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Why Running Socks Are As Important As Your Running Shoes

Описание:  Why Running Socks Are As Important As Your Running Shoes Running socks are as important to a runner's comfort and performance as a decent pair of running shoes. Choosing the wrong pair of socks could lead a blisterful rather than a blissful running experience. Here's why socks are important to the runner. Choose socks wisely It is highly recommended that you give as much thought to choosing your socks as you do your running shoes. Why? Well, for a number of reasons, not least the fact that they can help prevent injuries, in addition to preventing some shocking blisters. It makes little sense purchasing a really good pair of running shoes, if you then wear a pair of cheap socks. It makes little sense purchasing a really good pair of running shoes, if you then wear a pair of cheap socks that mean your foot slides around in the shoe causing friction and ultimately painful blisters. This effectively negates the benefit you should be getting from the decent running shoes, reducing them to footwear that effectively handicaps you every time you run. Sock technology has come a long way in recent years, but it is quite hard for manufacturers to get runners excited over a humble running sock. Many runners still pick up a three-pack of poor quality cotton socks over a decent pair of technical running socks and then wonder why their feet are getting damaged. Yes, cheap socks may cost a fraction of the cost of quality running socks but it is a false economy to buy them instead of a running-specific pair of socks. Development of running sock technology Running socks differ from your standard pair of sports socks. The principal development that started the change process was that of blister-resistant technology. Although by no means guaranteed to rid the runner of a persistent race curse, the use of two layers of fabric fundamentally changed the way some runners perceived the sock market. The idea behind this concept was that double layers would absorb friction, whilst at the same time wicking away moisture, so dramatically reducing the very cause of blisters. With the constant improvement in the fabrics, these qualities have been enhanced over time with resultant improvements in performance. Many runners would not consider running long distance events in anything else, but some still regard them as overpriced gimmicks. Cushioning is another improvement in modern socks, and is often the main reason why some runners invest more in a pair of socks than others. The level of padding can differ by brand, but the principle is the same in all of them; they give the runner more protection in those areas of the foot that take the most pounding. Principally the cushioning is around the heel and in the toe area, which has the effect of dissipating the pressure normally associated with these points. In addition to the positive effects of good cushioning, there are two other issues to cover. Firstly, some have an additional thread woven into the sock from top to bottom, which operates like a bandage to protect the joints. Secondly there is the use of pressure sensors. These prevent deviation from natural motions, so common towards the end of a run and the cause of so many injuries. The Importance of Wearing Socks Are your kids always refusing to wear children socks with their shoes? Are you tired of having a battle every morning when you try to put your child’s socks on? I have put together a selection of the best kids’ socks in terms of comfort, materials, and durability. Before you provide your child with a pair of socks, you need to know whether the socks should come with or without grippers on the bottom. It’s important for children to always wear socks with their shoes since socks are meant to prevent the formation of blisters and the build-up of bacteria inside the shoes. Babys socks also help protect your children’s feet from getting foot infections. There are a couple of misconceptions when it comes to children’s socks. For example, parents are always asking me whether they need to provide their children with socks that come with grippers or not. The Importance of Wearing Socks – Grippers or No Grippers? If your little ones are walking barefoot around the house —as recommended for healthy foot development— they are going to need a pair of socks to protect their feet from the cold. Children should only wear socks with grippers when they are not wearing shoes. The main reason for this is that the grippers will stick to the insoles of the shoes, preventing your child’s feet and toes to move freely. Babies and toddlers move their toes as a way of exercising their feet, that’s the reason why it’s so important to not constrict this toe movement. If your child’s toes are cramped inside the shoes, this can also lead to the formation of blisters. If your children are not wearing shoes, like when they are walking inside the house, you can definitely provide them with socks that come with grippers, as they will provide your children with better stability and prevent them from falling. Gripper socks are ideal for babies or toddlers who are learning how to walk. The grippers will help make your toddler feel more stable when walking. When looking for your kids’ socks, it’s critical that you always take into account the type of fabric used. The fabric will have an impact on both the comfort and durability of the sock. The most common and popular fabric is cotton. However, this doesn’t mean that cotton is the best fabric for boys & girls socks. While cotton allows the foot to breathe and it tends to absorb moisture, it doesn’t dispel it. This means that your child might walk around for longer periods of time with socks that are damp. The world of women's socks and its numerous creations Meanwhile, womens socks have become important accessories for women because the numerous types have a decisive influence on the outfit. The sock looks are colorful, sweet, playful and can also be super sexy. Between transparent socks with lace and the sporty sneaker socks, there are exciting models to discover. We will guide you through the greatest creations and types of the ladies sock world. The classic sneaker socks for ladies Sneaker socks for ladies, these short socks that go exclusively under the ankles are not only super comfortable and extremely popular in the ladies' world, but are also perfectly suited for sports, leisure or everyday life. These stockings are almost invisible and the perfect solution for those who would like to go barefoot. This type is not only airy, thus super suitable for the hot summer days, but also prevents alleged blister formation or other inflammations, which can develop by friction. The sneaker socks usually consist of a high percentage of cotton and a few percent spandex which give them a good fit. In addition to the simple and rather muted colours that are usually known from the short sneaker socks, you can also opt for colourful or patterned models. Footlets for ladies You don't see booties because they disappear in the shoe because the cuff ends with the shoe opening. They are the perfect companion if you like to wear ballerinas. They also help you with your workout. The booties are made of robust natural fibers and modern fiber materials, which leads to a high wearing comfort and a firm hold in your sports shoes. Colourful and colourful pattern socks for ladies Pattern socks conquer the world decisively. Wherever the eye goes, there is the right pair of motif socks for every taste. You can buy these women's stockings with the funniest and greatest motifs. Besides palm trees, dogs, vegetables, ice cream, sloth or flamingos you will find everything your heart desires. The motif socks can also make statements with single words or sentences. A great eye-catcher for every look. You can unpack your pumps, put on your womens cozy socks, wear a great pleated skirt in the color of your choice and choose a casual blouse or t-shirt. There's a cool look ready. The motive socks are suitable for everyday life as well as for going away. So you're guaranteed to catch everyone's eye for you on a cool dinner evening with friends. But these models also go well with a casual outfit with tight jeans. They spray something playful, but also wild. The must-have, also for ladies: the logo socks Logo socks definitely reflect a piece of your personality. Because mostly these stockings are from hip and world-famous fashion labels like Burlington or Falke. You show which brands you stand for and which connection you have. You can also tell which style you like and which fashion you like. Many fashionistas of this world are taken with these unique statement socks. Logo socks are best worn with a simpler outfit to show off the logo to its best advantage and to fully unfold its effect. High logo socks can be worn with silk pumps or trendy sneakers. Especially cool are the socks, where the logo becomes a single pattern. Sports and tennis socks for women Sport socks that reach up to the calves. These models are hipper than ever. Fashion icons run up and down the streets in these socks. You can combine sports or tennis socks of numerous sports brands to high heels or sneakers. With a cool dress and a simple blazer you can create a stylish outfit. Socks with print for ladies Printed socks for ladies can be very personal and individual because you can not only buy them in all kinds, but you can also have them printed by yourself. That means you can have a picture of yourself and your loved one printed on your socks or even on your pet. These socks with print are also guaranteed to be funny as a gift or as a nice gesture. Also, cool sayings can be printed or important names or data. In any case, these models are very individual because no one else has them if you have them personalized. But you can also buy models with faces of stars and starlets, animals and many other motifs. You will certainly attract attention with these women's stockings. You can wear them at a festival or a casual outdoor party, for example. Climbing functional stockings to the summit Functional stockings are perfect when you want to go hiking with your family, climb a peak, for any leisure activity and of course for normal training. Their fit, breathability and modern materials make them the perfect companions. In addition, there are different designs that contain cotton, viscose or synthetic fiber. A further highlight of these functional ladies socks are various padded zones, which protect the feet from any friction and thus prevent blisters from forming on the foot. These socks have soft seams, are not too thick and have a firm hold on the leg. Make sure you reach for these stockings because you will feel good with them guaranteed. So nothing stands in the way of your activities and plans. Soft and cuddly wool socks for cold ladies feet Wool socks are not only warm and cuddly soft, with them you can relax accepting a warm tea and a good book or during small walks. You can buy the warm womens printing socks from virgin wool, merino wool or cashmere wool. Most fans of wool socks want as much as possible natural fibers in the wool socks, but you can also buy warm ladies socks with the synthetic fiber polyester, these socks are also very fluffy and popular. In any case you can buy wool socks in all possible colours, also dotted, patterned or multicoloured. You can choose between super thick stockings for at home or also thinner ones, which do not apply too much and look good in great shoes. Your taste and style are in demand.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

