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- Создано: 23-12-21
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All About Diaphragm Valves
Описание: All About Diaphragm Valves Basic engineering devices such as valves contribute to almost every complex system. These mechanical/electromechanical devices regulate media flow and come in dozens of unique varieties; to see all the different types of valves, visit our understanding valves article. The diaphragm valve will be the focus of this article, and we will explore what they are, how they work, and the different types available. Through this investigation, this article should help decide if diaphragm valves could be useful, and how to choose the correct version for a given application. What are diaphragm valves? Diaphragm valves are bi-directional, on-off throttle valves. They are used to control fluid flow by regulating the area with which media can enter and exit the valve, effectively changing its speed and velocity. They are so-called “diaphragm” valves because a thin, flexible membrane is used to control the opening and closing of the valve. They can be made with metal such as stainless steel, plastic, and even single-use materials. Diaphragm valves are like pinch valves but they use a linear compressor which pushes the thin diaphragm into contact with the valve body. They offer discrete and variable pressure control and can be both manually and automatically actuated. Diaphragm valves are clean, leak-proof, easy to maintain, safe, and effective valves that are best suited for moderate pressure & temperature applications which require stop/start fluid control. How do diaphragm valves work? Diaphragm valves are simple in construction and operation. As shown in Figure 2, a valve actuator is in contact with the inner membrane (or “diaphragm”) of the valve in its open position. When the user desires the valve to be shut, the actuator is pressed and/or turned and the membrane is pushed into the edge of the solid damn, closing the valve. Certain diaphragm valves can also have half open/restricted positions where the membrane is partially closed, allowing a throttled flow through the valve. In the next section, we will examine the broad categories of diaphragm valves and where they are most useful. It’s a diaphragm valve but not as we know it Bürkert’s Robolux diaphragm valve addresses wastage and dead volume with an innovative 3-way design that eliminates dead legs and any need for heavy valve block assemblies. Process Industry Forum spoke to Ian Webster, Field Segment Manager for Hygienic Processing at Bürkert, to find out how Robolux has changed Robolux provides a three-way diaphragm valve A diaphragm valve is the only truly hygienic valve. There are other valves that are listed as being hygienic, which are used in breweries and dairies, but in the ultra-pure biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries they exclusively use diaphragm operated control valves. This is because diaphragm valves are easy to drain; they’re two-way, so have two connections; there are no crevices inside; they provide a smooth flow through them; and you can polish the insides, so they’re very sterile. The problem with a standard pneumatic diaphragm valve is that it’s just a single seat valve with an inlet, an outlet and an actuator on it. The diaphragm opens and closes to let flow through the valve. With a lot of valves used in industry, you can have a two-way valve and a three-way valve, so you have a third port inside the valve and the actuator closes one port and opens another. You can’t do that with a traditional diaphragm valve because it’s only a two-way valve. Bürkert introduced the Robolux valve, which employs two pistons in one actuator to create a three-way type diaphragm valve. Compact and lightweight 4-valve seat blocks A conventional diaphragm control valve has a weir across the middle that seals the flow from one side to the other. The Robolux valve has two weirs and a gap in between the two, which is like a third port. The actuator allows you to open one weir, so the flow comes in and then goes out through the middle outlet. You can close that weir and then open the other weir and get flow from the other way and that goes out of the outlets. Conversely, if you have flow coming up from the middle, you can divert it one way or the other. It then becomes a divert or mixing valve. There is no other pneumatic diaphragm control valve that can do that. The beauty of the Robolux is that we’ve developed a way in which you can put an actuator on either side of the valve. If you take this valve with two weirs on one side and then machine the same on the other side you then have four valves in one small block with two actuators on it. A 4-valve seat block using a conventional pneumatic diaphragm valve is quite a big lump of stainless steel. We can get the same functionality with a much smaller lump of stainless steel. Robolux delivers 50% less dead volume If you have a diaphragm control valve in a certain orientation and you open it, it will drain itself. When you start to combine these in a block, so that you have multiple seats, you can never get it to drain – there’s always an internal dead volume. That can be a problem, certainly for some parts of the Pharmaceutical industry, where the product they’re manufacturing is very high value. That little volume of the product could be worth several thousand pounds. What we’ve done with the Robolux valve is make that block a lot smaller. Also, because we’ve got this double weir valve, the internal dead volume inside the valve is reduced by 50% or more. The Robolux valve reduces that internal waste and so reduces the cost of lost product. It also makes it possible to make the valve block more complicated and get more valves into it because each valve in itself is a 3-way valve rather than just a 2-way valve. With Robolux, you can get more diaphragm valves in the same space of valve seats than a conventional one. Method Of Control Diaphragm valves use a flexible diaphragm connected to a compressor by a stud which is molded into the diaphragm. Instead of pinching the liner closed to provide shut-off, the diaphragm is pushed into contact with the bottom of the valve body to provide shut-off. Manual diaphragm valve is ideal for flow control by offering a variable and precise opening for controlling pressure drop through the valve. The handwheel is turned until the desired amount of media is flowing through the system. For start and stop applications, the handwheel is turned until the compressor either pushes the diaphragm against the bottom of the valve body to stop flow or lifts off the bottom until flow is able to pass through. Diaphragm Valve Function The diaphragm is connected to a compressor by a stud molded into the diaphragm. To start or increase flow the compressor is moved up by the valve stem. To stop or slow flow, the compressor is lowered and the diaphragm is pressed against the bottom of the valve. Diaphragm valves are excellent for controlling the flow of fluids containing suspended solids and offer the flexibility of being installed in any position. Weir-type diaphragm valves are better at throttling than straight though diaphragm valves because the design's large shutoff area along the seat gives it the characteristics of a quick-opening valve. The diaphragm acts as the gasket of the valve to seal against leaks between the body and bonnet cap. Types Diaphragm valves are available in two basic forms: weir type and straight through types. The basic construction of both valves is similar except for the body and diaphragm. The weir-type design is the most popular type of diaphragm valve and it is best for general use applications or for tough corrosive and abrasive services. They are best used to control small flows. The body of the weir-type has a raised lip that the diaphragm comes into contact with. Weir-type valves use a smaller diaphragm because the material does not have to stretch as far. The material can be heavier so the valve can be used for high-pressure and vacuum services. The weir design is composed of a two-piece compressor component. To create a relatively small opening through the center of the valve, the first increment of stem travel raises an inner compressor component that causes only the central part of the diaphragm to lift instead of the entire diaphragm lifting off the weir when the valve is opened. Once the inner compressor is opened, the outer compressor piece is lifted along with the inner compressor and the additional throttling is similar to the throttling function in other valves. Weir-type bodies have bonnet assemblies recommended for handling dangerous liquid or gas because if the diaphragm fails the hazardous materials will not be released into the surrounding system. They are also recommended for food-processing applications because the body is self-draining. The straight through type can be used in situations where the flow direction changes within the system. The body of this design has a flat bottom that is parallel to the flow stream. This allows the flow to move uninhibited through the valve with no major obstructions. A flexible material is required for the diaphragm so that the mechanism can reach the bottom of the valve body; this can shorten the life span of the diaphragm. They are excellent for use with sludge, slurries and other viscous fluids but they are not well suited for high temperature fluids. Media The flow transfer and control category covers a wide spectrum of products designed to facilitate, control, maintain, meter, or read the flow of material through hoses, pipes or tubing. The material in question can be liquid, gaseous, or semi-solid (colloids and slurries). The following families fall within this category: valves, valve actuators and positioners, dispensing valves, pumps, flow sensing, level sensing, density and specific gravity sensing, viscosity sensing, and miscellaneous related products. Diaphragm valves are especially suited for handling corrosive fluids, fibrous slurries, radioactive fluids, or other fluids that must remain free from contamination. Since the diaphragm does not come into contact with the media the valve can be used with sticky or viscous fluids, which can get stuck or clog other types of valve mechanisms. Valve Components Diaphragm valves have a very basic body construction. Body The stem of a diaphragm valve does not rotate. The stem of this valve can be non-indicating, which means that the handwheel rotates a stem bushing to engage the stem threads. This moves the stem and attached compressor up and down. The diaphragm is attached to the compressor. Non-indicating bodies can use sealed bonnets with a seal bushing. The stem can also be indicating. This design operates the same as the non-indicating design but the stem is longer and extends up through the handwheel. Indicating bodies can use a sealed bonnet with a seal bushing and O-ring. The bonnet of a valve is the cover of the top of the valve; it contains the nonwetted portion of the valve, the compressor, and the handwheel mechanism. The bonnet is then bolted to the valve body. Diaphragm valve bonnets are quick opening and lever operated. This type of bonnet is interchangeable with the standard bonnet on conventional weir-type bodies. The lever opens and closes the diaphragm with a 90° turn. Diaphragm valves can also be used in vacuum services using a bonnet construction up to 4 inches in size. For larger valves, a sealed, evacuated bonnet should be used. A compressor is required to operate the diaphragm in the valve. The compressor is located above the diaphragm and below the handwheel stem. The compressor is rounded and shaped much like the body's flow passage.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
How to Pick the Right Battery Charger
