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Is This Deep Fryer Right for You?
Описание: Is This Deep Fryer Right for You? I’ve often thought I’d like to own a deep fryer—I love hush puppies and fried chicken, but I’m not crazy about the mess and smells I get from deep-frying in a pot on the stove. So I decided to try out one of the higher-end deep fryers on the market. The DeLonghi Roto electric fryer was surprisingly easy to use, and it’s loaded with smart features, but I discovered that it’s not the answer to all my deep-frying dreams. Features Safety: The fryer is encased in a sleek plastic housing that stays cool. The power cord is magnetized so that if something catches on it, the cord instantly falls out of the outlet (to avoid pulling on the pot of hot oil). The lid remains shut while lowering and raising the frying basket to prevent splatters. Convenience: A handy oil drainage system features a neatly hidden rubber hose. A filtering system cuts down on odors. A nonstick interior means food doesn’t stick. The frying basket is dishwasher safe. The lid has a window. The oil heats up very quickly, in about 10 minutes. Extras: DeLonghi makes several fryers (one model is half the price of this one yet includes the same convenience and safety features) but the Roto fryer has some nice extras. A rotating tilted basket bathes the food as it spins, so the fryer needs much less oil. There are five temperature settings between 300°F and 370°F; great for cooking french fries in two stages (do an initial fry at lower temperature and finish at a higher temperature). How it performs This deep fryer operates on one controlling feature: you put food in the basket, shut the lid, and lower the basket. I had good results with anything sturdy, but wet batters stuck and cooked onto the basket. Here’s what I tested and how they fared. Disappointing results: onion rings tempura hush puppies Great results: french fries fried chicken fried shrimp egg rolls panko-crusted chicken strips potato croquettes The bottom line If you fry lots of french fries, fried chicken, or any breaded or wrapped food, invest in the Roto fryer. But if fritters and other battered food are on your menu, stick with a saucepan and a deep-frying thermometer. All About Griddles A griddle is a great piece of cooking equipment to have in the kitchen. It is a flat cooking surface with a heat source underneath and can be in one of three formats. It can be a piece of cookware, such as a non-stick or cast iron griddle that is heated over a burner, or it can be built into a range. There are also electric griddles, which are plugged in and rest on the counter, separately from a stovetop. Griddles are ideal when cooking for a crowd as they have a large surface area. The fact that there are no sides (as with a skillet) makes it easier to flip food, and the open area doesn't trap any moisture so the food—for example, hash browns—becomes nice and crispy. Cooking on a Griddle When many of us hear griddle we think of breakfast. Probably because most pancake recipes instruct to "heat the griddle" as you make the batter, or as we sit at the counter at the diner we watch the cook crack our eggs onto the griddle. It works well for not only pancakes and eggs but also bacon, French toast, hash browns, and other breakfast items. Griddles are also often used for cooking burgers and other hot sandwiches such as grilled cheese. An electric griddle does have a few advantages over one that is in or on the stovetop. Because it is not relying on the range burners as the heating source, the cooking surface is heated evenly throughout. An electric griddle also has a well around the sides for where the grease can drip off and pool. And if you are cooking a lot of dishes at once—for a holiday, for example—you are not taking up any of the burners on the stove. Commercial Griddle vs. Flat Top A commercial griddle (i.e. a griddle that is built into a range top) may look similar to a flat top but they are different in certain respects. For one thing, flat tops tend to be made of lighter steel, and the heat source underneath is made up of multiple round burners, not one that is rectangular and runs across the entire top, as is with a griddle. Also, only food is placed directly on the griddle, whereas a flat top can accommodate both food and cookware (such as pots and pans) on its surface. Griddle Safety Whether cooking on a standalone electric griddle or on a built-in griddle on a range, it's important to keep some key safety tips in mind. Always use an oven mitt when working with a griddle; as the griddle gets hot, it can be easy to forget that all elements of the griddle (including the handles and edges) will heat up. You should also use a properly sized spatula. If you are cooking oversized sandwiches, giant pancakes, or other large food items, use a larger spatula to prevent burning yourself (and the food). It is important to keep an eye on excess grease during cooking. If you are cooking bacon, for example, you will have a lot of grease and will need to make sure the grease can be drained and will not overflow onto the stovetop. Grease fires occur when grease interacts with an open flame. Griddle Tips The benefit of cooking with a griddle is the big, smooth surface it provides. But having this large surface means that you need to keep a few things in mind. First, make sure that you use a proper amount of oil, butter, or non-stick cooking spray to ensure your food does not stick to your griddle. If you are using a very large griddle, it can be helpful to keep your oil in a plastic squeeze bottle; this way you can precisely point and aim when adding oil to the griddle. Panini Grill A countertop or stovetop grill that is used to make the traditional panini, a small Italian sandwich. Also referred to as a Panini Maker, Panini Press, or a Grill Press, the Panini Grill contains top and bottom ridged