Emerging Technologies in Warp Knitting

Описание: Emerging Technologies in Warp Knitting Warp knitting is a process in which the yarn is knitted up wards instead of a single row, following the adjacent columns known as wales. In warp knitting the total number of individual yarns is equal to the total stitches in a row. Warp knitting is done only by a machine, not by hand. Warp knitting comprises many kinds of fabrics, such as raschel knits, tricot, and milanese knits. Tricot is usually used in lingerie making. Milanese is firmer, stable, smoother and costly than tricot, so it is utilized in high-end lingerie. Raschel knits are not so stretchable and are usually bulky, so they are normally used in making unlined material like jackets, coats, dresses and straight skirts. History of warp knitting Two names, William Lee and Karl Mayer are considerably related with the commencement of warp knitting. In 1589 William Lee applied for patent of his first machine for making knitted articles, in that way he laid the foundations for mechanical manufacturing and making the technical base to develop warp knitting technology. In 1947, the insightful entrepreneur and mechanic, Karl Mayer showed off first warp knitting loom. The FM 48 was compiled two guide bars, and with bearded needles, attained a speed of 200 rpm. It marked the starting of technical era in pioneering leaps in the field of warp knitting. Karl Mayer, in 1953 launched his company's first raschel loom into the factories. These warp knitting machines was working with upto four guide bars, used a four-roll take up system to allow fabric beams alterations without stopping the machine. It had a pattern-box with pattern discs or chain elements. The technology of these high-performing warp knitting machines were enhanced from one generation to the other, considering to improvise the product technology, equipping for added facilities like blind lap tools for producing knitted plisse, or sinkers with two pieces, and easily movable sinkers or pattern pressers. The market witnessed inventions of new machines in the year 1954, the first elastic raschel machine and first tulle raschel knitting machine. In 1955 'Super Garant' series marked its name on the market. 1956 saw the first warp knitted lace machine, featuring 12 guide bars. First curtain raschel machine was introduced in 1958 and first carpet raschel machine in 1959. The success story continued in 1967 with a launch of the first fall plate multibar raschel machine and jacquard raschel machine weft insertion, along with other series. Following gradual developments led more diversity into the product range of lace raschel machines. A significant move in this process was the execution of the jacquard theory in warp knitting. The lace raschel machines were working with nearly 57 guide bars by the year 1981. This series was first ever set with an electronic control system. In the starting of 80s, the summator, an electromechanical pattern guide bar control was introduced. The summator included slide elements, featuring defined curves on the end surfaces. Now, a pattern control computer conquest the work of supervising the pattern guide bars. For a long period this technology was followed in the 'Jacquardtronic' and 'Textronic' series of lace raschel machines, with up to 78 guide-bars. Alike these developments, enhance also had been witnessed on the ground of automatic warp knitting machines. Technological Emergence In 2003, the new generation machines in the warp knitting were displayed at ITMA, Birmingham. The machines were equipped with individual motors to feed thread, fabric take-up and rolling-up, with all easy navigation. All machines had network systems with latest computers. The computer merges a motion control and a PLC for machines sequence control. The user can operate knitting machine through Internet and intranet communication. Among the others, one computer is using ALC's 'ProCad' software, which guarantees well-organized pattern creation and error free online connection to machines. In addition, ALC software PROFAB and PDA computer also presents output data management facilities. Two next generation technologies are introduced in the field warp knitting. The HKS3-M knitting machine complies continuous thread supervising, utilizing the scanning system and Protechna, an independent thread stabilization system for loose threads, and the roll-ups. It works on the base of specific and constantly variable selection of stitch range, featuring continuous winding tension and tremendously uniform package structure excluding complicated gear-wheel changes. knitting, production of fabric by employing a continuous yarn or set of yarns to form a series of interlocking loops. Knit fabrics can generally be stretched to a greater degree than woven types. The two basic types of knits are the weft, or filling knits—including plain, rib, purl, pattern, and double knits—and the warp knits—including tricot, raschel, and milanese. In knitting, a wale is a column of loops running lengthwise, corresponding to the warp of woven fabric; a course is a crosswise row of loops, corresponding to the filling. Most filling knits can be made by hand or machine, although commercial fabrics are generally machine-made. Basic stitches are the knit stitch, a loop passed through the front of the preceding loop, and the purl stitch, drawn through the back. Some filling knits are fragile because of the dependency of each loop in a vertical row on the stitch next to it. Runs can occur when one loop breaks, releasing other loops in the same row. Filling knits have the greatest amount of stretch in the crosswise direction. The plain knits, also called flat knits, have a flat surface, with short, horizontal loops visible on the back. When produced by hand knitting, this structure is called stockinette. Pile-surfaced fabrics produced by variations of the plain knit include velour and fake furs. Rib knits have pronounced lengthwise ribs formed by wales alternating on both sides of the fabric. These knits are fairly heavy, have good elasticity, and are more durable than the plain knits. Purl knits have horizontal ridges running crosswise on both the face and the back of the fabric, making them reversible. Pattern knits, such as those of fisherman knit sweaters, are produced by varying the manner in which the knit and purl stitches are used. Because the knit stitch tends to advance and the purl stitch to recede, a variety of patterns can be made by adding, dropping, alternating, or crossing stitches. Knitted Elastic Knitted elastic is made by knitting the fibers together. Knitted elastic tends to be softer than braided or woven elastic, and it retains its width when stretched. It also works well even when pierced by needles, so it’s a good choice for sew on applications. It rolls more than woven elastic, but less than braided elastic. Since this elastic is softer, it’s suitable for light to midweight fabrics, but doesn’t have the grip needed for heavier fabrics. With knit elastic, I may cut the elastic slightly shorter than the finished measurement in order to have it grip properly, particularly when I use it for waistbands or bra bands. Woven Elastic Also referred to as non-roll elastic, woven elastic is usually the firmest of the three basic elastic types. It retains width as it is stretched, and is suitable for sew on applications as well as use in casings. Because it tends to be very firm, it is also suitable for heavier weight fabrics. I generally don’t cut woven elastic with much negative ease, because it will pull too much. In other words, if I’m using it in a waistband, I’ll cut the elastic to the body measurement where the waist hits, not any less. All About Fold-Over-Elastic (FOE) and How to Sew It In developing our Tropo Camisole pattern it feels like we’ve sewn enough fold-over elastic (FOE) to reach to the moon and back! We’ve assembled here everything we’ve learned about FOE along the way to help you get started with sewing your own FOE! What is FOE? FOE stands for Fold-Over-Elastic. It is a lightweight elastic that has a crease down the middle of it. It often has one shiny side (usually considered the right side) and one matte side (usually considered the wrong side) and can be found in a variety of colors and a variety of patterns. The crease allows you to fold the elastic perfectly in half. FOE can be found in a variety of qualities and you may find some are soft while some are scratchy (particularly metallic colors). Some FOEs have better recovery than others (recovery is how well it springs back after you stretch it). Some FOEs are thicker than others. Some FOEs have more stretch than others. When can I use FOE? Fold-over elastic is most commonly used in garment construction to bind the edge of a garment and is particularly used on knits because the elastic-bound edge stretches. This is a clean edge finish. For our Tropo Camisole pattern we use FOE as an edge finish and as straps. FOE on the edge of a garment finishes the edge at the width it is cut (meaning no fabric is lost to a seam allowance or folding under) so if you want to finish an edge with FOE but your pattern instructions call for a different edge finish, make sure you trim away the excess fabric before applying your FOE. Likewise, if your pattern calls for a FOE finish but you want to fold your edge under or sew on a facing, make sure you add a seam allowance to your pattern. What size is FOE? Fold-over elastic comes in a variety of sizes usually ranging from 3/8″ to 1″. 5/8″ FOE is the most common. The width refers to the full width of the elastic so when you sew it to t TO DESIGN A sports bra is to design for a constantly moving target. Breasts rise and fall with every jump. Run forward and they arc like a figure eight. “Breast tissue movement goes in many ways,” says Nicole Rendone, a Nike designer who spends most of her time engineering bras to mitigate those movements. “The number of components that go into a high-support bra is immense.” Nike’s high-support bras can include upwards of 40 parts—things like supportive straps, underband elastic, and stabilizers hidden in the exterior fabric panels—all designed to create stability without squishing what's inside. Which is why Nike’s newest sports bra, the Fe/Nom, seems like an architectural anomaly. The whole thing consists of two pieces of fabric stitched together. The secret? It's made from Flyknit, the material best known for Nike’s kicks. First introduced in 2012, Flyknit combines weaves of various tightness to create fabric that's simultaneously flexible and sturdy. On Nike's shoes, the weave is looser where the foot needs less support (near the toes) and tighter where it needs more (on the sides). The result is a fitted, unibody upper without extra stitching, and a shoe that feels more like a sock. The Fe/Nom uses the same technique. It’s not unibody—the front and back are stitched together—but the bra functions like a single piece of fabric with six different weaving zones. The tightest stitch is reserved for the underband, which carries most of the load. The back of the bra uses a more open stitch to create more flexibility and ventilation. Each of the black lines on the bra represent a “lockdown” zone, where the knit is much tighter and more supportive, sort of like a fabric underwire.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