Описание: How to Pick the Right Battery Charger Let me start with a disclaimer: BatteryStuff.com does not sell inexpensive, off-the-shelf battery chargers often found at retail outlets and certain other online stores. We cater specifically to microprocessor-controlled chargers, also known as smart chargers. All the chargers we stock are reviewed, tested and selected based on function, reliability and durability. This type of battery charger is designed to charge lead acid and other types of batteries based on computer-generated algorithms. Simply put, the charger collects information from the battery and adjusts the charge current and voltage based on this information. This allows the battery to be charged quickly, correctly, and completely when using a smart charger. All the chargers we sell can remain connected to a battery indefinitely and will not overcharge or damage it. Simple steps to select the right battery charger for your needs. Step 1: Choosing a Charger Based on Battery Type Whether your battery is maintenance free, wet cell (flooded), AGM (absorbed glass mat), gel cell or VRLA (valve-regulated lead acid), one charger should work for all types except for gel cell. However, some of our gel cell chargers will work well with the other battery types. Step 2: Determining Battery Size We don’t mean physical size, but how many amp hours your battery stores. For example, a typical full-size auto battery is about 50 amp hours, so you would choose a 10 amp charger that would take about 6 hours to recharge it if the battery were completely dead. Another instance would be a marine deep cycle battery rated at 100 amp hours. It would take a 10 amp charger about 11 hours to recharge a dead battery to near 100% full charge. To calculate your total charge time for a battery, a good rule of thumb is to take the amp hour rating of the battery and divide by the charger rating (amps) and then add about 10% for the extra time to totally top off the battery. Some folks wanting quick recharge should look for a charger with more amps, such as a golf cart charger. If you’re not in a hurry, you can select a smaller charger. The most important thing is to make sure you have enough charger power to do the job you require in the time you allocate. Step 3: Choosing a Battery Charger Based on Desired Outcome Some folks require a charger to keep their motorcycle, classic car, or aircraft battery charged during the offseason. In these cases, a simple low current charger will work fine. Others require a fast and powerful charger to quickly restore a trolling motor battery or a wheelchair battery set. Other types of chargers and the reasons you might need them: MULTI VOLTAGE Input chargers for use when visiting a foreign country Waterproof chargers for those times when you’re out in the elements Chargers that double as power supplies for RV use Multi-bank chargers for charging multiple batteries simultaneously Hopefully, we’ve helped you figure out which is the best charger for your application. Use the link below to see our large selection of battery chargers and 12v/24v trickle chargers. What Is a GaN Charger, and Why Will You Want One? Gallium Nitride (GaN) chargers were everywhere at CES 2020. This modern alternative to silicon means smaller, more efficient chargers and power bricks are on the way. Here’s how it works. The Advantages of a Gallium Nitride Charger GaN chargers are physically smaller than current chargers. This is because gallium nitride chargers don’t require as many components as silicon chargers. The material is able to conduct far higher voltages over time than silicon. GaN chargers are not only more efficient at transferring current, but this also means less energy is lost to heat. So, more energy goes to whatever you’re trying to charge. When components are more efficient at passing energy to your devices, you generally require less of them. As a result, GaN power bricks and chargers will be noticeably smaller when the technology becomes more widespread. There are other benefits, too, such as a higher switching frequency that enables faster wireless power transfer, and bigger “air gaps” between the charger and device. At present, GaN semiconductors generally cost more than the silicon kind. However, due to improved efficiency, there’s a reduced reliance on additional materials, like heatsinks, filters, and circuit elements. One manufacturer estimates cost savings of 10 to 20 percent in this area. This could improve even further once the economic benefit of large-scale production kicks in. Power Usage Wall chargers waste a considerable amount of electricity. When a wall charger steps down the high-energy power from the outlet to the low-energy power that the device uses, it radiates the unused power as heat. The charger keeps wasting this power as long as it is plugged into the wall, even if no device is connected. USB charging, on the other hand, is prone to less electrical energy waste as the computer is already converting the power from the wall outlet. What is a Power Supply? A power supply is an electrical device that converts the electric current that comes in from a power source, such as the power mains, to the voltage and current values necessary for powering a load, such as a motor or electronic device. The objective of a power supply is to power the load with the proper voltage and current. The current must be supplied in a controlled manner — and with an accurate voltage — to a wide range of loads, sometimes simultaneously, all without letting changes in the input voltage or in other connected devices affect the output. A power supply can be external, often seen in devices such as laptops and phone chargers, or internal, such as in larger devices such as desktop computers. A power supply can either be regulated or unregulated. In a regulated power supply, the changes in the input voltage do not affect the output. On the other hand, in an unregulated power supply, the output depends on any changes in the input. The one thing all power supplies have in common is that they take electric power from the source at the input, transform it in some way, and deliver it to the load at the output. The power at the input and output can be either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC): Direct current (DC) occurs when the current flows in one constant direction. It usually comes from batteries, solar cells, or from AC/DC converters. DC is the preferred type of power for electronic devices. Alternating current (AC) occurs when the electric current periodically inverts its direction. AC is the method used to deliver electricity through power transmission lines to homes and businesses Therefore, if AC is the type of power delivered to your house and DC is the type of power you need to charge your phone, you are going to need a desktop power adapter in order to convert the AC voltage coming in from the power grid to the DC voltage needed to charge your mobile phone’s battery. Here are the steps to figure out if you need an adapter or converter while traveling: Verify the plug type that fits outlets at your destination. Get the correct adapter plug for that outlet. This isn’t needed if you’re headed to a destination that has U.S.-compatible outlets. Verify the voltage in the outlets at your destination. Verify the voltage input on each of your devices. Look for this info on its cord, plug or somewhere on the device itself. Get the correct voltage conversion accessory: This isn’t needed for dual-voltage devices (many are) or if your single-voltage device matches your destination’s voltage. Before you go, check with your travel company or lodging providers: Ask about specific electricity needs at your destination. Ask if plugs (or voltages) used in nearby regions or businesses differ from the outlets at your lodging. Ask if they provide appliances like hair dryers, which can be challenging. our first challenge is to be sure that you can plug your device into the wall outlet. The good news is that more than 50 countries around the world have outlets that accept U.S.-style “A” plugs. In places where the plug type differs, you’ll need an adapter plug that has the correct prong configuration for outlets at your destination. According to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), there are 14 different plugs (Type A through Type N) used around the world. To research the plug(s) you need for any destination worldwide, check out the IEC World Plugs List, which is broken down country by country. For countries that list multiple plug types, advice from your travel company or lodging provider can narrow your choices. Or you can play it safe and get adapter plugs for all the listed plug types for a country. Universal outlets: Some hotels and other businesses have outlets designed to accept plugs from multiple countries. If your lodging has a universal outlet that’s compatible with your native plug, that can forgo your need for an adapter plug. If your itinerary takes you to a nearby business or another hotel that doesn’t have that type of outlet, though, you still need to get an adapter plug.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
How they help with up-close vision
Описание: How they help with up-close vision What are reading glasses? Reading glasses, available in over-the-counter or prescription versions, improve the ability to read something up close, such as a book or a computer screen. Alabama optometrist Dr. Samuel Pierce, past president of the American Optometric Association, says over-the-counter reading glasses — which can be purchased at drugstores, department stores and other general retailers without a prescription — are designed for short-term wear, and are best suited for people who have the same lens power, or strength, in each eye and don’t have astigmatism, a common condition that causes blurred vision. The Vision Council, a trade group, says the lens power of over-the-counter reading glasses typically ranges from +1 to +4. Over-the-counter reading glasses are an acceptable option for people who have good distance vision (farsightedness), says Dr. Ming Wang of Wang Vision 3D Cataract & LASIK Center in Nashville. However, if you suffer from computer eyestrain or double vision, then it’s wise to explore prescription reading glasses, Wang says. Prescription reading glasses are meant to be worn for extended periods, Pierce says, and are ideal for people with astigmatism, myopia, serious eye disorders or unequal prescription strength in each eye. When do you need reading glasses? Just about anyone in their 40s and beyond will, at some point, need reading glasses (or another type of near-vision correction), Wang says. Reading glasses help compensate for diminished vision related to presbyopia, the normal age-related loss of the ability to focus on up-close objects, such as words in a book or a text message on a smartphone. Dr. Michelle Andreoli, an Illinois ophthalmologist and clinical spokesperson for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, says you typically realize the need for reading glasses if you encounter trouble reading small print when you’re tired and when lighting in the room is dim, or if you find that it’s easier to read something when you pull it a little farther away from your face. How do I pick the right reading glasses for me? Before selecting your reading glasses — even the over-the-counter kind — visit with your eye care professional. Experts recommend a yearly eye exam to check for problems like glaucoma, cataracts and macular degeneration, even after you’ve gotten reading glasses. For computer work, most people can get by with low-power reading glasses (+1.25 to +1.5), Wang says. For reading things that are closer, stronger glasses might be in order (+2.0 to +2.5). As you age, the power you need likely will increase. Wang notes that some people require one lens power for general up-close reading and another power for extended reading like computer use — meaning that just one pair of reading glasses might not do the trick. Pierce warns that headaches, eyestrain and even nausea can result from putting on reading glasses that don’t have the proper lens power. Once you’ve determined the right power, then focus on glasses with high-quality lenses and sturdy frames, Wang recommends. Depending on the quality, a pair of over-the-counter nonprescription reading glasses can cost anywhere from $1 to $50 or more; a pair of prescription eyeglasses easily can cost $200 and up. “Lower-quality, less expensive reading glasses may be made with low-quality lens materials, which can cause vision distortion, color distortion or glare. This can contribute to difficulty focusing when reading. It is worth spending a little extra to get better visual quality,” Wang says. When shopping for over-the-counter reading glasses at a store, Andreoli recommends: Grabbing a greeting card from the greeting card aisle. Heading to the rack where reading glasses are sold. Trying on glasses as you’re holding the greeting card at a comfortable distance. Selecting the glasses that let you clearly and easily see the greeting card. Making an appointment with your eyecare professional if you’re unable to decide on a pair of glasses. From a style perspective, Steigerwald, the eyeglass sales manager, suggests choosing glasses that best fit your face shape and your fashion sense. You might prefer smaller, more traditional woman's reading glasses, she says, while someone else might opt for larger, chunky, outside-the-box frames. You might even maintain a collection of glasses, as Steigerwald does, so you can switch your look whenever the mood strikes you. If you’re torn about which glasses to buy, solicit an honest assessment — in person or via texted selfies — from a friend or loved one about whether the pairs you’re considering are flattering. “You just have to find the perfect pair for your face,” Andreoli says. “And I think that with the perfect pair on, most faces look better in glasses than not in glasses.” What Your Sunglasses Say About You Sunglasses are a real character builder. Or at least they play a large roll in the character that you play to others. They’re front and center and they can literally change the shape of your face. So before you buy your next pair of shades, think about what you might be saying to the world. With that said, here are some popular sunglass shapes along with what what they might be saying about your style. Wrap-around sunglasses are great for hiking, outdoor sports, and playing golf. They can also double as safety goggles. Think of them as equipment. Probably not ideal for a suit and tie or a date in the park. Browline glasses are old school. Retro. They were the gold standard for style in the 1950s and 1960s. Think Don Draper. The style’s popularity rose to the point that browline glasses (and sunglasses) accounted for half of all eyewear sales in America in the 1950s. As a result, many famous figures wore browlines, including activist Malcolm X and movie star James Dean. It’s a smart, slightly serious style that has a timeless appeal. If your frames are round and not metal, black or dark brown, then chances are you have a hippy side. An expressive side. A creative side. A free-thinking side, perhaps. If they also have light colored lenses, then you probably do some experimental drugs from time to time as well. I’m just kidding, of course…but all good jokes have truth in them. Safety and Sports Glasses Nowadays, sports eyewear tells the world that