to baby Jesus. They followed that star all the way to the stable where Jesus lay in a manger, and brought gifts of gold, incense, and myrrh. The star that we use to decorate our trees today is representative of the original Star of Bethlehem. Fun fact: Though we sometimes refer to them as “the three kings”, the wise men were not actually kings. Instead, they were the equivalent of astrologers, who followed the patterns of the stars and were held in high esteem. Candy Canes We use candy canes for everything from Christmas tree decorations to stocking stuffers! Another German Christmas tradition, the candy cane originated around 1670. Designed to help children sit still during Christmas services, the candy was shaped like a “J” to represent crooks of the shepherds that visited baby Jesus. Around 1900, the red stripes and peppermint flavoring were added. Christians believe that the red stripes represent the blood that Jesus shed on the cross and the peppermint flavoring represents the hyssop plant that was used for Biblical purification. Fun fact: The original candy canes had no flavoring or color and were essentially just “sugar sticks.” Angels Many people use beautiful, ornate angels to decorate the Christmas tree toppers or to hang intermixed with other ornament sets. These, too, have religious connotations. They can represent the angel that appeared in Bethlehem to announce the birth of Jesus, the angel Gabriel who told Mary she would give birth to Jesus, or even the idea of angels watching over us and protecting us. Fun Fact: Soon after Christmas trees became popular, parents would decorate trees with streamers, telling their children that the streamers were pieces of angel hair that had been caught in the branches. The Christmas Pickle The Christmas pickle is definitely one of the weirdest Christmas ornament traditions! It emerged in the late 19th century as a game that parents created for their children. They bought a glass pickle ornament, hid it inside the tree, where it blended in with the branches, and asked the children to hunt for it. Whoever found the pickle first got an extra gift! Fun fact: While this was said to be a German tradition, Germany claimed they never heard of it! It’s thought to be the idea of an enterprising salesman who wanted to sell more unusual Christmas ornaments. Contemporary Usage of Christmas Ornaments Now, Christmas tree ornaments have come to really represent the interests of each individual family. For example, many families collect ornaments throughout their travels as visual representations of memories. Others purchase customized ornaments with the year of anniversaries, births, or other milestones engraved or stamped on them. Ornaments representing interests have become popular too, showcasing sports, movie characters, hobbies, musicians, favorite colors, and more. Themed trees are a relatively new Christmas trend that’s quickly catching on! You’ll see everything from coastal trees (shells and sand dollars) to retro trees (mercury glass and pastels), movie-themed trees (movie characters and symbols) to rustic trees (pinecones and woodland animals). They’re really becoming representations of each individual family’s interests and preferences. Fun fact: Hallmark Keepsake ornaments originated in 1973 with a small line of glass ball ornaments and yarn figures. Since then, over 8500 ornaments have been introduced, used to celebrate milestones by families all over the world.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
Cabinet Hinges for Home, Office, Furniture
Описание: Cabinet Hinges for Home, Office, Furniture While it may seem odd to some, cabinet hinges are a passion of ours here at H?fele—whether they be for kitchen, bath, furniture or outdoor applications—we appreciate the simplicity of a quality hinge as well as the value this essential hardware can bring to one’s everyday life. Simply put, your cabinets work as well as they do because of the hinges you choose. And these sturdy, durable pieces of hardware pack a whole bunch of functionality into a small package—everything from full adjustability to soft close settings which can be personalized to your liking. We carry a wide variety of cabinet hinge styles and options from top-tier manufacturers such as Salice, Grass, Aximat and many others—all at a variety of price points. Whether you’re in the market for concealed hinges for furniture, oil rubbed bronze hinges to match the design and color palette of your kitchen or Grade 1 institutional hinges for government buildings or workplaces, H?fele has you covered. The only thing more expansive than our love and knowledge of cabinet hinges is our product line. Our selection of hinges comes in a wide array of dimensions and open-degrees. Starting at 94° and going on up to 270° for folding doors, we're sure to have the right hinge for your cabinetry. We've also got a great line of minimalist hinges for glass and aluminum doors and cabinets. Glass can be a fantastic aesthetic addition to any kitchen, but finding cabinet hinges can sometimes be difficult. We've developed our line of glass hinges as push open system and hardware with you in mind. With the product breadth to cover any design, we've got what you need to install great looking glass doors. What are Gas Springs? Gas springs are versatile hydro-pneumatic (containing both gas and liquid) lifting mechanisms that help us raise, lower and support heavy or cumbersome objects more easily. They’re most widely seen in various configurations of door hardware, but the potential uses are near limitless. In everyday use, gas springs are now very commonly found in vehicle compartments, supporting adjustable chairs and tables, on all manner of easy-open hatches and panels, and even in small electronic devices. As the name suggests, these springsm, including furniture gas spring, rely on pressurised gas - along with some oil-based lubricant - to support or oppose a range of external forces. The compressed gas offers a controlled way of storing and releasing energy as smooth, cushioned movement, transferred