What is the use of stainless steel decorative sheet

Описание: What is the use of stainless steel decorative sheet Do you know what are the three advantages that the colored stainless steel decorative sheet brings us? Please look down: Stainless steel has a very important meaning in the development of China’s industry. Its application can be said to be very extensive, especially the stainless steel decorative sheet in the decoration industry. It is widely used in home decoration and consumers’ feedback is also very good. So what are its characteristics? What is the specific use? Below we will introduce you in detail, hoping to help you. 1. Features of stainless steel decorative sheet Stainless steel has metallic luster and strength, but also has a colorful, long-lasting color. It not only maintains the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of primary color stainless steel, but also has stronger corrosion resistance than primary color stainless steel. Therefore, when it came out in the 1970s, it has been widely used in the fields of building materials, chemical industry, automobile, electronics industry and arts and crafts. 1) Cover the surface of stainless steel with an oleophobic and anti-fouling coating to make it have strong oleophobic and hydrophobic properties. After oil, water, iodine and other liquids drop on the surface, they will instantly form a dew drop without adhesion at all. Used on the surface of building exterior walls, it can achieve good self-cleaning effect in atmospheric environment. 2) The corrosion resistance time of salt spray test can be up to 500 hours 3) Innovative applications in kitchenware, construction, medical and other industries. Second, the use of stainless steel decorative sheet In fact, many people don’t know much about it, so they don’t know that it has a wide range of uses in our lives. Because of its good mechanical properties and anti-clothing performance, ordinary decorative panels have entered thousands of products as the appearance decoration applications of various products. Million households. From various kitchen equipment, sinks, gas stoves, range hoods, various pots and pans, etc., to the decoration of various electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, LCD TVs, water heaters, washing machines, etc., you can see them everywhere in life The shadow of the decorative board. The general decorative board application industry now covers many industries such as kitchen and bathroom, electrical appliances, and is closely related to people's clothing, food, housing and transportation. The colorful stainless steel decorative sheet is widely used as a building decoration material because of its bright color. Mainly used in the application of materials for curtain walls, hall walls, elevator decoration, signboard advertisements, front screens and other decorative objects. At present, a large number of colored stainless steel products are used for decoration in buildings abroad, and colored decorative panels have become all the rage. Domestic colored decorative panels not only have the main luster and strength of metal, but also have colorful and long-lasting colors. The color decorative board not only maintains the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the primary color stainless steel, but also has stronger corrosion resistance than the primary color stainless steel. Regarding the three characteristics and specific uses of stainless steel decorative sheets, the introduction is basically over here. From this we learned that stainless steel plates have the characteristics of strong self-cleaning, long corrosion resistance, and strong innovation ability. With these characteristics, It has been widely used in the decoration of kitchens, curtain walls, hall walls, elevator decorations, and signs and advertisements. What is stainless-steel sheet and plate and what is it used for? Stainless steel sheet, or plate, is often used in environments that are subject to water and moisture, and where cleanliness and hygiene are important. One of the most common areas in which stainless steel sheet is used is in commercial kitchens for storage cupboards and shelves, to cover worksurfaces and counter tops, and applied to walls as a splashback. Cooker hobs are also made from stainless steel, as the material is resistant to effects of heat, and can be cleaned easily. Sheet metal is widely used in laboratories where durability and resistance to heat and corrosion are essential, and where high cleanliness standards need to be maintained. Brushed stainless steel sheet is also used to make water storage tanks, silos to store grain, and transportation tankers. Our stocks of stainless-steel sheet are available in 304, 316, and 430 grades in a choice of dull polished finish which has a smooth, clean, non-reflective surface, commonly used in commercial kitchens and as splashbacks. Circular polished finish which has a stunning, distinctive swirl pattern, often used in the catering industry, and as decorative facias and dashboards on vintage and custom cars, and checker plate which is used for anti-slip flooring with an ellipse surface relief detail. metals4U also supply bright-polished stainless-steel sheet in the form of our unbreakable mirror product which is a bright-polished sheet of stainless steel made from grade 430. All our stainless-steel sheet metal is supplied with a protective film to the finished side, which can easily be peeled off after installation or fabrication. The reverse side is supplied unfinished. SUPER MIRROR STAINLESS STEEL SHEETS Metal Sheets Ltd are suppliers and fabricators of Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet Metal. Our Mirror stainless steel has as near a perfect polish that can be produced on stainless steel. Super Mirror is blemish free, it has no grain and has reflective qualities just like a glass mirror. It can be fabricated with conventional sheet metal machinery. Folded, rolled, engraved. The reflective qualities of our Mirror stainless steel creates light and space and is easily fabricated. Unlike glass mirror, Super Mirror can be used in food preparation areas, ceiling and high pedestrian areas, schools, prisons, and other difficult areas because it will not shatter. If you use conventional glass mirrors in public areas and conduct a risk assessment it is likely that our shatterproof stainless steel mirrors have potential to reduce the risk of injury. We have supplied many landscape garden designers with this product to add light and space. Our Mirror stainless steel was in the production of the 2012 film World War Z staring Brad Pitt. Super Mirror is being tested with positive results for use in stage lighting, instead of down lighting, the high power stage lights which create very high temperatures are uplighting and reflecting downward from super mirror to create a different lighting atmosphere. Stainless Steel Pressure Pipe This type of stainless steel pipe is made from either solid chromium or a chromium and nickel combination. Types of stainless steel pressure pipe include seamless and welded pipe, electric fusion welded pipe for high-pressure applications, large diameter welded pipe for corrosive or high-temperature applications, and seamless and welded ferritic and austenitic stainless steel pipe. Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing For applications where stainless steel tubing or piping must come into contact with food and other sensitive products, sanitation is a high priority. Stainless steel sanitary tubing is used in such applications because it has high corrosion-resistance, doesn’t tarnish, and is easy to keep clean. For specific applications, different tolerances can be achieved. The grade typically used for these applications is ASTMA270. Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing In applications such as cylinders, bearings, and other hollow formed parts, stainless steel mechanical tubing is typically used. Tubing can manipulated to have a variety of cross-sectional shapes, such as square and rectangular, in addition to the more traditional, round tubing cross-section. Typically, ASTMA 511 and A554 grades are employed for mechanical tubing applications. Stainless Steel Aircraft Tubing In highly-specific aircraft applications, chromium and nickel type stainless steel is used because of their heat and corrosion-resistance. Found in applications that require high-strength, stainless steel aircraft tubing can be work-hardened or welded, although work-hardened pieces shouldn’t be used with some kinds of corrosive substances. Low-carbon types of stainless steel are a common choice for welded parts. For applications that require seamless and welded tubing in larger sizes (1.6 to 125 mm in outside diameter), aircraft structural tubing is used—this type of stainless steel is manufactured according to Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS) or Military Specifications (MIL Specs). Aircraft Hydraulic-Line Tubing Another type of aircraft tubing, aircraft hydraulic-line tubing is used in aerospace applications as fuel-injection lines and hydraulic systems, and tends to be small. It is often manufactured from types 304 or 304 L stainless steel because of the steel’s high-strength, corrosion-resistance, and ductility.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

THE MOST BASIC TYPES OF FRP GRATINGS

Описание: THE MOST BASIC TYPES OF FRP GRATINGS In our last post, we told you 5 things you need to know about FRP Grating. For those of you that are not familiar with Fibre Reinforced plastic/polymer grating, this article will give you a simplified summary and helpful background on FRP before you dive into reading this post. For those of you that ARE familiar with FRP, read on and learn more about factors to consider when selecting your grating in addition to how FRP gratings are commonly categorised in the industry. FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING YOUR FRP GRATING Choosing the right grating and correct resin for your application areas depends on two factors: Environment Factors or Application area Chemical exposure levelTemperatureHumidity factorsUV exposureDesired Fire rating Loading Requirements Load RatingStructural Support Span THE TWO MOST BASIC METHODS OF CATEGORISING FRP The two most basic methods of categorising FRP (Fibre Reinforced plastic/polymer) gratings are by: Method of manufacturing/ production Type of resin (thermosetting) used There are other sub-categories within this broad classification that are based on application areas. These include: Type of surface finish Load rating requirements Other special requirements such as UV exposure, Fire rating, Colour etc. 1. METHOD OF MANUFACTURING/PRODUCTION Moulded FRP Gratings Moulded FRP gratings are manufactured using the following process: Laying or Weaving glass fibres This step involves laying continuous glass fibres in the mould in vertical & horizontal directions. These are thoroughly wetted by the chosen resin (layer by layer). Heating & Curing After the completion of the weaving process, the mould is heated for curing the panel. Ejecting the Panel After the curing process is completed, the panel is ejected from the mould. Standard panels would have a meniscus (concave) top surface finish. Based on requirements we bond grit to the surface or finish the surface to have a plain finish. These are called secondary operations. The most important feature of the Moulded FRP grating is that they are an integral, one piece panel offering bidirectional strength. This is a standout feature compared to Pultruded FRP grating. Pultruded FRP Gratings Pultrusion is a continuous moulding process that produces products of the uniform cross section such as I beams, Channels, Flat bars, Rods, & other FRP profiles. Pultruded FRP gratings are manufactured using the following process: Resin Impregnation Preselected reinforcement materials such as fibreglass roving, mat, woven or stitched fabrics are drawn through a resin bath or resin impregnation zone where the glass substrate is thoroughly impregnated with the resin mixture (liquid thermosetting resin). Preforming & Forming This wetted out fibre is formed to a desired geometric shape as it initially gets pulled through the Preformer (Preforming Die) & then through to the Heated Die. Inside the die, the resin curing process is initiated by precisely controlling the temperature. The laminate then solidifies to the exact shape of the cavity in the die (Forming Process), as the pultrusion machine continuously pulls it. Cutting: An Automatic Cutter is deployed at the end of the machine to cut this Pultruded FRP section to desired lengths. FRP GRATING MOULDED FRP MANUFACTURING PROCESS Liquid resin and continuous fiberglass rovings are sytematically laid in a mould, layer after layer to produce the desired thickness and panel dimensions. The finished moulds are then set aside to cure. The one-piece interwoven mesh construction of moulded fiberglass grating produces a product with optimal corrosion resistance and bi-directional strength. Since the fiberglass grating is "cast" in one piece, there is no mechanical joint between bearing bars. The high percentage of resin (65%) in moulded fiberglass grating offers superior corrosion resistance and optimal impact resistance. Moulded fiberglass gratings with a square mesh pattern offer increased load capacity and panel utilization due to its bi-directional trait. Being of one-piece construction, the fiberglass grating distributes loads throughout the fiberglass grating section. ADVANTAGES OF FRP MOULDED GRATING Light weight Chemical corrosion resistance Non sparking Non electrically conductive Non magnetic Tapered bars all debris to easily fall through Standard mesh has a 70% open area Mini Mesh has a 45% open area FRP GRATING PATTERNS FRP Grating is available in two pattern types (stocked) STANDARD MESH 38X38MM centre to centre FRP GRATING FIXING CLIPS Stainless steel "M" Clips: Clips for FRP grating, such as M clips are designed to clamp two of the FRP grating load bars to the supporting member. This provides excellent holding capacity as it restrains movement in both directions. "M" clips are available for both Standard and Minimesh grating. Stainless steel "C" Clips C Clips are designed to hold two grating panels together to minimise differential deflections when their joints fall between supports. The low nut is secured to the bottom of the clips so these can be installed from the top side of the grating. C Clips are available for standard mesh grating only and are designed for 25mm and 38mm thick FRP grating. CUTTING & INSTALLATION Cutting: FRP grating can be cut with a variety of different cutting tools. For best results we recommend a heavy duty rotary saw with a masonry, carbide or diamond tip blade. Make sure that the grating is on a steady and even surface to help prevent shifting or moving of the grating that can cause chipping of the grating surface. Please ensure you wear gloves, full length overalls, a face shield and a dust mask when cutting FRP grating. Always cut FRP grating in a well ventilated area or where mechanical extraction of the dust particles is available. Finishing: All cut surfaces should be coated with resin to prevent corrosion of the glass fibres, A coating of a two part resin or comparable to the resin used to manufacture the grating should be used. APPEARANCE OF FRP GRATING: Unlike traditional Steel and Aluminium grating when FRP grates are cut they do not have a banding bar welded to the cut edges (the cut edge becomes the finished edge). Where possilble to make FRP grating look neat and presentable we recommend that any sheets cut to size along with cut outs or penetrations be made to the nearest whole square dimension. This prevents any grates with open ends or fingers as we call them. This is not always practical but with enough forward planning this can be achieved. STANDARD SHEET SIZES FRP grating comes in one standard sheet size 1220x3660mm ex stock. Other sheet sizes are available but are manufactured to order, For non standard panel sizes please call Steel Grating Ltd to discuss what options are availalbe to suit your requirements. CUTTING TO SIZE In addition to supplying stock sheets we can also cut FRP grating to the shapes and sizes you require along with any cut outs or penetrations. TOP SURFACE FRP grating comes standard with two different surfaces for slip resistance. Grit top surface Concave top surface RESIN SELECTION Isophthalic Polyester (Type I) - Industrial grade resin great for environments where fiberglass grating may occasionally be in contact with harsh chemicals due to splashes or spills. Vinyl Ester (Type V) - Developed to withstand frequent and direct contact in the harshest of chemical environments. Type V is ideal for use in acidic and caustic environments. FRP pultrusion profiles technology is a manufacturing process which produces uniform cross-sectionally shaped glass-fiber reinforced polymer composite profiles. These profiles are designed to compete with the strength properties of traditional metal grating structures, but offer the inherent environmental benefits that come with using fiberglass. The fiberglass reinforced polymer matrix is ideal for corrosive environments and greatly reduces the maintenance required over the life-time of the grating. FRP roof tile is standard-sized FRP roofing sheets having a roofing tile-like appearance over the surface. These sheets mimic the ceramic or other types of tiles to provide a traditional look to the buildings. What is Tile Roofing? Tile roofing has been around since as early as 10000 B.C when clay tiles were used for roofing in China. The practice later spread to the Middle East and throughout the other parts of the world. Roof tiles are made from different materials, including fired clay or terra cotta products, ceramic, and slate. Still, technology advancements have allowed manufacturers to produce tile roofing from various materials such as metal, tinted concrete, bitumen, and polymer sand. A tile roofing system is a specific type of roof installation that requires a specific skill set and significant experience. Tile roofs are installed by starting at the bottom part of the roof, securing a row of tiles to the roof deck, and overlapping the next row of tiles over the first until the roof is fully covered. How Long Does a Tile Roof Last? Perhaps the most significant upside of tile roofing is its lifespan. It exceeds all other roof materials when it comes to its durability and longevity. Some buildings in Europe have tile roofs that lasted for centuries. To be more conservative in our approach, a well-cared-for and well-maintained modern tile roofing can last an average of 50 years. Regardless of the type of tile roofing used, whether it’s cement, terra cotta, concrete, slate, or fiber-reinforced tiles, this type of roofing material can withstand the test of time. The key is to keep it well-maintained and ensure it is properly installed.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