you are a serious player. It doesn’t matter whether you bat in Little League or skate with the pros, eye gear for sports offers a long list of benefits. Protective eyewear, such as specialized goggles and wraparound frames with polycarbonate lenses, helps to reduce or eliminate your risk of eye damage. An added bonus is that performance is often enhanced, due to the high quality vision provided from eyewear made for wearing on the playing field. Eye gear for sports is not merely recommended, but now mandated by many clubs. Members are required to wear proper protective eyewear in order to participate in activities. Once upon a time, kids used to cringe at the concept of wearing goggles, but just like bike helmets have become the norm – sports goggles are now accepted as part of the uniform and regarded as ultra-cool. Protect Your Eyes from Fast and Furious Sports Action If you’re still unconvinced about your need to wear protective eyewear for sports, take a look at these scary statistics: Hospital emergency rooms treat 40,000 eye injuries annually, which are sports-related Tennis and badminton are played with objects that zoom at 60 mile per hour or faster. With racquetball, the ball can whizz by at 60 to 200 miles per hours. Activities such as racquetball involve racquets that swing at lightning speed in a confined space where crashes are inevitable. Many sports are filled with pokes and jabs from elbows or fingers. Even basketball is associated with a high incidence of injuries to the eye. Up Your Performance with Sports Eyewear Until recently, people with mild to moderate vision correction used to play their games without wearing eyeglasses or contacts. Yet top performance in any sport is dependent upon sharp vision. Eye gear and goggles for sports allow you to compete at your best, with 20/20 eyesight. Key Features of Sports Glasses Sports glasses do not share the same characteristics as regular eyeglasses, sunglasses or industrial safety glasses. Crafted in a variety of shapes, sports eye gear is specialized to suit the specific needs of each respective sport. Many types of eyewear are even designed to fit into helmets worn when playing football, baseball or hockey. Protective lenses are generally made from polycarbonate, a durable and impact-resistant material that boasts full UV protection for outdoor action. Polycarbonate lenses are also scratch-resistant, which is a valuable feature for many rough sports. The frames are typically designed from highly-impact resistant plastic or polycarbonate, and they are coated with rubber padding at every point that connects with your face. Some frame styles are contoured to wrap around your face, which provides secure coverage for activities such as hang-gliding, sailing and biking. Non-prescription wraparound shapes are useful for contact lens wearers, as they block your eyes from dust or wind. Classic handball goggles used to be fashioned as plain goggles with small openings instead of lenses. That style was abandoned once it was realized that the high speed of handballs actually compressed the balls enough to penetrate through the goggle opening and seriously damage the orbital bones around your eye. Modern and effective goggles for handball and racquetball include polycarbonate lenses that protect your eyes. There’s no such thing as one-size-fits-all when it comes to sports goggles. Proper sizing is critical for top-notch function. For kids, many parents may be tempted to purchase larger goggles so that they’ll be long-lasting with room to grow. Yet if the frames are truly oversized, they won’t protect the child’s eyes adequately. Impact or blows to the face or head won’t be cushioned properly. On the flipside, wearing sports goggles that are too small is just as hazardous. Not only will the child be constantly tempted to take them off due to discomfort, but the eyewear will also disturb peripheral vision. Without a good view of all that’s happening around your child, sports performance will be compromised. Hits from unseen sources on the sidelines are another risk factor. The fit of sports goggles should be reassessed each year. The eyewear should still feel comfortable and provide proper eye protection. The padding on the interior of the goggles must rest flush with your or your child’s face, and eyes should be centered in the lens zone.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
Omnidirectional heliport LED light improves helicopter safety
Описание: Omnidirectional heliport LED light improves helicopter safety Avlite Systems has introduced an innovative LED inset heliport light which is a LED omnidirectional inset lighting fixture light that addresses FATO (final-approach take-off), TLOF (touch-down lift-off), flight path alignment and aiming point lighting applications. The inset light fully meets the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) Annex 14 - Volume II. Heliports 2013 specifications and the FAA (Federal Aviation Authority) Engineering Brief 87. The physical projection of the inset light above ground level does not exceed 10 mm, which, together with a smooth low profile outer surface, prevents any damage to the helicopter or any other vehicle tires. The advanced LED optics ensures optimum light output even in the worst weather conditions. The inset light can be mounted in either 5-inch shallow base can or 8-inch shallow base-can using an adapter ring. Avlite's LED Omnidirectional Inset heliport light is available in Solar, universal AC or DC power configurations. The inset light is available in either green or white with optional IR (infrared). The IR component is continuously on or switchable when integrated with an Avlite Lighting Control and Monitoring System (LCMS). Aviation obstruction lights are lighting devices attached to tall structures: buildings, wind turbines, bridges etc. and used as collision avoidance measures. Such devices make the structure much more visible to passing aircrafts and is usually used at night, although in some countries they are used in the daytime also. Basically obstruction lights typically comes in various intensities (low, medium, high) and either fixed or flashing. Savvy Passenger Guide to Airport Lights Colorful lights cover taxiways and runways to help pilots navigate the airport. Red, blue, green, amber, and white lights glow, flash, and race across the ground. It’s time to find out what the colored airport lights mean and how pilots use them! Taxi Lights After an aircraft leaves the gate, the first challenge pilots face is navigating the plane to the runway for takeoff. Both day and night, airport lights make it easy to maneuver around the maze of taxiways. Blue Lights: Taxiway edge lights are always blue. The blue taxi lights are easy to spot from the terminal and are often the first airport lights seen by passengers. Blue taxiway lights are typically illuminated after dark and during bad weather. For many airports, the blue lights are all that is necessary to mark the taxiways. Green Lights: Green in-ground centerline lights are often installed at busy airports and airports that experience bad weather to enhance taxi guidance and safety. Unlike the blue lights used to identify the taxiway edges, green centerline lights are very bright. Pilots can see and follow them in the worst weather conditions, day or night. The tough metal housings for in-ground lights are mounted flush with the surface of the taxiway. Only a small portion protrudes above ground. The lights are installed a few inches to the left or right of the actual painted centerline. Taxiway Signs Although not technically airport lights, taxiway signs are well illuminated and easy to see. Yellow and black signs identify taxiways. A black background with yellow characters ( A3 ) identifies what taxiway the aircraft is on. A yellow background with black characters ( A4 ) identifies a crossing taxiway. Red signs ( 31R ) always indicate a runway. The red color reminds pilots not to proceed without permission from an air traffic controller. Runway Guard Lights In the last few years, new types of lights have been added to enhance safety. One of the most prominent are Runway Guard lights. Introduced in 1995, these flashing amber lights warn pilots that they are about to taxi onto a runway. The basic installation consists of a dual flashing light unit. One unit is mounted on each side of the taxiway where the aircraft must stop. Taxiing past guard lights onto the runway requires a clearance from air traffic control. In addition to the dual flashing units, wig-wags are often installed in-ground, on the runway hold-short line. This system is really helpful during low visibility conditions. Red Stop Bar Lights Red Stop Bar lights (also known as Runway Status Lights) are another newcomer to the taxi light family. In an effort to reduce the risk of deadly runway collisions, Stop Bar lights are being installed at many airports world-wide. The lights are placed along the hold-short line and are switched on and off automatically. Unlike the yellow guard lights which mean “use caution,” red stop bar lights mean STOP – Don’t even THINK about moving. When the lights are on, there is active traffic on the runway or landing imminently. The lights must be extinguished before an aircraft can proceed. As of 2016, fifteen US airports have Runway Status lights installed with more on the way. Look for them at busy airports. They’re really bright; you can’t miss them. Runway Lights Runways designed for low visibility operations (bad weather) have a lot of lights. Note that not all runways have the same light configuration. The runway at St. Thomas, USVI, has only basic edge lighting because the weather is usually gorgeous. Foggy San Francisco, on the other hand, needs a full lighting system for low visibility weather. Runway Edge Lights: The lights that mark the left and right edges of the runway are primarily white. The edge lights along the last 2000 feet of runway are yellow to let the pilots know that the end of the runway is approaching. This is useful information for both takeoff and landing. Runway Threshold and End Lights: The beginning of the usable portion of runway is marked with a row of green threshold lights. Red lights mark the end of the runway. Runway End Identifier Lights (REILs): To further highlight the beginning of the runway, two very bright strobe lights are installed to the left and right of the runway threshold. REILs are bright and can be seen for miles in good weather. Flashing REILs can even be seen while cruising at 35,000 feet. See if you can spot some on your next flight. Runway Centerline Lights: Runways used for low visibility operations have white centerline lights installed every 50 ft to help pilots maintain directional control during takeoff and landing. Starting the last 3000 ft of runway, the lights alternate white and red. The last 1,000 feet of runway has solid red centerline lights. Taxiway Lead-off Lights: To help pilots find the taxiway after landing, alternating green and yellow “lead-off” centerline lights are often installed. The Lead-off lights help flight crews quickly exit the runway. When driving near an airport, it’s hard to miss dozens of orange light poles near the runways. The forest of lights are part of the Approach Lighting System. There are several different configurations for approach lights. The type of instrument approach to the runway determines the design of the approach lights. Designs also vary in different parts of the world. The purpose of all the designs is the same: provide pilots with the visual cues necessary to properly align the aircraft for landing during bad weather. The animated image is an example of ALSF-2 lights. The full name is “Approach Lighting System with Sequenced Flashing Lights – Configuration 2.” See why we use acronyms? The white lights that appear to shoot toward the runway are called sequenced flashing lights. Pilots call them “the rabbit,” possibly named after the mechanical rabbit used during greyhound dog racing. Runway rabbits are as bright as REILs and can often be seen during the cruise portion of the flight. They are another good light to watch for on a clear night when the in-flight movies are boring. Approach lights guide pilots to the Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL) on the runway. Touchdown Zone lights consist of 30 rows of white lights on each side of the centerline down the first 3000 feet of runway. That’s 180 in-ground lights! The purpose of the lights is exactly what you would guess from the name. Pilots want to touchdown within the touchdown zone to ensure adequate runway is available to stop the aircraft. If the aircraft will touchdown beyond this area, it’s time to go around and try again. How many lights are used for a runway? A runway that can handle instrument approaches from both directions can have more than 1,150 lights! That number includes the edge, centerline, touchdown zone, and ALSF-2 lights. A few hundred more lights can be used,depending on the length and configuration of the runway. Next time you see “Airport Use Tax” on an airline ticket, this is one of the reasons why! Centerline Light Trivia Centerline lights are often mounted a few inches left or right of the actual centerline. During takeoff, it’s not uncommon for one of the nose wheels to run over the lights. If you feel a rhythmic “thump thump thump thump” on the takeoff roll, it’s the nose wheel hitting the centerline lights. Don’t worry, it won’t hurt the tires or lights. The in-ground lights are designed to withstand the weight of wide-body jets landing on them!
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
What Is A Bubble Wrap?