via a sliding piston and rod. They’re also commonly referred to as gas struts, rams or dampers, although some of these terms imply a specific set of gas spring components, configurations and intended uses. Technically speaking, a standard gas spring is used to support objects as they move, a gas damper is used to control or limit that motion, and a damped gas spring tends to handle a bit of both. With this in mind, how exactly do gas struts and dampers work in practice? Which types are most appropriate in which roles, and what’s the ideal setup for the job you have in mind? In the sections below we’ll explore these and other questions about gas springs, starting with a closer look at how most lifts, struts and dampers function. How do Gas Springs work? Different sorts of gas struts and dampers come in a variety of configurations and components, and the precise mechanics of any given spring will be defined first and foremost by its intended use. Gas springs found in vehicle compartments will most likely be set up differently to those used on magic sliding doors, chairs, electrical goods, drawer slide or industrial platforms - but all have some key elements in common. To better understand how gas struts work, it’s helpful to picture a standard bicycle tyre pump. Like most manual hand pumps, gas springs and dampers feature a piston and rod mechanism passing back and forth through a tight-fitting tube. Unlike the open-ended tube of a pump, though, the cylinder of a gas spring is sealed, so the volume of gas inside remains constant. The piston in a gas strut allows a certain amount of this gas to pass around or through it, maintaining a balanced internal pressure while creating two varying pockets of different volumes and surface areas. By limiting the ease of gas flow through the piston one way or the other, manufacturers can adjust the force required to move it in a given direction. The extent to which this ease of flow is balanced or biased, along with the overall pressure of gas and fluid contained in the tube, is what makes different types of gas strut better suited to either supporting, accelerating or damping movement. What are Gas Springs used for? Gas springs for doors Given the myriad door types that benefit from gas spring applications, it’s no surprise that there are almost as many options for which sort of strut will fit which scenario. Household, school or workplace doors usually incorporate some sort of traction or pull-type gas spring, to help them open easily under pressure but return quickly to a closed position when not in use. Conversely, cabinet doors and access hatches often require the exact opposite function, allowing considerable weight to be lifted easily, and remain fully open until manually pulled shut again. In either scenario, a locking gas spring might also be useful, enabling the door to hold itself in place midway between fully open or closed. Certain doors - such as those with folding mechanisms - may even require a variable speed gas strut, to allow for smooth operation as different parts of the door move at different rates, and to dampen movement as partitions slide into one another. As with all such fixtures, the correct type of door gas struts to choose will depend entirely on what job you want them to do once mounted. Gaining a clear idea of the desired action and activation force is always the best place to start when figuring out which gas spring product will best suit your needs. Gas springs for cars Some cars will incorporate multiple sets of gas springs into the design of their various hoods, panels and compartments, but by far the most common usage is in boot-lifting mechanisms. In particular, nearly all hatchbacks and estate cars will have gas struts affixed to the rear assembly, helping to lift, support and lower their heavy tailgates smoothly and effortlessly. In fact, the action on most car-fitted gas springs is subtle enough that many drivers don’t realise they’re actually helping to raise the tailgate, as opposed to just holding it in place once it’s up. It’s easy to tell how much heavy lifting these fixtures do once they start to wear and degrade, though - especially with some estate-type rear doors, which can feel remarkably heavy if their gas struts are overdue for replacement. Gas springs for chairs The gas springs commonly used for office chairs are generally arranged in more of a ‘damping’ configuration, where greater resistance is met as the chair is lowered, and less as it’s raised. This cushions the downward movement of the seat when you’re in it, but allows it to spring back to its starting position with no manual force when empty. Office chair gas struts are nearly always lockable one way or another, although it’s worth noting that the locking mechanism is sometimes entirely separate from the spring itself. In these cases, rather than being a built-in feature of the strut, the lockable component functions more like a quick-release clamp positioned around the sliding central column. Both types tend to be equally effective at holding a comfortable position, and are similarly easy to adjust for the user.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21
How It Works: Water Well Pump