How to Use a Protein Shaker Bottle

Описание: How to Use a Protein Shaker Bottle An easy-to-clean protein shaker bottle provides a healthy way to mix protein drinks on-the-go. The shaker consists of a cup or bottle with tight-sealing lid, often with a drinking spout. The most important feature is the mixer, spokes that sit inside the shaker, or a device in the lid. The mixer helps combine protein powder — such as whey, as described by Mayo Clinic — in with liquid and break up lumps to create a smooth drink. Choose a shaker that's easy to disassemble and clean to avoid the risk of bacteria build-up in inaccessible crannies. Step 1: Add Your Liquid Add the desired liquid. The protein shaker usually has measurement marks on the side. For example, pour 16 ounces of water, juice, dairy milk or almond milk into the protein shaker. Add the liquid before you add the protein powder to keep the powder from clumping on the bottom of the shaker or coating the sides. Step 2: Measure Your Powder Measure the protein powder. Packaged protein powder comes with a scoop for measuring one serving of the powder. If you don't see the scoop, reach to the bottom of the powder. If you buy protein powder in bulk, use 2 tablespoons. Step 3: Add Other Ingredients Add any other ingredients. A protein shaker offers a convenient way to take powdered nutritional supplements. Check with your doctor about supplements and don't exceed recommended doses. Step 4: Cap It and Shake Put the lid on the shaker. Make sure it snaps in place, so that it's sealed. This prevents the lid from coming off during shaking. Shake the protein shaker vigorously up and down for a slow count of 20. The mixer breaks up the protein powder and helps mix the ingredients together. What Is A Shaker Cup, Anyway? Shaker cup. Shaker bottle. Protein shaker. Mixing bottle. Handheld mixer. Whatever you call it—and the names are numerous—we’re talking about the container used to mix up your protein shakes. But what is a shaker cup, exactly, and what makes it different from a standard water bottle or lidded cup? The standout feature of any shaker cup is a mixing mechanism that works to break up and blend ingredients into a smooth liquid shake. Even the mixing mechanism can be called many different things—whisk ball, shaker ball, mixer ball, or agitator, to name a few. In addition to the agitator, there are several other features that differentiate various shaker cups, and figure in when choosing the best protein shaker for you. It just so happens we know a thing or two about the topic; our standard-setting is the world’s best-selling shaker cup, and since launching our original bottle in 2004, we’ve designed numerous other innovative shakers to meet specific needs. Let’s take a look at the features that are important in any shaker cup. The Bottle Material There are three main components to a protein shaker: the bottle material, the mixing mechanism, and the lid. The bottle material not only makes a difference aesthetically, it can impact the taste and temperature of your shake. Plastic shaker cups are the most common type—but not all plastics are the same. It’s important to make sure your shaker is BPA and phthalate free, like all BlenderBottle? brand shakers. Otherwise, harmful chemicals can leach into your drink. One of the best food-grade plastics is Eastman Tritan?, known for its extreme durability and clarity, as well as being stain and odor resistant—a highly desirable quality that prevents today’s smoothie from tasting like last week’s protein shake. Many plastic shaker cups feature Eastman Trita as the bottle material. Insulated shaker cups keep drinks cold, making them an extra refreshing option on hot days, or helping to preserve freshness if you don’t drink the entire shake at once. We use double-wall vacuum-insulated stainless steel in bottles, which keeps the contents chilled for up to 24 hours. There are few things better than a delicious cup of coffee. That gentle aroma as you bring your coffee cup or glass to your face; that first sip, as you appreciate the flavour notes for the first time; that oh-so-satisfying mouthfeel; and that aftertaste that lingers on your tongue… But what if your choice of cup, mug, or glass was preventing you from enjoying the full effect of that exceptional specialty coffee? And conversely, what if it could make your coffee taste even better? Mark Vecchiarelli is the Co-Founder and Chief Marketing Officer of KRUVE, famous for creating sifters which ensure greater grind size accuracy. His company has recently launched on Indiegogo their newest product: the KRUVE EQ, a set of two glasses designed to enhance different attributes in your coffee, along with a glass carafe. In creating this glassware set, Mark and his team has thoroughly researched the science linking coffee flavour and drinking vessel. And so he’s agreed to tell me what you should look out for when selecting your coffee cup – or glass. WHY DOES COFFEE NEED A SPECIAL CUP? The average coffee mug, as we know it, is designed with one purpose in mind: to be a safe option for serving generic hot liquids. In other words, we can drink our favourite beverage without getting burned. Yet this says nothing about the vessel’s ability to enhance (or obscure) the flavours of our coffee. It turns out that there is extensive research into the ideal vessel shape, size, and material for drinking coffee; it’s just that there are few options available for coffee aficionados to choose from. “For some time now, we’ve seen cafés, baristas, and coffee-lovers using glasses that were either not originally intended for coffee (i.e. wine glasses or scotch snifters) or using coffee glassware that would help but doesn’t really hit all the marks when it came to optimising the sensory experience,” says Mark. THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE IDEAL COFFEE VESSEL Study after study has found that everything from a drinking vessel’s texture, size, and shape down to its colour has an impact on the consumer’s perception of the beverage’s flavour. For example, a 2017 cross-cultural study examining the shape-taste relationship between mugs and the coffee served in them found that test subjects tended to associate narrower mugs with greater aromatics, shorter mugs with bitter and intense coffees, and wider mugs with sweeter flavours. Other studies, such as van Rompay et al. in 2016, have looked into the perceived flavour of a bitter drink (coffee) versus a sweet drink (hot chocolate). Bitterness ratings were reportedly 27% higher when participants drank from a mug with a 3D-printed angular surface pattern, while sweetness ratings were 18% higher when participants held a rounded-surface mug. Fabiana Carvalho, the Brazilian PhD researcher behind The Coffee Sensorium, an academic research project into flavour. She is currently working on matching certain vessels with certain coffee flavour profiles in the same way, for example, that Riedel glasses have different shapes to enhance the flavour and age of different wines. The bulk of her research looks into the impact of all the other senses on the perceived taste of a coffee. According to her studies, the colour pink and rounded cups are strongly associated with sweetness, tulip-shaped cups increase the perceived aroma, and more. Humans can be pretty contrary at the best of times. When it's cold, we want to warm up; when it's hot, we want to cool down. That's because we're warm-blooded creatures who need to keep our body temperatures more or less constant, at around 37°C (98.6°F), just to survive. Vacuum flasks are a bit like people in this respect: they like to keep things at steady temperatures. If you put hot drinks in them, they keep them hot; if you put cold drinks in them, they keep them cool. They're simple, neat, and effective—but how exactly do they work? How heat travels Before we can understand why flasks are so fantastic, we need to understand a bit more about how heat travels. Heat is a kind of energy that moves around our world in three different ways called conduction, convection, and radiation. If you touch something hot, heat flows straight into your body because there's a direct connection between you and the hot object. Heat conduction happens only when things touch. Convection, on the other hand, can happen without the need for direct contact. If you switch on a fan heater, it blows hot air through a grille into your room. Hot air is less dense (lighter, effectively) than cold air so it rises upwards. As hot air starts to climb up from a fan heater, it has to push colder air out of its way. So the cooler air near the ceiling of your room moves back toward the floor to get out of the way. Pretty soon, there's a kind of invisible conveyor belt of warming, rising air and cooling falling air and this gradually warms up the room. When heat moves in this way, using a moving liquid or gas to travel from one place to another, we call it convection. Heating soup in a saucepan is another way of using convection. Radiation is slightly different again from conduction and convection. When objects are hot, they give off light. That's why camp fires glow red, orange, and yellow. This happens because the atoms in hot objects become "excited" and unstable when they gain extra heat energy from the fire. Since they're unstable, the atoms quickly return to their normal state—and give off the energy they had as light. (Read more about how and why this happens in our longer article about light.) Sometimes we can see the light that atoms produce and sometimes not. If the light they produce is just a bit too red for our eyes to see, it's called infrared radiation and, rather than seeing it, we feel it as heat. You can feel the infrared given off by hot objects even if you're not touching them (so there's no conduction) and there's no air or liquid present to carry heat either (so there's no convection). Radiation explains why we can feel heat coming from old-style, incandescent lamps even though they're surrounded by glass with a vacuum inside. Why your coffee goes cold Suppose you've just made a hot pot of coffee. You'll be well aware that you need to drink it quickly before it goes cold—but why does it go cold? Boiling water has a temperature of 100°C (212°F), while room temperature is more likely to be 15-20°C (60-70°F), depending on the weather and whether you have your heating on. Since the water in your drink is so much hotter than the room, heat flows rapidly from the coffee pot into the surroundings. Some heat will be lost by conduction: because your coffee pot is standing on a table or worktop, heat will flow directly downward and disappear that way. The air directly above and all around the pot will be warmed by it and start moving around, so more heat will be lost by convection. And some heat will also be lost by radiation. 