Описание: What Is A Bubble Wrap? Bubble Wrap is essentially a plastic sheet comprising air bubbles that people use to safeguard things while being sent or moved by post from one place to another. The presence of air bubbles protects against any harm to fragile goods during moving or shipping. Bubble Wrap is usually sold in rolls, sheets and is often entrenched into mailing envelopes. How to Make Use of Bubble Wrap? Below we will explain step-by-step instructions on how to use Bubble Wrap for the packaging. Wrap Your Good on a Clean and Flat Surface Locate a clean and flat surface to package your goods for shipping. Ensure that you have ample space for the merchandise you want to ship off and your packaging materials like the Bubble Wrap rolls. Also, it is wise to ensure that you also have sufficient space to tape, fold, and secure your item without always moving countertop decorations or desk wear. Lay Out Bubble Wrap so that its Bubble Side is Facing Upwards Ensure that you lay out the Bubble Wrap in a way such that the bubble side of the sheet is facing upwards. In this manner, the air pockets will be able to efficiently do their job and safeguard your fragile goods during transit. The air bubbles will most probably pop during shipping if they are facing out. That defeats the objective of making use of bubble wrap in the very first place. Surround Product with Bubble Wrap Generously Do not make the mistake of skimping on utilising Bubble Wrap for the items you need to ship. Customers tend to get annoyed when they have to wait several days (or even weeks at times!) for their packages to arrive, only to find out that the goods inside are damaged or broken. That will tarnish your brand’s reputation in the long run, as more consumers will call to ask you about your return policy. Bear in mind that to completely safeguard your merchandise during transit, it is very likely that you will require need more than the original packing material. As a case to point, while small-sized Bubble Wrap can safeguard your TV screen from getting spoiled and scratched, you might also require some foam product to assist in preventing impact damage. That helps ensure that the TV will not get damaged during transit if the package is jostled or dropped accidentally. Close Gently and Seal Box for Transit After wrapping the merchandise in Bubble Wrap (and any other packaging materials such as desiccants to protect against moisture), all there is left to do is seal the shipping box, and it is ready for transit! Benefits for Utilising Bubble Wrap for Packing The following are some of the many advantages of using Bubble Wrap for packing purposes before shipping the items. You can Use Your Bubble Wrap Again and Again. Do not just discard your Bubble Wrap away when you are done with it. One of the most significant benefits of using Bubble Wrap for packing is that you can reuse it multiple times unless it has been considerably damaged. As long as the majority of the air bubbles are undamaged, you can conveniently make use of your Bubble Wrap repeatedly to safeguard your most valuable goods and products that are in transit. This makes Bubble Wrap a drastically more environmentally friendly choice than some packaging types challenging to reuse. Furthermore, the fact that you can reuse Bubble Wrap several times offers you substantial cost savings. Bubble Wrap is Very Adaptable and Versatile Bubble Wrap can protect and insulate almost small cargo types. You can easily cut it using scissors into any form that you require. Large bubble wrap sheets are sufficiently malleable to protect and wrap several kinds of differently shaped cargo effectively. Furthermore, the applications of bubble wrap outside the domain of shipping are extensive as well. A few folks even make use of it to pad the windows of their house in the summer. The possibilities are truly limitless with a modicum of creativity! A Very Lightweight Option When it comes to packaging materials (void fill), Bubble Wrap happens to be one of the lightest materials available. Its structure comprises mainly of air, with some ultra-lightweight plastic layers for more excellent durability. That makes it a considerably lightweight packaging material and can help you save tremendously in shipping expenses, mainly if you are shipping large volumes. When you are shipping by weight, less packaging translates into reduced costs and potentially modest fuel expenses when you send sizeable amounts of merchandise. Another alternative to Bubble Wrap would be to use air packs for shipping to help save warehouse space. Other Bubble Wrap Applications Apart from using it to wrap products for shipping, here are some other Bubble Wrap applications. Padding Knees Weeding, planting, and other kinds of garden work can need a certain amount of kneeling, which can be painful and uncomfortable. A perfect solution is to fold a big Bubble Wrap piece into a rectangle and use it in the capacity of a kneeling pad. The extra cushioning will relieve your joints, as well as your pants. Protecting Plants Safeguard your tender plants and newly planted seeds from the frost in the colder months by covering and wrapping them up with Bubble Wrap. The air pockets will heat up under the sun’s rays during the daytime, acting as a greenhouse to keep the soil and plant warm. Air Pillow Wrapping Air Pillow wrapping is an alternate solution to Bubble Wraps. The packaging wrapping solution is also a lightweight air-filled packaging option. However, it is not for wrapping and cushioning products like bubble wrap. Unlike Bubble Wrap, Air Pillows focus more on blocking and bracing products from any impacts in the shipping boxes. Moreover, Air Pillows are identifiable as they have larger air chambers than smaller air cells in a Bubble Wrap. The Air Pillow typically comes in strings with appropriate numbers or air chambers or pillows. The aim is to secure an item in place and prevent it from shifting within or hitting the sides of the box during shipment or handling. The Air Pillow packaging can be used for many different products or items. The only precaution you must take is to use enough air pillows to prevent braces. However, Air Pillows do need additional packaging equipment, i.e., a maintenance-free mistral machine. This is a compact, efficient, reliable, and user-friendly solution you can easily integrate into your existing packaging system. In a study published this week in Environmental Science and Technology, researchers put supposedly eco-friendly bags made from various organic and plastic materials and sourced from U.K. stores to the test. After three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, exposed to open light and air or stashed in a laboratory, none of the bags broke down completely in all the environments. In fact, the biodegradable bags that had been left underwater in a marina could still hold a full load of groceries. “What is the role of some of these really innovative and novel polymers?” asked Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from the University of Plymouth and the study’s senior author. A polymer is a repeating chain of chemicals that makes up a plastic’s structure, whether biodegradable or synthetic. “They’re challenging to recycle and are very slow to degrade if they become litter in the environment,” Thompson said, suggesting these biodegradable plastics may be causing more problems than they solve. Want to know what makes biodegradable tableware so popular and a better alternative to plastic tableware? Discover them in this article. Biodegradable tableware – an alternative to plastic cutlery, compostable, chemical-free, attractive shapes and easy decomposing tactics. With countless benefits and eco-friendly existence, it is seldom surprising that biodegradable tableware is so popular amidst the green enthusiasts as a better alternative to plastic cutlery. This eco-friendly disposable tableware combines the flexibility and convenience of disposability with the durability and the benefit of being fully biodegradable. It has a positive impact on nature rather than harming it. Here are some of the most amazing facts about using biodegradable plates, straws, bowls, spoons, and forks that would make you switch to using them right now: 1. Nurtures the Nature Oh yes! You heard it right. And many of you must be scratching your head thinking how? So, here it is. Because these products are made from natural elements like sugarcane pulp, they do not release any poisonous chemicals into the soil, unlike plastic. In fact, they can get decomposed naturally, resulting in nurturing the soil. 2. Renewable Base Material Biodegradable plates are made from sustainable and renewable plants, such as corn, potato starch, sugarcane pulp, and various vegetable oils. Also, they are manufactured using eco-friendly sustainable practices that do not have negative effects on the planet. The final product is toxic-free. 3. Reduce Ocean Pollution Whales losing their lives due to plastic ingestion is no breaking news to us. This grave reality actually gives us a glimpse of in what horrendous ways we are destroying this planet by dumping our plastic waste into the ocean and killing these beautiful and innocent aquatic animals. Every year, the ocean is polluted with 18 billion pounds of every type of single-use plastics. Plastic has become the main concern behind the destruction of our irreplaceable eco-systems, coral reefs, and marine life. The marine animals and birds consume plastic bits floating in the ocean, mistakenly. Using biodegradable tableware will reduce ocean pollution.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
8 Reasons People Love To Grill Out
Описание: 8 Reasons People Love To Grill Out Since we all have indoor kitchens, it can strike one as a little funny, when you think about it, how many humans love to venture outside their perfectly conditioned interiors to BBQ their food in the thick of the summer heat. But there are lots of good reasons to grill out—some of them practical, some social, some of them even biological.Here are eight of Bart Fireside’s best reasons to fire up your barbecue tonight: It turns food preparation and cooking into a social event. What if the heart of the home isn’t in the kitchen but rather in the outdoor kitchen? This appears to be the case, as dinner guests love spending time outdoors near the grill, where all the action and the delicious smells happen. Food prepared on the grill is naturally fresher. You’re not going to have to worry much about being served processed foods—or even rich, creamy, calorie-laden stuff—hot off a barbecue. Instead grills seem to naturally encourage the cooking of fresh meats, fish, and vegetables. Looking for outdoor fire pit ideas? We know what you’re thinking: Aren’t fire pits for fancy people with finished patios and intentional landscaping? Aren’t they insanely expensive? Yes, and no. The materials involved aren’t exactly cheap (think cast iron, stone, concrete, et cetera), but with a little persistence, you can find affordable outdoor fire pits. Here, we’ve rounded up 35 of the best fire pits starting at just $50! You’ll find a wide range of styles: Some are proper steel basins, others are fire baskets, and others are more like fire pits for cooking. Some are modern fire pits, while others are rustic and charming. There’s a fire pit for every taste on this list. Scroll through to find the one that’s right for you—and whatever you choose, do your research to make sure you set up a safe situation: You’ll want to set the fire pit on a nonflammable, non-grass surface, such as a wide stoop or brick patio, and potentially add a heat-resistant mat under it. It makes use of all your of senses. The bases of smell, sight, sound, and of course taste are all covered when grilling. It’s instinctive. It could be said that cooking over a live fire is in our DNA. The cavemen did it; we want to, too It’s exciting. Speaking of live fire, isn’t it more thrilling to cook over it than to peer into the door of an oven every so often? Barbecuing makes cooking feel like more of an event. It’s versatile. You can cook almost anything on a barbecue, especially one like the Primo ceramic grill, which many of our customers use to cook things like pizzas and even fruit pies It gets you outdoors. OK, so barbecuing doesn’t exactly equate with taking a hike in the woods, but it’s still a way to get people outside, which is naturally grounding and calming. It saves you the hassle of kitchen cleanup. Consolidated to just one cooker, dinners prepared on a barbecue like the Big Green Egg require less cleanup afterwards. This makes dinner taste that much better Choosing the best fire pit Whether you want to keep warm in your garden, spruce up your patio or you’re looking for a more authentic way to cook your dinner, an outdoor fire pit could fit the bill. Gaining popularity as we all spend more time at home, fire pits are super versatile and can add some glamour to your garden. But choosing the right type, size and material before investing is essential. Use our expert advice to help you choose the best type and brand, discover interesting fire pit ideas and even learn how to make your own. Types of fire pits There’s no one size fits all when it comes to fire pits so picking the right type can take time. We run through the pros and cons of some of the most popular fire pit types: Fire pit table This is exactly what it says on the tin – a fire pit that sits in the middle of a table. Designed with a fire pit in the centre, surrounded by a table around the periphery of the pit where you can place drinks and food, these are great for people that like to keep warm while socialising. The extra space between the pit and the ledge also provides a little more safety – children can’t get too close – but you still need to be careful to never leave it unattended. If you’re keeping under an umbrella or covering, you’ll need to check there’s enough ventilation and that it’s high enough so the flame won’t catch. Ways Tree Grates Can Make A Difference In Your Landscape While trees in forests and woodlands grow in near-perfect natural conditions, trees grown in an urban setting have to endure unique circumstances. This includes everything from obstructive pavements to vandalism to high temperatures due to urban microclimates and even exposure to artificial elements like exhaust fumes and de-icing salt. When tree grates are incorporated, they allow the trees growing in these urban spaces to integrate a lot more seamlessly with the rest of the landscape. They protect the trees from the severity of the urban environment, tremendously increasing the tree's lifespan. The types of tree grates to be used in an urban setting should take into account several factors, such as tree root management, irrigation and aeration options, and guying systems. This goes a long way in ensuring that they integrate a lot better with their environment. Tree grates today come in a variety of materials, including metal, stone, and plastic. This article highlights some of the ways that tree grates can make a difference in your landscape. Tree grates keep trees alive As has already been mentioned, tree grates play a vital role in ensuring that trees planted in urban spaces stay alive for longer. In urban settings, where there is a high density of human traffic, it is easy for the soil around the growing trees to get compacted. Compacted soil is one of the reasons why trees grown in urban areas suffer. When the tree grates are in place, the soil around the trees become inaccessible to human and vehicular traffic. This means that it will not suffer the same level of compaction that exposed soil does, allowing the tree to thrive as a result. Tree grates help create urban forests in city environments Whenever tree grates get used, the process of integrating urban forests into the city begins. Tree grates play an essential role in this process in various ways. For example, they help allocate space for trees while also allowing continuous pedestrian traffic flow over the area where the trees are. They also prevent litter buildup and boost the growth of the trees by suppressing weed growth. 5 Reasons to Add a Landscape Water Feature Landscaping professionals are often hired to install water features. Portland homes are especially well suited for water features, as the mild climate of the Rose City allows water fountains to flow nearly year-round. Below, you’ll find a list of benefits accrued from adding landscaping water features to your property. 1. Flowing water soothes the soul. Throughout history, philosophers, religious clerics and physicians have recognized water’s incredible healing power. Experts in Buddhist meditation cherish flowing water as a source of white noise that the mind can enjoy without becoming too attached to any single tone. Practitioners of natural medicine recommend hydrotherapy in the form of steam baths, saunas and hot and cold compresses. Adding a landscape water feature fosters relaxation and peace. Flowing water calms the mind and revives the spirit. While selecting from water features, Portland gardeners, be sure to listen carefully to the sound each one makes; each of us naturally prefers certain “water songs” over others. 2. Running water attracts wildlife. Picture this: you’re lounging beside your landscape water feature, unwinding, when a cheery yellow-breasted finch settles on a rock nearby. Fascinated, you watch with wonder while the tiny creature hops ever closer to the flowing water and eventually takes a few sips. This sort of event can occur in your yard on a daily basis if you add a fountain or bubbling birdbath. Landscaping water features naturally attract birds, squirrels, rabbits and other fauna. Like us, all animals require fresh, clean water to thrive. Birds, for instance, need water for both drinking and preening. Water baths help birds remove loose feathers, dust and parasites from their feathers. If you’re a nature lover, adding a water feature will bring you hours of joy, as you observe a menagerie of animal visitors. 3. A landscape water feature boosts curb appeal and property values. Landscaping water features add visual interest and charm for potential homebuyers. If you’re hoping to get a good resale value for your home, adding a fountain, miniature brook or even just a burbling ceramic pot is a good investment. 4. Improved air quality and reduced noise pollution. A flowing water feature will mask nearby noise pollution while releasing a continuous flow of negative ions. Numerous researchers have found a connection between negative ions and stress reduction. Russian scientists, for instance, found that exposure to negative ions reduced pathological signs of stress in rats. Studies also suggest that negative ions can offset the health impacts of air pollution – yet another salutary benefit of water features. Portland health enthusiasts swear by the health benefits of flowing water. 5. According to Feng Shui, running water brings wealth. The ancient Chinese study of Feng Shui teaches that flowing water attracts wealth. To maximize potency, Feng Shui teaches that landscaping water features should be kept clean. Just as a dripping faucet represents wasted money slowly dripping out of your pockets, an efficiently flowing water feature symbolizes new opportunities flowing into your life. As a professional manufacturer, we can provide many good products.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
Which Dryer Is Right For Me?