Описание: How It Works: Water Well Pump If you live in a town or city, you probably don't give much thought to how the water you use each day gets to your house. Even small villages often provide a network of supply pipes that transport water to each home in the neighborhood. All you need to know is how to open the tap at the sink. Move a few miles out of town and the picture can change. While the inner workings are still—thankfully—invisible, your water supply is independent from the neighbor's down the road. Each home has its own well from which to draw water. More than that, each home has its own electromechanical system for getting the water from the well to the house. At the heart of each system is a pump, and the most common types are jet pumps and submersible pumps. Well types In many areas of the country, finding potable water is as easy as getting out a shovel and digging a hole in the ground. Okay, maybe "easy" isn't the right word, but wherever the water table is only several feet below the surface of the ground, part of the battle may already be over. In such a shallow-well situation, lifting the water up to the house is going to be a little easier, if only because the distance you have to move it is modest. If your area doesn't have a high water table, or if it lacks a stable supply of potable water near the surface, you must dig deeper to achieve the same result. And because a deep well means that the water has to be lifted farther, the strategies for moving it change. Shallow-well pumps These days, the most common pump for a shallow well is a jet pump. Jet pumps are mounted above the well, either in the home or in a well house, and draw the water up from the well through suction (see Single-Drop Jet-Pump System diagram on next page). Because suction is involved, atmospheric pressure is what's really doing the work. Think of the system as a long straw. As you suck on the straw, you create a vacuum in the straw above the water. Once the vacuum is there, the weight of the air, or atmospheric pressure, pushes the water up the straw. Consequently, the height that you can lift the water with a shallow-well jet pump relates to the weight of the air. While air pressure varies with elevation, it's common to limit the depth of a jet-pump-operated shallow well to about 25 ft. There is also deep well pump. Jet pumps create suction in a rather novel way. The pump is powered by an electric motor that drives an impeller, or centrifugal pump. The impeller moves water, called drive water, from the well through a narrow orifice, or jet, mounted in the housing in front of the impeller. This constriction at the jet causes the speed of the moving water to increase, much like the nozzle on a garden hose. As the water leaves the jet, a partial vacuum is created that sucks additional water from the well. Directly behind the jet is a Venturi tube that increases in diameter. Its function is to slow down the water and increase the pressure. The pumped water–new water that's drawn from the well by the suction at the jet–then combines with the drive water to discharge into the plumbing system at high pressure. Because shallow-well jet pumps and deep well water pump use water to draw water, they generally need to be primed–filled with water–before they'll work. To keep water in the pump and plumbing system from flowing back down into the well, a 1-way check valve is installed in the feed line to the pump. Solar Powered Water Pumping Any renewable energy source can make the electricity needed to power various appliances, including pumps. Solar electric power in particular is a reliable and economic choice for powering remote water pumping. Solar water pumping systems are in common use for garden fountains, livestock watering, and large-scale watering needs for commercial installations. Cattle ranchers all over the world are enthusiastic solar pump users because their water sources may be spread over large areas of rangeland that lack utility power and where generator use would be expensive and impractical. Photovoltaic (PV) panels are therefore in widespread use for reliably producing electricity directly from sunlight to power livestock and irrigation watering systems. When properly designed, PV-powered pumping systems can result in significant long-term cost savings and a smaller environmental footprint compared to conventional power systems. System Design Considerations A typical solar-powered water pump system, which includes a solar array, controller, pump, and storage tank. (Source: “The Montana Agsolar Project – Expanding the Agricultural Uses of Solar Energy in Montana.”) A solar-powered water pumping system consists of four parts: the actual pump which moves the water, the controller which adjusts the pump speed and output power as the solar panel input varies, the engine, and the solar panels. The specifics of the system design are determined by the following considerations: The site-specific available solar energy (or insolation). The volume of water required in a given period of time for the application at hand. This may include additional water to be stored for periods when the PV is not operating or has diminished output. The total dynamic head (TDH) for the pump (the equivalent height that water must be raised, taking friction losses in the pipes into account.) The quantity and quality of available water. The system’s proposed layout and hydraulic criteria. Pumps for Solar Pumping Systems There are two major types of solar pumps, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). DC solar pumps are generally suitable for small applications (garden fountains, landscaping, etc.) and are relatively low-priced, particularly because they do not require inverters to produce AC power from the solar panels. These pumps are generally designed to operate with minimum electrical power, so they have rather low flow rates. Such pumps often find use in submersible deep wells where a slow but steady pump rate is acceptable. AC solar pumps are driven by inverters producing AC power from PV panels. They are suitable for all kinds of applications from landscaping to irrigation, particularly large-scale applications such as farmland irrigation, desert control, and so forth. AC solar pumps are available in power output ranges from 150W to 55kW. Solar-powered pumps are characterized as either positive displacement pumps (e.g. diaphragm, piston, or helical rotor) or centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps are typically used when the TDH is high and the flow rate (measured in gallons per minute) required is low. Conversely, centrifugal pumps are typically used for low TDH and high flow rates. There are many resources available that provide specific information and advice for implementing solar water pumps in a variety of situations. These should be consulted to meet the needs of specific applications.
Дата Публикации: 15-12-21