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

The price and use of silicon slag

Описание: The price and use of silicon slag As one of the metallurgical materials purchased in large quantities by manufacturers, silicon slag has an irreplaceable advantage. The price of silicon slag is relatively low compared with other ferroalloy products, but it has a wide range of uses. Silicon slag is the residue left after the refining of silicon ore, which also contains a lot of silicon content.The use of silicon slag is also more extensive. The use of silicon slag is mainly can be used as deoxidizer and refining the industrial silicon in the silicon slag.Silicon slag is a "star" in the field of deoxidizing. As a deoxidizing agent, it can reduce costs and increase profits. Because of its low price and silicon content, steelmakers prefer silicon slag products when purchasing ferroalloy raw materials for steelmaking.Silicon slag also performs well in desulfurization, mainly because silicon slag contains a large number of basic oxides, which can react with sulfur dioxide to produce sulfate, and its slurry can be used for flue gas desulfurization.So silicon slag with low price, high efficiency by the majority of customers. The silicon slag products of Henan Star Metallurgical Materials Group are complete in type: Si30%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%.Granularity level uniform 0-3mm, 0-12mm, 10-100mm or customized granularity can be, my company in addition to silicon slag specializing in the production of ferrosilicone, fermanganese, inoculation agent, silicon carbide and other metallurgical resistant materials, with a complete and scientific quality management system, variety of specifications, good service quality is excellent, look forward to working with you. Silicon briquette is pressed with silicon slag powder, Silicon slag is the floating slag during the process of silicon metal smelting. It is a kind of good deoxidizer and widely used for steelmaking. With the low price and good performance, it is used to replace Ferro silicon by the steel plant. Steel casting industry insiders know that some after refining silicon slag is lft over from the original silion ore, but also contains a lot of silicon, silicon slag as one of production enterprises large number of procurement of metallurgical materials, has an irreplaceable advantage, because the purpose of the silicon is different, there are many different kinds of silicon slag and slag can be roughly divided into industrial silicon, solar silicon slag, semiconductor silicon slag. The recovery of silicon from the waste industrial silicon slag is urgent for the cleaner production of silicon industry. The feasibility and optimization of recovering and purifying the metallic silicon from silicon slag are investigated by a united technology of combining electromagnetic separation and slag treatment. The physicochemical purification mechanism of silicon from slag was put forward. A calcium silicate slag reagent containing chlorine was added to the raw materials, which displays greatly role on separation and purification of metallic silicon. The optimized experimental conditions of melting time 60?min and heating power 15?kW were obtained. What is the High Carbon Silicon ? High Carbon Silicon , another name is H C Silicon . It is the by-product of Silicon metal , and main element are Si and C , balance are S , P, SiO2. How to produce High Carbon Silicon ? In the process of producing Silicon metal, temperature is not enough to adequately smelting the raw material of Silicon metal in the bottom .After a long time of accumulation , there will be the by- product High carbon silicon . Advantage Improve the quality of molten steel, improve product quality and improve product capacity. Reduce the amount of alloy added, reduce steelmaking costs, and increase economic benefits. Price is very low , meanwhile quality is very stable . High Carbon Silicon High carbon silicon, also known as high carbon ferrosilicon,high carbon metal silicon or silicon carbon alloy. This product is a by-product of the production of metal silicon. The main components are silicon and carbon. Generally required between silicon 40-70%. The carbon content is between 10-25%. Other ingredients are: silica, phosphorus, sulfur and so on. It can replace ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, carbonizer. And Reduce the amount of deoxidizer. It can be used in converter smelting deoxidation alloy process. High carbon silicon production process In the process of smelting metal silicon, there is a case where the electrodes are not uniformly heated in the furnace. As a result, the furnace bottom fails to reach the optimum temperature required to produce metal silicon. A small amount of raw materials such as silica and carbon at the bottom did not fully react. After a long period of accumulation under high temperature conditions, it forms a block on the bottom of the furnace. These large (stable traits) chunks are broken and screened, which is what we often call high carbon silicon. A metal made from the second-most abundant element on Earth has become scarce, threatening everything from car parts to computer chips and throwing up another hurdle for the world economy. The shortage in silicon metal, sparked by a production cut in China, has sent prices up 300% in less than two months. It’s the latest in a litany of disruptions, from snarled supply chains to a power crunch, that are creating a destructive mix for companies and consumers. The silicon issue also captures how the global energy crisis is cascading through economies in multiple ways. The slashing of output in China, far and away the world’s biggest silicon producer, is the result of efforts to reduce power consumption. For many industries, it’s impossible to avoid the fallout. Silicon, which makes up 28% of the earth’s crust by weight, is one of mankind’s most diverse building blocks. It’s used in everything from computer chips and concrete, to glass and car parts. It can be purified into the ultra-conductive material that helps convert sunlight into electricity in solar panels. And it’s the raw material for silicone -- a water- and heat-resistant compound used widely in medical implants, caulk, deodorants, oven mitts and more. Si-C alloy is a new type of alloy, generally called silicon carbon alloy, or high carbon silicon.,or high carbon ferro silicon. Specifications include high carbon silicon lump (10-50mm), high carbon silicon granule (1-3mm, 3-8mm), high carbon silicon powder (0-3mm, 0-5mm, 0-8mm), high carbon silicon briquette ( 10-50mm). High carbon silicon 6818 contains: si:68% c:18% Application：High carbon silicon 6818 can be used for all kinds of ordinary steels to deoxidize, increase silicon, increase carbon during casting, and quickly deoxidize, with early slag formation, dense reducing atmosphere, and effectively improve the element recovery rate, so that the quality of molten steel is stable. High carbon silicon 6818 can replace ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, recarburizer, reduce the amount of deoxidizer, used in converter smelting deoxidation alloying process, the effect is stable, steel chemical composition, mechanical properties and internal control quality are better than traditional processes. Characteristic：High carbon silicon 6818 improve the quality of molten steel, improve product quality, improve product capabilities, reduce the amount of alloy added, reduce steelmaking costs, and increase economic benefits. High carbon silicon 6515 can be used for all kinds of ordinary steels to deoxidize, increase silicon, increase carbon during casting, and quickly deoxidize, with early slag formation, dense reducing atmosphere, and effectively improve the element recovery rate, so that the quality of molten steel is stable. High carbon silicon 6515 can replace ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, recarburizer, reduce the amount of deoxidizer, used in converter smelting deoxidation alloying process, the effect is stable, steel chemical composition, mechanical properties and internal control quality are better than traditional processes. High carbon silicon 6515 improve the quality of molten steel, improve product quality, improve product capabilities, reduce the amount of alloy added, reduce steelmaking costs, and increase economic benefits. The traditional silicon-manganese alloy, the market price has climbed all the way. This makes the cost of converter steelmaking gradually increase. Reduce the profitability of steel. And the recovery rate of traditional alloys is often affected by the operation of the converter. The amount of steel produced, the amount of slag, etc., make the alloy composition in the finished product fluctuate greatly. The chemical composition of the smelting steel Si65-C15 alloy is a new type of alloy, generally called silicon carbon alloy, or high carbon silicon.,or high carbon ferro silicon. First of all,it can replace the expensive deoxidizer ferro silicon. It is suitable for deoxidation during the smelting of general steel, alloy steel and special steel.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

What is CNC Machining?