Описание: Which Dryer Is Right For Me? Needed not just to save time, but also to get “the right look”, pet grooming dryers are some of the most important pieces of equipment in a pet grooming salon. The decision of which to buy can be complicated. The type of dryer, available utilities, length of hose, intended location of the dryer, tolerance for sound, performance, and budget—along with a host of other factors—need to be considered. Drying pet hair requires more time than drying human hair because pets have so much more of it. Showing consideration for hair density and diameter, a typical Golden Retriever has 30 times the surface area of hair than a person with a nominal length of 10” hair. Most humans have a scalp size in the range of 120 to 150 square inches with about 700 hairs per square inch. Most people with a full head of hair have between 70,000 and 125,000 strands of hair. Based on a 10” hair length and 0.0027” hair shaft diameter, the surface area of a human’s hair is about 70 square feet. This is about the surface area of one side (inside or out) of both halves of a sliding patio door. Dogs, depending on the coat type, have from 1,000 to 6,000 hairs per square inch. A typical Standard Poodle has 20 times the surface area of a human’s hair, and a Golden Retriever has about 30 times the surface area of a human’s hair. So, referring back to the sliding patio door example, while the surface area of a woman’s hair is equal to one set of patio doors, the Poodle and the Golden have hair surface areas of 20 or 30 sets of sliding doors, respectively. All this hair holds water primarily as a function of surface area. The water must be removed at the right time in the grooming process in order to obtain “the right look”. Before examining details of the three dryer types, it is important to review the technical terminology in order to understand the buzzwords that apply to all dryers. This nomenclature includes: ? c.f.m. is cubic feet per minute. It is the volume, in cubic feet, of air that is moved in a minute. This attribute is important for cage dryers, where large volumes of air need to be moved but not necessarily at a high velocity. ? f.p.m. relates to air velocityin units of the feet per minute. This performance attribute is important with the high velocity dryers that rely upon air speed to mechanically push water from the coat. The c.f.m. and f.p.m. attributes are determined by the blower motor manufacturer and are different from one product design to the next. These performance variables include configuration, air inlet and outlet aperture size, hose diameter and length. ? Amps is the amount of electrical current in amperes. Most newer wall circuits are 20 amperes. Some older circuits are only 15 amperes. Many of the larger double motor high velocity dryers draw at or near 20 amps, necessitating a dedicated circuit, as 20 amps is the limit of conventional residential and commercial circuits. ? Volts or voltage is typically 115/120 for common appliances in the USA. 240v circuits are typical for electric clothes dryers. Europe and Asia primarily have 240 volt circuits. ? H.P. and Watt are related in that they both represent energy. Watts = Volts x Amps and there are 746 Watts in 1 Horsepower (H.P.). Electrical efficiency and power factor are ignored, as they are negligible with the small motor size. Electric Heating Element: To take advantage of the evaporation effect, many cage, stand, and a few of the high velocity dryers have electric elements to elevate ambient air temperature. Timers and dryer location are very important for pet safety with dryers that have heat. Adding a heating element to a dryer dramatically improves air’s ability to carry moisture as the temperature increases. There is a six-fold increase in the ability of air to carry water as it is heated from 70 F (21 C) to 140 F (60 C). The 140 F value is of interest with humans, as it is commonly accepted as the “threshold of pain” value. Most dryers will deliver air at or near this crucial 140 F (60 C) temperature. Unfortunately a dog body temperature above 106 F, for even a short period of time, is very dangerous, resulting in heat stroke and possible death. Of course the dryer’s warm air is mixed with cooler ambient air and can be very effective in removing moisture. However, prolonged exposure in closed areas with high starting ambient temperatures is fertile grounds for disaster. On the flip side, due to the cooling effect of evaporation, in cool ambient air, the pet can be chilled without heat. This makes the timer feature of high interest, as it can provide a balance. Speed Control: Variable speed control is an excellent feature on most of the dryer types. It does add cost to a dryer, so it is sometimes offered as an option. The speed control board controls the rotation speed of the blower motor. This is done with an electronic device called a Triac. In a variable resistance circuit, this device acts just like a dimmer for lights in a home. A speed control potentiometer controls the point in each cycle that the triac is triggered on. With the speed control turned all the way up, the triac is turned on at the beginning of each cycle. As the speed control is turned down, the trigger point is delayed more and more. This reduces the average power fed to the motor and thus reduces speed. Cage Dryers Some grooming shops boast being “cage free” and have no use for the cage dryer while others have as many as ten units in use during a busy day. Cage dryers commonly have three key features: heat control, timer control and speed control. These types of dryers are commonly placed on the floor or hung on the side of the cage in such a way that the air flow is below the dog’s eyes to avoid drying of the eyes. The dryers require very little intervention and allow the groomer to tend to other tasks while the animal is being dried. A typical cage dryer may have from 1,000 to 4,000 f.p.m. The cage dryer is designed such to replenish the air within the cage with new warm air. As this warm air enters the cage, it picks up moisture via evaporation. These dryers take advantage of the six-fold increase in the ability of air to carry water as it is heated from 70 F (21 C) to 140 F (60 C). The “off delay” timer circuit is excellent on this dryer type. The unit automatically shuts off after timing out. The frequently distracted pet groomer has the peace of mind that the unit will shut off automatically without any further effort, thereby protecting the animal from overheating. An alternative to moving the dryer from one cage to another is enabled with a single dryer with multiple air outlets. The hose ends can be relocated from one cage to another as needed. There are apertures that can be closed on this cage dryer allowing airflow at one, two or three locations. With the two apertures closed the airflow is directed out of a single outlet allowing the unit to be used with a hose to act as a high velocity dryer. Stand Dryers Stand dryers are used at the grooming table and are often referred to as “fluff dryers.” This type of dryer enables “hands free” use, allowing the groomer to use both hands on the animal. These dryers are versatile in that they can be moved easily within the shop. They can also be used as cage dryers if they are placed in the right position in front of a cage. The dryer can then be easily moved near a grooming table to dry the dog during a brush out. A shortcoming of the stand dryer is that it does not have a flexible, hand-held hose. In order for a groomer to reach tight spots and to blow out tangles and mats, a high velocity dryer is usually needed. Some dryer makers offer adaptor kits complete with special stands that allow high velocity dryers to be used as stand dryers. High Velocity Dryers Many high velocity dryers do not have heat, as they rely on air impingement force to mechanically remove the water from the pet’s skin and coat. In other words, they “force” or “blast” the water off the animal’s skin and coat. Due to air friction, these dryers add 8-15 F to incoming ambient air. Motor arrangement, be it a series or parallel arrangement, affects both temperature and air speed. The “series configuration” adds more temperature than does the parallel. The number of motors inside the dryer is important, though not always published by the dryer maker. Generally, the most powerful high velocity dryers have more than one motor and often consume the bulk of available current on a conventional 20-amp circuit. The lightest weight and lowest cost units are generally single motor dryers. They typically draw between 6-15 amps. Arranged in a “series” circuit, the dual motor dryers deliver between 1.3-1.5 times the amps of a single motor unit. This configuration is excellent with long hoses (over 33 feet), as air volume and velocity drop only minimally. Dual motor dryers arranged in “parallel” deliver almost twice the volume or about 190% of the single motor. However, this arrangement is prone to performance loss if the hose runs over 33 feet. The two configurations above deliver the same airflow with a hose length of about 33 feet. Therefore if the hose run is less than about 30 feet, the parallel configuration will outperform the series. Single vs. two motor dryers can be distinguished by their size and shape. The long single canister has two motors in series airflow and the large “twin” canister or wider box dyer has two motors in parallel. A large double coated Golden that would take 3 hours to dry with a hand blow dryer might take 42 minutes with a single motor high velocity dryer and only 22 minutes with the two motor configuration. This dryer type is of interest to the large volume grooming shop where there are never enough minutes in the day. Liquid Products With so much said on reducing blow dry time with different dryer types, it is important to acknowledge that there are also liquid products available that dramatically reduce dry time. These products improve slip between hair strands with quaterniums that smooth and coat the individual strands. Such spray-on detangling and dematting products can be used before and after the bathing process. Such products, if well formulated, also contain conditioning agents that repair much of the damage caused by brushing and drying. This type of product will accelerate both the mechanical removal and evaporation processes by getting the water to sheet on the hair shaft. The sheeting is accomplished by reducing the surface tension of water remaining in the coat. Such “spray on–leave in” products have been proven to reduce blow dry time by as much as 50%. Some large volume pet grooming shop owners mandate that their bathers use such products for the purpose of reducing blow dry time. In Conclusion Deciding which dryer to purchase is made easier by understanding each of the available products. Shop owners will show consideration for their unique environment and budget. For example, a mobile groomer generally looks for the highest performance high velocity dryer that generates the least noise and draws the least amount of current. A large facility with many cages, on the other hand, will become experts at taking advantage of the “crossover” units that can act as both cage and high velocity dyers. Budget, shop type (cage free shop vs. with cages and mobile vs. salon), available utilities, and shop layout all influence which dryer is best to purchase for each application. We provide different type of dryers, such as brush AC motor pet dryer, brushless DC motor dryer/blaster and so on, you can choose the best you need. References 1. A.L. Hunting (1985). Encyclopedia of Shampoo Ingredients. New Jersey: Micelle Press, Inc. 2. Williams, Daniel. “A comparison of air velocity with increased hose length in three motor arrangements.” EZ-Groom Internal Publication June 12, 2009. 3. Cosmetic Bench Reference, Allured Publishing Company, Abbott Park, IL 1998 4. Meisler, Elizer. “Independent variables studies by percentage separately and together for synergistic reduction of water’s surface tension” EZ-Groom Internal Publication July 12, 2007.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
Plant Extracts