Описание:  What is CNC Machining? The term CNC stands for 'computer numerical control', and the CNC machining definition is that it is a subtractive manufacturing process that typically employs computerized controls and machine tools to remove layers of material from a stock piece—known as the blank or workpiece—and produces a custom-designed part. This process is suitable for a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, wood, glass, foam, and composites, and finds application in a variety of industries, such as large CNC machining, machining of parts and prototypes for telecommunications, and CNC machining aerospace parts, which require tighter tolerances than other industries. Note there is a difference between the CNC machining definition and the CNC machine definition- one is a process and the other is a machine. A CNC machine (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a C and C machine) is a programmable machine that is capable of autonomously performing the operations of CNC machining. Subtractive manufacturing processes, such as CNC machining, are often presented in contrast to additive manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing, or formative manufacturing processes, such as liquid injection molding. While subtractive processes remove layers of material from the workpiece to produce custom shapes and designs, additive processes assemble layers of material to produce the desired form and formative processes deform and displace stock material into the desired shape. The automated nature of CNC machining enables the production of high precision and high accuracy, simple parts and cost-effectiveness when fulfilling one-off and medium-volume production runs. However, while CNC machining demonstrates certain advantages over other manufacturing processes, the degree of complexity and intricacy attainable for part design and the cost-effectiveness of producing complex parts is limited. Overview of CNC Machining Process Evolving from the numerical control (NC) machining process which utilized punched tape cards, CNC machining is a manufacturing process which utilizes computerized controls to operate and manipulate machine and cutting tools to shape stock material—e.g., metal, plastic, wood, foam, composite, etc.—into custom parts and designs. While the CNC machining process offers various capabilities and operations, the fundamental principles of the process remain largely the same throughout all of them. The basic CNC machining process includes the following stages: Designing the CAD model Converting the CAD file to a CNC program Preparing the CNC machine Executing the machining operation CAD Model Design The CNC machining process begins with the creation of a 2D vector or 3D solid part CAD design either in-house or by a CAD/CAM design service company. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows designers and manufacturers to produce a model or rendering of their parts and products along with the necessary technical specifications, such as dimensions and geometries, for producing the part or product. Designs for CNC machined parts are restricted by the capabilities (or inabilities) of the CNC machine and tooling. For example, most CNC machine tooling is cylindrical therefore the part geometries possible via the CNC machining process are limited as the tooling creates curved corner sections. Additionally, the properties of the material being machined, tooling design, and workholding capabilities of the machine further restrict the design possibilities, such as the minimum part thicknesses, maximum part size, and inclusion and complexity of internal cavities and features. Once the CAD design is completed, the designer exports it to a CNC-compatible file format, such as STEP or IGES. CNC Machining Tolerances Tables When specifying parts to a machine shop, it's important to include any necessary tolerances. Though CNC machines are very accurate, they still leave some slight variation between duplicates of the same part, generally around + or - .005 in (.127 mm), which is roughly twice the width of a human hair. To save on costs, buyers should only specify tolerances in areas of the part that will need to be especially accurate because they will come into contact with other parts. While there are standard tolerances for different levels of machining (as shown in the tables below), not all tolerances are equal. If, for example, a part absolutely cannot be larger than the measurement, it might have a specified tolerance of +0.0/-0.5 to show it can be slightly smaller, but no larger in that area. CNC Turning Turning is a machining process which employs single-point cutting tools to remove material from the rotating workpiece. In CNC turning, the machine—typically a CNC lathe machine—feeds the cutting tool in a linear motion along the surface of the rotating workpiece, removing material around the circumference until the desired diameter is achieved, to produce cylindrical parts with external and internal features, such as slots, tapers, and threads. Operational capabilities of the turning process include boring, facing, grooving, and thread cutting. When it comes down to a CNC mill vs. lathe, milling, with its rotating cutting tools, works better for more complex parts. However, lathes, with rotating workpieces and stationary cutting tools, work best for faster, more accurate creation of round parts. CNC Metal Spinning Close cousins to lathes, CNC spinning lathe machines involve a lathe set with a blank (a metal sheet or tube) that rotates at high speeds while a metal spinning roller shapes the workpiece into a desired shape. As a “cold” process, CNC metal spinning forms pre-formed metal—the friction of the spinning lathe contacting the roller creates the force necessary to shape the part. How Does a Swiss Machine Work? Swiss machining, also known as swiss screw machining, uses a specialized type of lathe that allows the workpiece to move back and forth as well as rotate, to enable closer tolerances and better stability while cutting. Workpieces are cut right next to the bushing holding them instead of farther away. This allows for less stress on the part being made. Swiss machining is best for small parts in large quantities, like watch screws, as well as for applications with critical straightness or concentricity tolerances. You can find out more about this topic in our guide on how swiss screw machines work. What is Sheet Metal Fabrication? Sheet metal fabrication is an umbrella term for a group of processes that use sheet metal to build machines and structures. It can be a complex process involving many different professionals. Businesses that specialize in sheet metal fabrication are commonly referred to as fabrication shops, or fab shops for short. Metal has been hand-hammered into sheets and used for architectural purposes since ancient times. Water-powered rolling mills replaced hammering in the late 17th century. This method of flattening metal used large rotating iron cylinders to press metal pieces into sheets. The metals used were lead, copper, iron, zinc, and later steel. Tin was frequently used to coat iron and steel sheets to prevent rusting. This tin-coated sheet metal was called "tinplate." Sheet metal became popular in the United States in the 1870s, used for shingle roofing, stamped ornamental ceilings, and exterior fa?ades. With further advances in sheet metal production in the 1890s, the promise of being cheap, durable, easy to install, and fireproof gave the middle-class a significant appetite for sheet metal products. Although we've already covered types of metal fabrication on a broader level, this article will focus on the materials, processes, and tools related to sheet metal fabrication. Here's what this sheet metal guide will cover: Types of Sheet Metal Fabrication Metals Sheet Metal Fabrication Processes Sheet Metal Fabrication Tools Industries and Applications Types of Sheet Metal Fabrication Metals Sheet metal can come in a wide variety of types, and fabrication can adapt the metal to whatever purposes you may need. Types of common metals used in sheet metal fabrication include: Steel There are a multitude of types of steels for all sorts of purposes, such as stainless steel, carbon steel, and galvanized steel, but the metal as a whole is known for its durability and strength. Lower-carbon content steel may be found in railings or fences, while medium carbon content steel is used for cars and appliances. The highest carbon content sheet metal is frequently found in steel wires. Stainless steel is used for cookware, medical instruments, and many other products. Aluminum Aluminum is more lightweight while also sharing some of steel's strength. It's good for lower temperatures, which partially accounts for its use in aerospace and refrigeration. Aluminum sheet metal is also used for automotive parts, electrical devices, and cooking vessels. Magnesium Magnesium is a structural metal with a very low density, excellent for when stiffness is needed. It has been used as a structural metal in the transportation industry since World War II and is used for automotive parts. How common is mold in buildings? Molds are very common in buildings and homes. Mold will grow in places with a lot of moisture, such as around leaks in roofs, windows, or pipes, or where there has been flooding. Mold grows well on paper products, cardboard, ceiling tiles, and wood products. Mold can also grow in dust, paints, wallpaper, insulation, drywall, carpet, fabric, and upholstery. The most common indoor molds are Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. We do not have precise information about how often different molds are found in buildings and homes. How do molds get in the indoor environment and how do they grow? Mold is found both indoors and outdoors. Mold can enter your home through open doorways, windows, vents, and heating and air conditioning systems. Mold in the air outside can also attach itself to clothing, shoes, and pets can and be carried indoors. When mold spores drop on places where there is excessive moisture, such as where leakage may have occurred in roofs, pipes, walls, plant pots, or where there has been flooding, they will grow. Many building materials provide suitable nutrients that encourage mold to grow. Wet cellulose materials, including paper and paper products, cardboard, ceiling tiles, wood, and wood products, are particularly conducive for the growth of some molds. Other materials such as dust, paints, wallpaper, insulation materials, drywall, carpet, fabric, and upholstery, commonly support mold growth. How do you know if you have a mold problem? Large mold infestations can usually be seen or smelled. How do molds affect people? Exposure to damp and moldy environments may cause a variety of health effects, or none at all. Some people are sensitive to molds. For these people, exposure to molds can lead to symptoms such as stuffy nose, wheezing, and red or itchy eyes, or skin. Some people, such as those with allergies to molds or with asthma, may have more intense reactions. Severe reactions may occur among workers exposed to large amounts of molds in occupational settings, such as farmers working around moldy hay. Severe reactions may include fever and shortness of breath.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

4 TRENDY ALTERNATIVES TO CREDIT CARD SLEEVES

Описание: 4 TRENDY ALTERNATIVES TO CREDIT CARD SLEEVES If you’re the type of person who carries cards instead of cash, you might want to look into buying a credit card sleeve. Credit card sleeves are a minimalist alternative to leather wallets that are becoming more attractive to people looking to minimize how much cash they carry. Credit card sleeves can also be used as additional RFID protection for individuals looking to protect the credit cards in their wallet. How do I protect my credit card in my wallet? Do RFID blocking sleeves really work? RFID blocking sleeves and wallets work by protecting your credit card details from scammers. Your credit cards are likely already embedded with an RFID chip which allows you to make contactless payments. Unfortunately, your credit card information can potentially be compromised using devices called RFID scanners. RFID scanners can pick up information such as credit card numbers, CVV codes, and expiration dates. Once the scammer has your credit card information, they might be able to make a purchase using your credit card information. RFID blocking sleeves have a thin layer of metal or carbon fiber that prevents RFID scanners from reading your credit card’s RFID chips. Not all credit card sleeves have RFID protection, so choose carefully if having RFID protection is important to you. If you’ve ever ventured into the world of paper Magic, you’ve probably bought some card sleeves before. And if you’ve bought a couple different brands or types of sleeves, then you’ve definitely noticed that there can be a pretty big difference in quality. If you’ve never bought card sleeves before or have only ever bought the same ones, well, now you know. Regardless of your relationship with card sleeves for paper Magic, it’s important to know that there are so many options available for you to choose from. A handful of brands are well-known among paper Magic-ers, whether for good or for ill.If you’re trying to figure out what sleeve is best for you—or you’re now questioning every card sleeve purchase you’ve ever made—then I’ve got your back. Whether you’re looking to display your collection, protect your cards while you play, need a gift for a fellow Magic player, or just want some good, high-quality aesthetic sleeves, I’ll cover everything you need to know and give you the scoop on what to get and what to avoid. So, let’s get this started, shall we? Best Credit Card Sleeves When people refer to “credit card sleeves”, they’re usually referring to one of two things. There’s the traditional credit card sleeve which is a thin piece of material with only enough space for one card. Then, there are also credit card sleeves that resemble miniature wallets. These wallet-like credit card sleeves often hold multiple credit cards. Traditional Credit Card Sleeves: These are extremely thin sleeves that are designed to work in tandem with a regular wallet. You slide your credit card into the sleeve and then place the sleeve in your wallet. They’re usually made out of leather, faux-leather, carbon fiber, or plastic. Wallet Credit Card Sleeves: These types of credit card sleeves act as a wallet with space only allotted for your cards. They’re also called card case wallets. They are often made of metal, plastic, leather, or synthetic fabrics. These types of credit card sleeves are typically larger than RFID credit card sleeves and can hold multiple cards. Before you decide on which credit card sleeve is right for you, make sure to consider these 4 alternatives. If you own a valuable or treasured card collection, be they baseball cards, Pokémon cards, or any other type, penny sleeves are a great way to store, sort, and protect your collection all at once. Known as “penny sleeves” because of their low cost, these sealable plastic rectangle-shaped pockets hold one card at a time and protect them from stains from your fingerprints, crumbs, and liquids. They also safeguard your cards from becoming ripped, torn, or scratched, as well as the colors, writing, and pictures from rubbing off or peeling over time, and other hazards of consistent handling. They’re great for mass storage as well, as you can buy hundreds at once for a low price. If you’re a card game enthusiast or serious card collector, a pack of penny sleeves is a worthwhile and low-cost investment to help keep your collection safe. What to Look for in Penny Sleeves Here’s what you should think about when purchasing penny sleeves: Amount: Penny sleeves are available in quite a range of quantities. Most are sold in packs of 100 or 200, but there are higher and lower amounts available. You can buy as few as one or five sleeves at once, and as many as packs of 1,000, depending on the size of your collection. Thickness: Some penny sleeves are made of thicker plastic (usually measured in millimeters) than others, ensuring your cards greater protection. Penny sleeves advertised as “premium” will, in general, be the ones made of thicker plastic than standard models. You can also buy double-sleeved packs, where you’ll buy penny sleeves that come in two sizes: a standard-sized sleeve to hold your card, and a slightly larger one to place that sleeve in. This will protect your cards even better, as there will be two layers of plastic between them and the elements. Acid-Free: If you’re serious about protecting your cards or have particularly valuable ones, you’ll want to buy penny sleeves that are explicitly marked as acid-free. Acid and similar chemicals may rub off on your cards and run the risk of discoloring or staining your cards if they’re stored in them over an extended period of time. Therefore, acid-free penny sleeves are generally the best option for collectors. Do You Really Need a Mouse Pad? Computer mice have been around in one form or another for the better part of 50 years (or longer, based on your definition of invention), and for most of that time they’ve been paired with mouse pads. But modern optical and laser mice can track on just about any surface, unless you’re somehow using your computer on a sand bed. So do those nerdy-looking pads even serve a purpose anymore? Yes, actually. A mouse pad isn’t technically necessary these days, but there are some obvious and serious benefits of using one, even if you’re not spending a lot of money on a fancy “gamer” model. When Did Mouse Pads Start to Disappear? Some computer users used to simply roll their ancient ball-driven mice along a desktop, presumably using their other hand to shove spears at woolly mammoths. But before the advent of optical mice, mouse pads served some very important functions: not only did they offer a smooth and predictable tracking area, they helped keep the tracking ball clean of dirt, skin oils, and other gunk. Microsoft and Logitech later introduced consumer-grade optical mice, which ditched the physical roller mechanism for a tiny and low-powered optical sensor and LED combo, around the turn of the century. These offered more consistent tracking on almost any surface (as long as it wasn’t reflective or transparent, like glass) without the possibility of dirt and oil buildup on a conventional ball. A few years later, laser-equipped mice erased even those limitations, and now you can get an inexpensive mouse that will track on more or less any surface. Consequently, mouse pads began to fall out of fashion. Since optical and laser mice don’t actually contact the surface that they’re tracking (except for the feet of the mouse, which isn’t part of the tracking mechanism), there’s no operational downside to using your desk, or your lap, or the spare pizza box you really should have thrown away after last night’s raid. Goodbye to the desktop equivalent of the pocket protector, right? Mouse Pads Are Good for Your Desk and Your Mouse Mouse pads still serve several important functions. For starters, they keep your desk from looking like a piece of driftwood. The repeated motions of the rubber or plastic feet of your mouse against the surface of your desk will wear away the finish on most pressed wood, particle board, leather, and even polished hardwood if it’s not maintained. Mouse Pads will protect the finish of your desk, keeping it from wearing out over your usual mousing spot. It’s much cheaper to replace a mouse pad than replace your desktop surface. We have a variety of paper stationery boxes that come in many different stationery sizes, to help you find a fit that works for you. We carry two types of paper card boxes, including: We carry boxes in nearly every common and uncommon stationery size, including several popular box options that include: Kraft Paper Window Boxes — Kraft recycled paper with a high clarity window to help your cards stand out. Two Piece Folding Boxes — Paper boxes that come in several different styles, and can be ordered with a clear cover to maximize sales. Paper boxes are a classic way to package stationery. They have a timeless quality that makes them very popular as display packaging and temporary storage. We sell all of our paper boxes wholesale, and our prices are some of the most competitive available. Find your paper box size today, or browse our website to find more information about other stationery box products.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

BBQ tools

Описание: BBQ tools After the grill itself, a set of BBQ tools is the next most important item to tick off your shopping list. You need to be able to flip food safely to avoid burns and your standard kitchen utensils might not be long enough to maintain a safe distance from the heat. We’d opt for long-handled tongs and ones with metal tips in case of flare-ups. Ensure the handles are heat-resistant (choose rubber or wood) so your hands don’t get too hot. You’ll also want something to protect your hands while you’re cooking. Gloves are a better bet than mittens, so you still have proper dexterity. It’s best to go for long gloves when leaning over a searing barbecue and, as these tend to be machine washable, they’ll remain in good condition. We all know there are different heating and fuel sources that can be used while grilling. Each of these fuel sources have their own set of advantages and disadvantages, with some may possibly alter the overall flavor of the food you cooked. Today, let’s take a closer look at some of the different types of BBQ grills that utilize each of these fuel sources. 1. Charcoal Grills Charcoal grills have long been a favorite of outdoor cooks for many reasons. A charcoal grill is easy to use, and foodies crave the smoky, rich flavor which charcoal imparts. All charcoal grills operate with a few basic similarities. Air intake is located toward the bottom of the grill and is adjusted manually. When air comes into the grill, it passes by the lit charcoal and exits through an additional vent at the top of the grill, similar to a wood-burning stove. The more air that’s allowed to enter and exit the grill, the hotter the grill will get. One of the benefits of being able to adjust the air intake and exhaust is that once the temperature stabilizes within the temperature zone you wish to cook, it typically remains constant and consistent throughout the cooking process, provided there is enough charcoal to keep it running at that temperature. This is particularly beneficial when cooking tougher cuts of meat for extended periods of time, which allows them to break down into tender meat with extremely pronounced flavors. 2. Charcoal Kettle Grills Kettle grills are one of the most commonly recognized types of charcoal grills. They are simple, in the shape of a kettle and consist of not much more than a rounded bottom, a tight, removable lid, stand, and grill grates. Charcoal goes in the bottom of the grill, elevated on a small grate that allows ash and other cooking debris to fall freely away from the heat source and maintain an even airflow over the coals. One of the main benefits of this type of grill is is how portable it can be. Kettle grills are typically made of metal and are relatively lightweight. They come in different sizes but are mostly portable and typically require less charcoal to use. 3. Kamado Grills Kamado grills, sometimes called ceramic smokers or “egg grills,” are a more sophisticated version of the charcoal grill and have surged in popularity over the past 10 years. Kamado grills work on some of the same principles of kettle grills but have a few distinct differences. The kamado grill has a more elongated shape to it, resembling the outline of an egg. They are much heavier than the kettle grill because this type of grill is typically made from a thicker ceramic material and can weigh anywhere between 150-500 pounds, depending on its size. Air flow and temperature is still regulated through the bottom and top of the just like the kettle grill, but due to its thermal mass and more of an engineered design, even a small adjustment on a kamado grill can make a significant change in temperature. Because of the thickness and weight of the kamado grill, the lid or dome is not typically removed completely, and is connected to the base of the grill with heavy duty, spring-loaded hinges. Once you get the charcoal started, the kamado grill will typically pre-heat for 45 minutes to an hour to bring its thick walls close to your desired temperature before cooking. It utilizes all-natural, hardwood lump charcoal as a heat source, producing less ash than manufactured charcoal briquettes. Some grilling and barbecue enthusiasts feel the hardwood lump charcoal has the best flavor. Although kamado grills excel as an extremely hot heat source, the versatility of cooking on them makes them appealing. A common accessory for the kamado grill is a heat deflector. It resembles a thick pizza stone and provides a barrier between the hot charcoal and your food. Using a heat deflector allows this type of grill to cook more like an oven and transfers heat to your food from all directions. This makes for a very consistent heat with fewer hot spots and works well for baking everything from pizzas to cheesecakes; you are limited only by your creativity. 4. Pellet Grills Although pellet grills have been out for about 30 years now, they have become a hot item in grilling over the past 5 years as a convenient and flavorful option. One of the most appealing things about the pellet grill is that it truly acts as both a smoker and a grill, making the hybrid of the two a fantastic selling feature. Food-quality wood pellets about the size of a black-eyed pea are loaded into a hopper and are delivered to a burn pot with an auger. Depending on what temperature you set your grill, the thermostat and burn pot work electronically to keep the grill close to your desired temperature. Because the electronic temperature controls are always adjusting to keep the grill within your specified range, there aren’t many adjustments to make once you get the cooker operating to your specifications. This is convenient, especially with longer cooks like brisket, ribs, and large roasts, allowing that you let the meat cook without too much monitoring. Because of the electronic settings, this type of grill does require a power source which must be connected throughout the entire cook and cool-down process. Pellet grills have had a reputation for not searing or browning meat as effectively as other grills, but some manufacturers have made great strides in changing the perception of pellet grills and are showcasing recipes with amazing char and grill marks. 5. Gas and Propane Grills The Hearth Patio and Barbecue Association (HPBA) estimates that 72% of US households have a grill and more than 200 million people can enjoy outdoor cooking. Natural gas and propane grills make up the majority of these grills and there are many styles to choose from. Gas and propane grills all operate similarly, with burners typically emitting around 40,000 BTUs of heat, firing on three, four, or more burners to cook your food from below with either direct or indirect heat. Part of the appeal of gas grills is that they are convenient, they heat up fast, and there are many accessory options available to enhance the cooking experience. Accessories such as side burners, lights, integrated food thermometers, and dedicated meat searing areas combine gadgets and gimmicks, and the industry is always adding new innovations. Gas grills, like gas stoves, are instantly on and require the shortest amount of pre-heating before you can start grilling. This is convenient, but gas burns very clean and will add little additional flavor compared to charcoal or pellet grills. What Are The Pros of Electric BBQ Grill? Ease of use Electric grills are easy to set up and can be used in a variety of settings. They are also easy to clean. Convenience Because electric grills are generally more compact, they work well in smaller back yards. A 2009 Consumer Reports lab test cited outdoor electric BBQ grills' convenience. Notably, they said, for condo and apartment dwellers whose buildings may ban the use of gas and charcoal grills. Safer to use Because there is no flame, injuries and accidents from fires are less likely. If you are the chef, you will also benefit from a cleaner and safer air quality—you won't be breathing in pollutants from natural gas. Good achievement of char on grilled foods. Food tongs are like an extra set of invincible hands, for when you can’t put your own into a vat of oil, onto a grill grate, or into a pot of pinching lobsters. You can use them to flip meat on the grill, serve salads, stir pasta, open wine bottles, and even reach those hard-to-get spots in your pantry. Kitchen tongs need to be able to handle abuse, like high temperatures or lobster claws. Consider them your daredevil, do-it-all kitchen appendage. But open your drawer, and you may see an armory’s worth of kitchen tongs. Some may look like hair accessories or hardware pieces or even wimpy toys. If you’re in the market for a new set, we’ve broken down the common varieties and picked our favorite tool. What’s your grilling style? Before you decide which kind of grill is best for your lifestyle, consider your space and cooking style. Is your deck or patio wired or within range of an extension cord? Without a plug-in outlet, a pellet grill is not going to be the ideal choice. Are you feeding a small army? Consider some of the gas options with lots of cook space and side burners for keeping everything from baked beans to chili or chowder ready to serve whenever the gang is ready to eat. Do you have space and proper support for a heavy grill? A kamado is a commitment, in terms of weight and space, depending on the size. But, it’s a fantastic grill to choose. Do you grill on the fly? If spontaneity is your style, a slow-heating and stabilizing grill probably isn’t a good fit. Are you a purist who wouldn’t dream of serving a burger without grill marks and a smoky flavor? Gas may not bring the best flavor, but it is clean, affordable, and fast to get to temperature.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21