Описание: Plant Extracts There are some 500,000 species of higher plants around the world, of which around 70,000 serve as a basis for plant-based drugs. Much as applications for vegetable active ingredients vary, they all share one common feature: they are extremely sensitive substances which have to be treated correspondingly gently by the biotechnical process used to obtain them. Extraction decanters and polishing separators from GEA are perfectly designed for this purpose. Plant extraction is a process that aims to extract certain components present in plants. It is a solid/liquid separation operation: a solid object (the plant) is placed in contact with a fluid (the solvent). The plant components of interest are then solubilised and contained within the solvent. The solution thus obtained is the desired extract. The solvent will eventually be eliminated to isolate the plant extract. If it is for the food industry, it is not necessary to separate it from the extract. If not, a second separation operation makes it possible to obtain a dry extract. Nowadays, the term “extract” is frequently used incorrectly. In fact, only solid/liquid extraction is capable of producing them, but sometimes simple crushed plant powders are marketed as “extracts”. The origin of the extraction of active plant ingredients has been lost to time. It was in fact very early on that mankind discovered the benefits of plants and the first techniques for separating out what we now refer to as “extracts”. The first extracts were essentially obtained through aqueous extraction or alcoholic fermentation, and according to procedures such as infusion, maceration, decoction and hydrodistillation. The simplicity of these procedures, as well as the tools, materials and heating methods of the time, meant that the extractor was a man of the arts rather than a scientist. Today, this activity calls upon the use of precise automatons and adapted materials. It has benefited from advances in process engineering, phytochemistry and analytics. Moreover, new technologies to assist extraction (high-pressure, microwaves, ultrasound, etc.) are being developed. However, the notion of expertise in plant extraction remains to this day a balanced combination of the mastery of technical parameters, and tradition. Precise Adaptation to Process Parameters The structure and biological activity of the substances mean that very specific medium conditions have to be used. The extraction process is particularly suitable for this, but has to be precisely adapted to suit process parameters such as pH, temperature, concentration and the delicate structure of the valuable substances. The efficacy of a phytopharmaceutical product also depends on adequate and consistent dosage of the plant extract, so industrial standardization is of huge significance. Maceration or Percolation? Plant extracts are defined as concentrated preparations of liquid, solid or viscous consistency. As a rule they are obtained by maceration (extraction to equilibrium with water or alcohol) or percolation (extraction to exhaustion with water or alcohol). A key factor in production is selection of the extraction agent. Water-soluble (hydrophilic) constituents can be extracted with water, whilst fat-soluble (lipophilic) constituents are extracted from a particular part of the plant with alcohol or other solvents. The health costs of sugar Sugar sweetens, preserves, and enhances the flavor of food. This makes it hard to avoid and resist, but the health benefits of reducing your sugar intake are clear. A diet high in sugar has been associated with a wide range of health conditions, either directly through its effect on the body or indirectly due to complications from obesity. Excessive sugar consumption may lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Poor nutrition absorption, high triglyceride levels, and tooth decay are all related to high sugar intake. It has also been linked to poor cognitive function, affecting memory and increasing the risk of dementia. Healthy sugar alternatives and how to choose the right sugar replacement for you It may be difficult to sort through all the sugar alternatives on the market to decide which one is right for you. Consider the following when making your decision: Understand the four categories of sugar alternatives. There are four common types of sugar substitutes: artificial sweeteners, sugar alcohols, novel sweeteners, and natural sweeteners. Each has potential benefits and drawbacks depending on your goals. Think about why you want to cut down on sugar. If you have diabetes, for instance, artificial sweeteners or sugar alcohols, like xylitol, could be a better choice when consumed in moderation. Natural sweeteners, like honey, can still raise blood sugar. Always consult with a doctor or dietitian if you’re not sure of your best option. Are sugar alternatives really a healthier option? Whether sugar substitutes are a healthier choice for you depends on which type of sweetener you use, how much you use, and why you use it. Artificial sweeteners Synthetic sugar substitutes are intense sweeteners, so you only need a little bit to enhance flavors in food. Some add no calories and may help with weight control, although the benefits of artificial sweeteners on weight loss in the long term are still unclear. Artificial sweeteners may be beneficial for those with diabetes since they don’t raise blood sugar. However, it’s important to consult with your doctor before using a sugar substitute if you have diabetes. Some people have concerns about the safety of artificial sweeteners. However, all artificial sweeteners must be reviewed and cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA provides consumption guidelines that outline the maximum quantity of artificial sweeteners you can safely have each day. According to Ingredients Network, an online platform that sources products in the food and natural ingredients industry says the demand for fruit and vegetable powders is rapidly growing as consumers develop a growing need for produce consumption. The demand is especially high in Europe as fruit and veggie powders are showing up in beverages, bakery, and ready to eat products. By 2022, this market is expected to bring in a revenue of 216 billion dollars, with an annual growth rate of 5.8% Consumers are becoming increasingly more concerned about their health, and the appeal of veggie powders with added protein, fiber, and other nutrients, is growing more attractive. It is also a convenient way to reduce produce waste, as powders can utilize produce that otherwise would have been tossed. They are also much easier to transport after production. Manufacturers are also working to ensure that taste is not sacrificed while meeting maximum nutrient expectations. These qualities may for one appealing nutritional label. Big companies everywhere are noticing this trend and making appropriate investments. General Mills recently invested in Purely Elizabeth, a company that uses mushroom powders in their wellness bars to increase energy and immunity. Some brands are even developing their own powders like juice company Welch’s, who has made a fruit powder with polyphenols. Among produce ingredients found within these powders, leafy green vegetables like kale, spinach, and alfalfa are very popular, with fruits like blueberry, strawberry, a?ai, and goji berry. These powders seem to be doing a world of good for both consumers and manufacturers! Want to learn about some tasty vegan fruit and veggie powders? These powders can be consumed on their own mixed with a glass of water, or added to your morning smoothie for increased nutritional benefits! What are Fruit Powders Fruit powders, like green powders, are a new way for people to get the vitamins and nutrients they need every day. Fruit powders are fruit that has been freeze-dried or dehydrated and then ground into a fine powder. Unlike green powders, which are typically a blend of different vegetables in one container, fruit powders contain only one type of fruit. Fruit powders are easy to preserve, transport, store, and use. And they last much longer than regular fruit. Are Fruit Powders as Nutritious as Fresh Fruit Depending on the drying method, fruit powders can retain most of their vitamins and nutrients during the powder production process. Before the fruit is turned into a powder, it is freeze-dried, a process that preserves nutrients such as vitamin C and antioxidants. But freeze-drying fruit also eliminates most of the fiber, which helps the body feel full and digest food better. Just like green powders, fruit powders aren’t a substitute for whole fruits. The body processes fruit powder supplements differently than it does fresh fruit and eating only fruit powders can cause you to miss some of the essential nutrients that come from whole fruit. They are best used as a supplement to a well-balanced diet and as a substitute in cooking and baking. Are Fruit Powders Healthy Fruit powders do have a large number of vitamins and nutrients, even after the dehydration process. The drawback to fruit powders, however, is their high-calorie content. Fresh fruits are high in calories that come from healthy carbs. When fruit is freeze-dried, and the water removed, it becomes much more concentrated as a powder. Since a cup of fruit powder contains more than a cup of its whole food counterpart, eating a serving of fruit powder means you are consuming more calories than if you ate a piece of fruit. Even though they are high calorie, fruit powders make great substitutes for higher-calorie ingredients such as sugar. And a scoop of fruit powder in a glass of water is a better choice than drinking soda or juice while still giving you beneficial nutrients. So even though fruit powders are calorie-rich, they have an advantage as a healthy alternative for more calorie-dense foods.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
Benefits of Face Towels for a Healthy Skin
Описание: Benefits of Face Towels for a Healthy Skin Many think about towels as a product we use without giving it much idea. For others, however, towels speak to their little components of self-spoiling, comfort, and even extravagance. In the event that you set foot in a top of the line hotel, you unquestionably discovered face towels, hand towels, bath towels, and bath sheets. Today we will concentrate on the face towel since they are (or ought to be) the most as often as possible used kinds of towels in an individual's home.? Towels are a steady piece of our life and they enable us to keep great cleanliness and wellbeing. Also, a few towels can make us feel enveloped by veritable cases of solace; thusly, we have to take great consideration of them. Our face towels are forefront warriors and have a hard time. WHAT IS A FACE CLOTH? A Face Cloth is fundamentally a face towel or otherwise called a washcloth. It is normally a square bit of retentive terry fabric material with differing thickness. A face towel measures somewhat 12 by 12 inches (30x30cm) in general. PURPOSE OF A FACE TOWEL Face towels purpose is to ensure you get the best of face care you can get. They need to dry your face and clean it of water, cleanser, characteristic skin oil and face makeup residues and leftovers. You will discover face towels in hotels, spas, and gyms or therapeutic offices. They ought to be increasingly basic in individuals' restrooms also on the grounds that the grime and soil from your other body parts ought to never finish up all over. You need an exceptional thing for face cleanliness and this is the washcloths primary HOW OFTEN DO YOU CHANGE FACE CLOTH? Face towel must be changed on a regular routine. You should have one for every day of the week so have at least 7 pieces. A messy towel will straightforwardly influence your skin and if your skin is touchy so make certain to use a perfect towel every time. BEST FABRICS FOR FACE TOWELS Towels come in numerous textures and thread counts. You will discover both face towels and other towels in: 100% Natural cotton, Microfibre, 100% Bamboo Bamboo mixes, Egyptian cotton, Turkish cotton Linen etc. While we are regarding the matter of textures, we need to underscore on the best selections of towels when you need to purchase the towels for your face which means the most skin the most sensitive part of our body which is exposed to sun, dirt, pollutants. Face towels ought to be: Spongy, Delicate with your face skin, Simple to wash - ideally Machine Washable Strong and Durable to continuous use and soft. Thinking about these criteria, you should search for the top of the line cotton face towels, with Turkish cotton being a preferred decision as far as quality, non-abrasiveness and warmth go. In the event that you need your face towel to accompany high criteria, microfibre face towels are additionally a magnificent decision. HOW DO FACE TOWELS HELP TO MAINTAIN CLEAN SKIN? After you use a towel once, it gathers the skin particles, soil and oil from your face. You should just use towels one time and after that place them in the clothing. It's normal to need to use a towel more than that, however, even after a shower, your towel gathers a great deal of things that you would prefer not to contact your face. Hotel Towels Buying Guide Whether your guests are only spending the night or enjoying a weeklong vacation, you'll want to make sure they feel right at home with the luxury of quality hotel towels. Yet supplying the right amenities for your hotel's bathroom or spa facilities is not as easy as it might seem. Browsing through our site, you will find different towel materials, border types, and other factors that may sway your decision. If you're unsure about any of these factors, you've come to the right place. And even if you know that you need a bath sheet rather than a regular bath