Natural Stone - Everything You Need To Know

Описание: Natural Stone - Everything You Need To Know Natural stone slabs are one of the oldest and most reliable building materials on the market. Offering one of a kind designs with a variety of benefits, it’s no wonder why natural stone has been the go-to option for thousands of years. What is natural stone? Natural stones are a product of the Earth that result from geological changes and mineral compositions that have been occurring for millions of years. These materials are quarried from Earth’s surface and used for a variety of projects such as: sculptures, countertops, fireplaces, flooring and more. What are the types of natural stone? There are many different types of natural stone. Each kind has its own set of properties that make it unique. Granite Granite is among one of the most popular natural stones on the market. It is one of the hardest and most durable materials, and requires little maintenance. Granite is ideal for a number of projects including countertops, fireplaces, outdoor projects, floors and more. It comes in a variety of colors, textures and finishes. Limestone With its unique appearance and durable features, Limestone is among one of the most diverse stones. It is used both indoors and outdoors in a variety of projects including road construction, building materials and more. Marble Although marble is more susceptible to scratching and staining, it has an elegant appearance that is attractive to many homeowners. Marble is a classic natural stone. It has been the go-to material for architectural projects for many years. Onyx Onyx is one of the most unique natural stones. Although it is not as durable as other stones, it has translucent properties and the ability to be backlit, making it ideal for statement walls, fireplaces and art pieces. What Is Black Onyx? While onyx comes in several colors, the most well-known is black onyx. Historically, it was believed that onyx caused disagreements and conflict, but it’s now celebrated for many positive qualities. Black onyx is a grounding, balancing, and protective stone with several benefits and potential feng shui applications. Black onyx crystals can be used for grounding, protection, and self-control, and as a shield against negative energy. It also enhances discipline, allowing more ease in following through on goals and completing tasks. Black onyx has a calming quality, which can be beneficial in working with challenging emotions such as grief and anxiety. Black onyx also helps to balance yin and yang. It helps us to feel centered, make wise decisions, and get to the root cause of issues. It can assist with logical thinking, as well as intuitive receptivity. Black onyx can give us the strength to look within ourselves, to understand the past, present, and future, and to take charge of our lives going forward. Black onyx is also believed to help with issues related to the feet and bone marrow. It has been used to enhance physical endurance, and to provide support in regaining physical strength after an illness. Quartzite Quartzite is a great material for high-traffic areas such as kitchens. It is among one of the hardest and most durable stones, meaning scratching and wear-and-tear will not be a problem. These natural stone slabs also have unique hues that can add extra appeal to any space. quartz, widely distributed mineral of many varieties that consists primarily of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2). Minor impurities such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and titanium may be present. Quartz has attracted attention from the earliest times; water-clear crystals were known to the ancient Greeks as krystallos—hence the name crystal, or more commonly rock crystal, applied to this variety. The name quartz is an old German word of uncertain origin first used by Georgius Agricola in 1530. Quartz has great economic importance. Many varieties are gemstones, including amethyst, citrine, smoky quartz, and rose quartz. Sandstone, composed mainly of quartz, is an important building stone. Large amounts of quartz sand (also known as silica sand) are used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics and for foundry molds in metal casting. Crushed quartz is used as an abrasive in sandpaper, silica sand is employed in sandblasting, and sandstone is still used whole to make whetstones, millstones, and grindstones. Silica glass (also called fused quartz) is used in optics to transmit ultraviolet light. Tubing and various vessels of fused quartz have important laboratory applications, and quartz fibres are employed in extremely sensitive weighing devices. Slate This natural stone is the ideal indoor and outdoor material. Because it is a metamorphic rock, it is dense, durable and resistant to acids and staining. Many home and business owners use slate in high-traffic areas as a flooring material. Soapstone Soapstone is a non-porous material that is softer to the touch compared to other natural stones. Because of its softer texture, it can be more prone to scratches, however, these imperfections can easily be repaired using mineral oils. Travertine Travertine has a fibrous appearance, is relatively soft in touch and is mainly used for construction purposes. Travertine is an especially attractive form of limestone. Its fibrous, marble-like texture and attractive earth-tone colors make it one of the most popular stones used for building materials. Historically, much of the travertine used in architecture and artwork came from the mountains of Italy, but today, most of the travertine sold is from Turkey, Iran, Mexico, and Peru. As a flooring material, travertine is typically sold in tile form and comes in a variety of earth tone colors, including tans, browns, rust, and beige hues. It is a very durable stone, and while it is easier to care for than some types of natural stone, travertine is very heavy, and its porousness requires that you seal the surface regularly. It is not appropriate for all locations. But a properly installed and cared for travertine floor can add a unique blend of mountain-born beauty to interior spaces.Travertine is a mid-range stone in terms of cost, but this puts it at the high-end in the entire range of flooring materials. A travertine floor averages about $15 per square foot for materials plus labor. Marble, by comparison, averages around $20 per square foot, and granite averages around $12 per square foot. Laminate flooring, at the low end of all flooring materials, can be professionally installed for less than $5 per square foot. Like other natural stone, though, travertine flooring can vary substantially in price—from as low as $3 to as high as $30 per square foot, depending on the quality and finish of the stone. Maintaining travertine is paradoxically both complicated and simple. Like other natural stone, travertine has microscopic pores that can allow spilled liquids and staining agents to penetrate.1 This problem can be prevented by applying a penetrating sealer, followed by a barrier surface sealer. This dual treatment needs to be applied during installation, then periodically reapplied throughout the life of the floor. If you want to maintain a glossy surface, more regular resealing will be necessary. But if it is kept properly sealed, travertine is quite simple to clean, requiring only simple damp mopping with a mild soap solution. Hard tile materials such as travertine are made to take a beating without showing significant damage from scratches, cracks, or chips. Over time, a weathering effect can occur, which is often prized for giving the floor a distinct character that evokes ancient architecture. This antique patina is one of the main allures of travertine. With polished and honed materials, there is a greater risk of scratching, while natural-finish tiles are more resistant to damage and blemishes. Since travertine flooring is laid in tiles, individual pieces can be removed and replaced if they crack. This involves carefully breaking up and removing the damaged tile, scraping the subfloor, then installing a new tile with thin-set adhesive, and grouting the joints. If the surrounding floor has weathered, however, the patched area may not match exactly for some time. Where can I use natural stone? Natural stone slabs have become a popular choice for many homeowners. These versatile materials can be used both indoors and outdoors in a variety of places including countertops, flooring, landscaping, fireplaces, walkways, vanities and more. There is no limit to what you can do with natural stone. Why should I use natural stone? There are endless benefits of using natural stone. Not only are natural stones unique and beautiful, they are durable, easy to maintain, environmentally friendly, versatile and can add value to your home. marble marble, granular limestone or dolomite (i.e., rock composed of calcium-magnesium carbonate) that has been recrystallized under the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions. Commercially, it includes all decorative calcium-rich rocks that can be polished, as well as certain serpentines (verd antiques). Petrographically marbles are massive rather than thin-layered and consist of a mosaic of calcite grains that rarely show any traces of crystalline form under the microscope. They are traversed by minute cracks that accord with the rhombohedral cleavage (planes of fracture that intersect to yield rhombic forms) of calcite. In the more severely deformed rocks, the grains show stripes and may be elongated in a particular direction or even crushed. Marbles often occur interbedded with such metamorphic rocks as mica schists, phyllites, gneisses, and granulites and are most common in the older layers of Earth’s crust that have been deeply buried in regions of extreme folding and igneous intrusion. The change from limestones rich in fossils into true marbles in such metamorphic regions is a common phenomenon; occasionally, as at Carrara, Italy, and at Bergen, Norway, recrystallization of the rock has not completely obliterated the organic structures. Most of the white and gray marbles of Alabama, Georgia, and western New England, and that from Yule, Colorado, are recrystallized rocks, as are a number of Greek and Italian statuary marbles famous from antiquity, which are still quarried. These include the Parian marble, the Pentelic marble of Attica in which Phidias, Praxiteles, and other Greek sculptors executed their principal works, and the snow-white Carrara marble used by Michelangelo and Antonio Canova and favoured by modern sculptors. The exterior of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., is of Tennessee marble, and the Lincoln Memorial contains marbles from Yule, Colorado, Alabama (roof transparencies), and Georgia (Lincoln statue). Even the purest of the metamorphic marbles, such as that from Carrara, contain some accessory minerals, which, in many cases, form a considerable proportion of the mass. The commonest are quartz in small rounded grains, scales of colourless or pale-yellow mica (muscovite and phlogopite), dark shining flakes of graphite, iron oxides, and small crystals of pyrite. Many marbles contain other minerals that are usually silicates of lime or magnesia. Diopside is very frequent and may be white or pale green; white bladed tremolite and pale-green actinolite also occur; the feldspar encountered may be a potassium variety but is more commonly a plagioclase (sodium-rich to calcium-rich) such as albite, labradorite, or anorthite. Scapolite, various kinds of garnet, vesuvianite, spinel, forsterite, periclase, brucite, talc, zoisite, wollastonite, chlorite, tourmaline, epidote, chondrodite, biotite, titanite, and apatite are all possible accessory minerals. Pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite also may be present in small amounts. These minerals represent impurities in the original limestone, which reacted during metamorphism to form new compounds. The alumina represents an admixture of clay; the silicates derive their silica from quartz and from clay; the iron came from limonite, hematite, or pyrite in the original sedimentary rock. In some cases the original bedding of the calcareous sediments can be detected by mineral banding in the marble. The silicate minerals, if present in any considerable amount, may colour the marble; e.g., green in the case of green pyroxenes and amphiboles; brown in that of garnet and vesuvianite; and yellow in that of epidote, chondrodite, and titanite. Black and gray colours result from the presence of fine scales of graphite. Bands of calc-silicate rock may alternate with bands of marble or form nodules and patches, sometimes producing interesting decorative effects, but these rocks are particularly difficult to finish because of the great difference in hardness between the silicates and carbonate minerals.  

Дата Публикации: 22-12-21