towel, for instance, this hotel towels guide breaks down important purchasing features like material, weight, and price so that you can make the best selection for your specific business. Choosing the Best Towel Weight An important consideration when purchasing towels is their weight. The weight of a towel is measured in pounds per dozen, so it is very important to compare similar products together. Towels that weigh between 15 to 20 lb. per dozen are much more plush and heavy, as compared to thinner towels weighing only 5 to 10 lb. dozen. The heavier the weight of the towel is, the more absorbent it will be and the more luxurious it will feel. The importance of towels in the hair & beauty industry You read correctly – salon towels play such an important role in your day-to-day that they deserve to be written about. Chances are, you have cleaned your phone screen with one just now in order to read this article clearly! But have you ever taken into consideration how impactful your choice of towel is on the world around you? Here’s what you should take into account! Reusable towels – pros vs cons Every day, you come in the salon extra early to get everything ready for the day. You check your stock levels, the register and you freshen the place up a bit. While doing so, you take out your new batch of cotton towels and leave a few at each workstation for staff to fold when they come in. If your business is leaning more towards the high-end spectrum, then chances are your towels even have your logo embroidered onto them. A salon that uses reusable, cotton towels looks more upscale – that’s a fact. Plus, selling them with your embroidered logo can make you a pretty penny. Sadly, that’s where the benefits come to an end. After a long workday, instead of going home and relaxing, you have to grab each dirty towel that has been used to clean hands, wash workstations and pick up any spills. Your trip isn’t over – you make your way to the cleaners or wash and dry them at home. Besides towels being a pain to clean and dry, doing so also takes away much of your free time. Oh and let’s not get started on your water and electricity bills going up! Have you ever wondered how much water and electricity is being used monthly in order to keep them clean and dry? Let’s not forget that if towels are not washed and dried properly, they can spread head lice, harmful bacteria, ringworm and other undesired fungi. If you’re looking to enhance the spa experience for your clients, investing in high-quality towels is a worthwhile investment. They can serve a wide range of functions for all the different services you offer, but here we’ll go over some of our favorites. Here are our tips for using your spa towels: 1. Use warm, moist towels as part of your massage routine. A nice, steamy towel used to work out kinks is a truly relaxing experience. Find ways to incorporate heated towels into your massage routine, such as using them to massage the arms or legs. 2. Offer cotton hand towels in your bathroom. The trend in spas of being health conscious and environmentally friendly is not one to ignore. Instead of offering paper towels in your restrooms, follow the eco-conscious trend and offer reusable cotton hand towels instead. 3. Use heated, moist spa towels during facials. Similar to using heated towels during massages, warm spa towels resting over the face during a facial can also be deeply relaxing. When people come in for a facial, they’re not just looking to improve their skin, but also to take some time for themselves to detach from the busy world and relax. Give them that with a nice, warm spa towel. 4. Spa towels can be used to wipe away exfoliants and other facial products. This one might seem a little obvious. Of course, during a facial, your aestheticians are going to be applying products to your clients’ faces. How do they get the products off? Don’t ask clients to walk over to the sink and wash their own face. Bring ease to the client experience – allow them to rest while aestheticians wipe the products away with your spa towels. 5. The above point doesn’t just apply to facials. If you offer exfoliating scrubs as an add-on to your massage services, then just like with facials, you’re going to need something to wipe the product off with. A towel can be within easy reach to get the job done without deterring from the client experience. 6. Towels are essential to sauna services. If your spa offers a sauna, or any type of heated service, proper etiquette would be to offer the individual a towel to dry off with at the end of the service. Also, to make clients feel cleaner during the sauna and to prevent infections and other bacteria from spreading from individual to individual, you should lay towels down where the client will be sitting/lying down so that they’re not just sitting directly on the last client’s sweat. Your clients will also feel more comfortable entering your sauna wrapped in a towel for more privacy. 7. Offer damp towels at the end of services. For relaxing massage and facial services, a client may appreciate a warm towel to massage their own hands or arms at the end. But especially with sauna services, a nice, cool, damp towel would help the client cool off after a fairly intense session of sweating. The Best Hotel Towels for Various Applications Now that you have an overview of the types of towels we carry, it's time to decide which style is right for your venue. Our website takes into account that towels are used in many different locations, from the spa to the gym. Usually made of premium ringspun cotton yarns, spa towels are designed for maximum whiteness and designed to provide the ultimate comfort for your guests relaxing at the spa. Generally thicker and softer, they tend to weigh an average of 15-20 lbs. per dozen. Regular bath towels can be used in many locations, from gyms to health clubs, to schools, hotels, and more. They can be made from a variety of cotton yarns and cotton polyester blends. Offered in a clean white color to match your bathroom decor, they range from 5-17 lbs. per dozen. Summer vacations aren't complete without a trip to your hotel or resort swimming pool, and many pool towels feature fun stripes or bright colors to accommodate a sunny summer feeling. As opposed to regular hotel towels, pool towels are longer and have a similar soft, light feel as spa towels. Since pool towels are subjected to more water, they are more absorbent and designed to dry quickly in the sun. They range from 5-20 lbs. per dozen. HOW TO KEEP YOUR TOWELS FRESH? You need fluffy and spongy towels since that is best for delicate skin. After a couple of wash cycles, you may see your towels aren't as rich as they were the point at which you bought them. There's one trick to make them new, fluffy and absorbent again so you won't need to stress over disturbing your skin. It's a given that you should keep every one of your towels fit as a fiddle – clean, sanitized, dry, and splendidly put away. The cleaning strategies for towels depend more on the texture and less on their size. Be that as it may, a few contemplations are all together: Change and wash your face towels every now and again. Since they are extraordinarily inclined to stains and dirt residues, keeping them clean involves cleanliness and wellbeing, not an impulse. Relying upon their texture, wash them as per the manufacturer’s labels and always remember to use some vinegar to freshen them. Make share you constantly separate your towels from different garments when washing the clothes in a washing machine, you should likewise isolate towels between them when they contrast in texture and dirtiness. Without any doubts air-dry the towels, regardless of their type, and that you store them in perfect, dry cupboards. DEALING WITH SOFT FACE TOWELS FOR YOUR FACE Your washcloth material may be unreasonably coarse for your skin. A milder material that is less rough will enhance your skin cleansing daily schedule. Materials you can attempt are muslin, microfibre and bamboo. It's very important that you must know how to use face cloths from the beginning. Make sure to clean for a moment or two. You don't need to scrub for long because your washcloth is doing a large portion of the work. Also, washing your face for a really long time can make your skin red and coarse, which could prompt further outbreaks. You don't need to scrub with great pressure— wash delicately, and your washcloth will wrap up.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21
7 Types of Industrial Storage Tanks Explained
Описание: 7 Types of Industrial Storage Tanks Explained Industrial storage tanks are containers used for storage of gas, oil, water, and petrochemical products, employed for industrial uses. Industrial storage tanks come in different sizes and shapes. They can be underground, horizontal, and vertical, and be made from concrete, stone, fiberglass, steel or plastic. Industrial storage tanks can be categorized into several types based on the substance they hold and some other factors. 1. Industrial Fuel Storage Tanks Industrial fuel storage tanks, known as petroleum tanks also, can store various fluids. In general, they are used for storing non-organic and organic liquids. They can also hold vapor as well as different flammable fluids. Fuel storage tanks are manufactured in various designs and sizes. They are designed to store a variety of fuels, vapor, and industrial liquids. Types of Industrial Fuel Storage Tanks There are two main types of fuel storage tanks – Aboveground tanks and Underground tanks. Aboveground Fuel Tanks Aboveground fuel tanks (AST) are quite popular because of their lower long-term maintenance and upfront costs. These tanks are more cost-effective to install compared to underground tanks since you don’t need to spend for backfilling, deep excavation, and pavement of more involved piping. Aboveground fuel tanks offer greater ease of maintenance compared to the below ground tanks. You can check them easily for leaks and access for repairs. This is the reason aboveground fuel storage tanks are preferred for storing fuels and chemicals. Underground Storage Tanks In Underground storage tank (UST), at least 10% of the tank’s stored volume is buried underground. Such tanks that are used for storing hazardous materials or fuels are regulated, and must have registration with the EPA. These tanks are suitable for people wanting to maximize the space and/or value of their property. Underground storage tanks can be put beneath lawns and driveways, where they are not visible. Arguably, these types of tanks are safer as the chance of explosion is very little. However, the chance of leaks as well as that of generating pollution is increased in case of these tanks as they cannot be inspected often. 2. Industrial Chemical Storage Tanks Industrial chemical storage tanks are employed for storing fertilizers, propane, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products (gasoline, diesel), crude oil, and other chemicals. Industrial chemical storage tanks are available in various shapes and sizes. These storage tanks are used for mixing, processing, static storage, and transport of finished chemical products as well as raw materials. Types of Industrial Chemical Storage Tanks There are three chief types of industrial chemical storage tanks available – ? Stainless steel tanks ? Polyethylene tanks, ? Fiberglass (FRP) tanks Stainless steel storage tanks are effective and durable; however, they are not suitable for many acids as well as are the most expensive option. Fiberglass tanks are suitable for some applications. However, they have seams that may leak, need increased maintenance, more prone to human error as they are handcrafted, and are susceptible to certain chemicals such as hydrofluorosilicic acid – a chemical which etches glass (FRP’s structural component). Polyethylene storage tanks come in cross-linked as well as linear polyethylene, and make the most versatile industrial storage tanks in the market. Consider the Chemical to be Stored When planning an industrial chemical storage tank unit, the most important factor to consider first is the chemical to be stored. It’s wrong to believe that if a storage tank can hold water, it can hold a chemical too. While a water storage tank might hold a chemical for some time, remember that the tank has not been designed specifically to store the chemical. Several factors may degrade the tank, causing leaks and leading to other hazards. Fortunately, polyethylene industrial storage tanks can handle any chemical type that you want to store. Polyethylene chemical storage tanks are affordable, sturdy, and strong. Polyethylene storage tanks are made in a mold that rules out the likelihood of human error. Moreover, these tanks are available in various options which help in protecting your storage environment, the chemical, and your employees. The chief types of polyethylene materials used for chemical storage tanks are – Linear Polyethylene and Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE). Safety Concerns for Chemical Tanks A failed or damaged chemical tank can lead to serious property damage and environmental contamination. If chemical storage tanks spill or leak, the chemicals stored may flow into streams and lakes, contaminate groundwater and drinking water, or catch fire. Chemical fire can lead to contamination of water and soil as well as pose threats to human health. Failure of chemical storage tanks may occur due to deterioration or corrosion, construction flaws, poor maintenance, spills during transfers, overfills, and lack of or improper containment for leaks. 3. Industrial Oil Storage Tanks Oil storage tanks are reservoirs or containers that hold oil temporarily during the different phases of processing into oil products of various types, or before it’s consumed or used. The materials and structure of industrial oil storage tanks are based on their application as well as the safety, environmental, and legal requirements of other kinds in the storage area. Oil storage tanks in different sizes, shapes, materials, and types are employed from crude oil’s initial production to the distribution and refining of different petroleum oil products. Modern industrial oil storage tanks come in the materials – carbon steel, stainless steel, reinforced concrete, and plastic. They are also carved on rock salt deposits that are mostly impermeable, for underground storage of oil. Various oil storage tank types have been built over time. Types of Industrial Oil Storage Tanks Floating Roof Tank As the name suggests, the floating roof tank consists of a floating roof which falls or rises according to the level of oil in the tank. To prevent the build-up of vapor inside the tank, the floating roof in this type of tanks has been incorporated as a safety feature. Fixed Roof Tank In the fixed roof tank, the oil stored is not exposed. This tank type is employed for holding oil products in lower volumes than in case of tanks having floating roofs. Bunded Tank Bunded tanks are enclosed by one more tank or have a containment dike surrounding the tank. The containment dike or outer tank acts as a catch system for preventing leakages, oil spills, or other types of oil contamination from being spread to the surroundings. Single Skin & Double Skin Tanks Single skin tank has one layer and double skin tank has two layers of plastic or steel. Double skin tanks are also known as twin-walled tanks. Open Top Tank This type of industrial oil storage tank was used earlier. Its use is limited now due to evaporation losses as well as the risk of oil catching fire. 4. Industrial Hot Water Storage Tanks Industrial hot water storage tanks are ASME certified built to be used in industrial applications in which a constant hot water supply is required. During low demand periods, water is heated and stored inside the water storage tank, which will be available to be used in times of high hot water demand. This enables efficient energy use while offering hot eater whenever required. Water makes a good medium of heat storage due to its high specific heat capacity. Water can store greater heat per unit weight in comparison with other substances. Moreover, water is low cost and non-toxic. An industrial hot water storage tank that’s insulated efficiently has the ability to retain the stored heat for many days, thus reducing the fuel costs. These storage tanks in industries may consist of an inbuilt oil or gas burner system, and electric immersion heaters. Hot water tanks of certain types utilize external heat exchanger, like a central heating system. Alternatively, these tanks types may use heated water from a different energy source. Insulation of Hot Water Storage Tanks Hot water storage tanks typically have heat insulation for lowering energy consumption, quickening the heating process as well as maintaining desired operating temperature. Standby heat loss is reduced by thicker thermal insulation. Water heaters come in varied insulation ratings; however, extra layers of insulation can be added outside the water heater for reducing heat loss. In case of extreme conditions, a water heater may be fully enclosed within an insulated space that’s specially constructed. Fiberglass makes the most common type of insulation for water heaters. It’s fixed in place using straps or tape or with the water heater’s outer jacket. In cases where burner is used, the combustion gas outflow or air flow should not be blocked by insulation. Most of the modern water heaters comprise insulation of applied polyurethane foam (PUF). In cases where it’s crucial to access the inner tank (where particularly aggressive oxygen levels or minerals are present in local water supply), PUF insulation is used in an encapsulated form. This allows the insulation layer to be removed to conduct regular integrity checks as well as repairs to the tank (if needed). Safety Concerns Hot water can lead to dangerous and painful scalding injuries, in the elderly and children especially. Water temperature at the outlet must not be greater than 49 degrees Celsius. Whereas, water stored below the temperature of 60 degrees Celsius may allow bacteria growth (the bacteria causing Legionnaire’s disease). 5. Industrial Water and Liquid Storage Tanks Water and liquid storage tanks are used to store a variety of liquids like kerosene, jet A, diesel, gasoline, waste oil, and for underground burial and pressurized applications. Liquid storage tanks come in different types, such as cryogenic liquid storage tank each type having its own specific applications. Types of Water and Liquid Storage Tanks Onion Tanks Onion tanks are a great option to store water quickly during emergency events. These tanks are self-rising having fittings that are easy to access. Moreover, these tanks can be moved as well as set up within minutes. Pillow (Bladder) Tanks Collapsible tanks – referred to as blivet, bladder, or pillow tanks also – are an effective re-usable temporary storage solution. Poly Tanks Poly tanks have domestic uses too. They are used for various applications including rainwater collection and drinking water storage. Poly tanks are available in different types that include wastewater tanks, mobile tanks, above ground tanks, and more. Fiberglass Tanks Fiberglass liquid storage tanks are durable as well as they don’t corrode or rust easily. These tanks have a high level of temperature resistance. They come with different coatings so as to offer optimum performance with various liquid storage needs. Welded Steel Tanks Welded steel tanks make a reliable solution for storage over long term. They come in various shapes and sizes to fit different types of applications. Corrugated Steel Tanks Corrugated steel liquid storage tanks are versatile, durable, economical, and have a good longevity. They are made using galvanized corrugated steel. These tanks are available in various sizes as well as can be customized for meeting specific project needs. Corrugated steel tanks are used for rainwater collection, industrial process water, or fire suppression. 6. Industrial Plastic Storage Tanks Water storage is important for domestic, residential, industrial, and commercial purposes. Plastic water storage tanks are one among the best ways for water storage conventionally. Plastic tanks are light-weight, highly durable, and occupy less area compared to cement and concrete tanks. Moreover, plastic tanks have greater flexibility compared to conventional storage tanks. Such advantages of plastic water tanks have made them a popular option. Materials Used to Make Plastic Water Storage Tanks Plastic water tanks are made with different materials like linear low density polyethylene, fiber glass materials or polypropylene. Applications of Plastic Water Storage Tanks Plastic water storage tanks are seeing increased applications in food processing, wastewater containers, chemical manufacturing, suppression valves, and agriculture and irrigation. Plastic tanks are built on the basis of the liquid type to be stored. The storage capacity of these tanks lay between 1.5 and 1.9 specific gravity. Plastic used in a storage tank usually allows the liquid level to be visible easily. Plastic storage tanks are employed widely to store liquids that include brine, waste vegetable oil, soaps, cleaning agents, industrial chemicals, agriculture and farm chemicals, diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), liquid fertilizers, potable water, and non-potable water. Classification of Plastic Water Storage Tanks Plastic water storage tanks can be classified into various types based on polymer type, plastic type, size, shape, and application. ? On the basis of polymer type, plastic tanks can be classified into – polyethylene, fiberglass, and others. ? Based on plastic type, plastic tanks can be spilt into – fresh and recycled. ? According to shape, plastic water storage tanks can be split into – rectangular, cylindrical, and others. ? Based on size, these tanks can be classified into – large (greater than 5000 liters), medium (from 1000 liters to 5000 liters), and small (less than 1000 liters). ? Based on application, these storage tanks can be split into – industrial, municipal, residential, and commercial. Cylindrical water tanks of medium size are usually made with recycled polymers that are polyethylene based. 7. Industrial Gas Storage Tanks Most materials which are in gaseous state at ambient pressure and temperature are supplied in the form of compressed gas. The gas is compressed into pressure vessels for storage (like tube trailers, gas cylinders, or gas canisters) using a gas compressor through piping systems. Gas cylinders are most commonly used for gas storage, with large numbers being produced at “cylinder fill” facilities. However, all of the industrial gases are not supplied in gaseous phase. Some gases are vapors, liquification for which can be done under pressure alone at ambient temperature, so these gases can be supplied in the form of a liquid too in a suitable container. These gases are useful in the form of ambient refrigerants owing to this phase change. The well-known industrial gases having this property are – sulfur dioxide, butane, propane, and ammonia. Delivery of Gas The important industrial gases are bulk produced and delivered by pipeline to customers. However, they can be packaged and then transported too. Most of the gases are sold inside gas cylinders and a few gases are sold in the form of liquid inside suitable containers or in the form of bulk liquid that’s delivered by truck. Originally, the industry supplied gases within cylinders to prevent any necessity for generation of gas locally. However, for large customers like oil refineries or steelworks, a large-sized gas production plant can be built nearby (known as “on-site” facility) for avoiding the use of cylinders in large numbers manifolded together. Types of Industrial Gas Storage Tanks There are different types of storage tanks in industries available. The type of industrial gas storage tank required by a plant depends on several factors including the holding capacity, measurement, and shape of the container. Continuing Education Activity Anesthetic vaporizers are an essential piece of anesthesia equipment. This activity reviews the modern anesthetic vaporizer classification, the physics principles behind their functioning, and possible hazards that could be present at the time of using an anesthetic vaporizer. It also highlights the role of the interprofessional team in managing the technical complications related to the use of anesthetic vaporizers in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Identify the indications and contraindications for the use of anesthesia vaporizers. Describe the equipment required to administer anesthesia vaporizers. Review the potential complications and clinical significance of anesthetic vaporizers. Outline interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the use of anesthesia vaporizers and improve clinical outcomes. Introduction Since the first publicly performed anesthetic procedure at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846, vaporizers have been an essential component of anesthesia equipment. The emergence of potent inhalational anesthetics with unique properties has influenced the evolution of vaporizers. Modern anesthetic vaporizers have been developed to provide accurate amounts of anesthetic gas while mitigating the effects of temperature and barometric pressure on the evaporation process, allowing anesthesiologists to conduct their work with greater safety. The functioning of vaporizers is complex; and requires an in-depth understanding of thermodynamics, gases, and physics. While engineering may not be the forte of many anesthesiologists, familiarity with the proper functioning of the anesthetic equipment and the ability to recognize equipment failures are essential to decrease the potential for patient hazards.
Дата Публикации: 23-12-21