heat plates that press and grill the bread in one operation. This feature produces a golden, crispy crust on both sides of the sandwich without requiring the sandwich be flipped to grill the other side. Typically, the sandwich is filled with a variety of ingredients such as meats, cheeses, roasted bell peppers, roasted egg plant, sweet basil, sun-dried tomatoes, and other similar sandwich fillings. As the weight of the grill presses against the sandwich top and bottom, the inside fillings and the crust are compressed as is the crust into a compact sandwich. How to make a Bain Marie? What is a Bain Marie? When baking or cooking you will often encounter this term. Some of you may know what it is but will have never used it. Some of you may have made one, but do not know the variety of things it can be used for. So what is a Bain Marie? (pronounced ban mah-REE)? Well, it is just a French technical cooking term for a hot water bath (aka Mary’s bath). It is used for cooking delicate foods, over low temperatures, by using the steam the Bain Marie creates. This is utilized to make temperamental sauces like Hollandaise and egg based custards like Creme Anglaise. A Bain Marie is also a great way to reheat things while keeping the integrity of the texture; for example, creamy soups and mashed potato. A Bain Marie is very easy to put together. All you need is a small saucepan with high sides, and a large heat proof bowl to put into it that covers the top of the saucepan. My favorite for this is a large clear Pyrex bowl. Place your saucepan on the stove over a medium heat, followed by about 4 inches of water. Then, add in your heat proof bowl. Be careful, as you don’t want the simmering water in your saucepan to touch the bottom of the bowl. You want to make sure your bowl fits snugly over the saucepan, so the steam is trapped beneath it. When melting chocolate, you don’t want steam to come out from the sides of the bowl, as the moisture can make your chocolate seize, which is hard to fix. Heat the water to a simmer, then add the ingredients you need into the bowl to be melted, cooked or re heated. This is such a useful make-shift kitchen tool and one of my favorite alternatives to a microwave. For oven baked custards you will use a large roasting dish, and add hot water to come to about 3/4 way up the dishes/ramekins. This is best done when the roasting dish is already in the oven. This ensures a gentle baking of the custard. This technique is also used for terrines , and Paté, or any food which requires gentle cooking. how to make and use a killing cone Most people choose not to think about how the chicken, turkey, goose, or other winged creature spent its last moments on this earth before getting wrapped, shipped, and consumed. In fact, most people don’t want to know anything about the living version of their food and it is that attitude which has allowed corporations to abuse these beautiful animals for decades. nike air max 90 femme adidas iphone 8 case But the winds of change are a-blowing and we thought it prudent to show you, our wonderful friends, how and why we make and use a killing cone. First, let’s talk about how the killing cone works. iphone 8 plus case back and front The bird is placed head-down into the cone (as seen below). ugg outlet The bird, when upside down, goes into a sleepy trance-like state. doudoune canada goose We then kill the bird quickly by severing the main artery in the neck with a very sharp knife. The bird then stays in the cone while the blood drains out into a bucket below. Decide which size cone you need to make: large turkey 10-28 Lbs. ugg zalando (5.25″ Base Opening, 17″ Top Opening, 25″ Height) regular turkey or goose 6-22Lbs. nike air max 95 iphone 8 case hot pink (4.5″ Base Opening, 12″ Top Opening, 20″ Height) Cornish Cross or duck 6-14 Lbs. (4″ Base Opening, 12″ Top Opening, 15″ Height) standard breed chicken 2-8 Lbs. indie iphone 7 phone cases (3.5″ Base Opening, 9″ Top Opening, 16″ Height) bantam 1-2 Lbs. (2.5″ Base Opening, 6″ Top Opening, 9″ Height) Step Two: Now gather your materials: Sheet of metal (a five foot section will set you back about $15 at a hardware store or you could visit a junk yard and possibly find it for less) Tin snips Drill & bit set Self-tapping metal screws Small screw driver Parchment paper Permanent marker Body hammer or ball-peen hammer
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
What is Phenoxyethanol in Skin Care? Is it Safe?
Описание: What is Phenoxyethanol in Skin Care? Is it Safe? Is there anything more annoying than cleaning out the fridge to find that half the food in it has spoiled? Well, without some type of preservative, that’s exactly what would happen to your skin care products and cosmetics. Skin care products , especially natural skin care products, have to be preserved in some way, otherwise, we’d be buying new skin care as often as we buy food. Right now, you might be thinking, “Woah! Preservatives??? I don’t want preservatives in my skin care!!! Those are just chemicals!” We understand your worry, but hear us out! Today’s preservatives are not what you may think they are. At Fleur & Bee, we’re committed to clean, non-toxic skin care -- that means no parabens, sulfates, phthalates, silicones, GMOs, artificial fragrances, gluten, or dyes of any kind! That’s why we’ve gone out of our way to make sure the preservatives we use--like phenoxyethanol--are safe. What is Phenoxyethanol in Skin Care? Is it Safe? Phenoxyethanol in skin care is used as a preservative. Although the kind of phenoxyethanol used in skin care is synthetic (known as “nature identical,” it mimics the natural version exactly), phenoxyethanol is actually found in nature, specifically in green tea and chicory. It makes sure yeast, mold, and bacteria don’t develop and ultimately, end up on your skin! Technically, phenoxyethanol forms via a reaction between phenol (EU) and ethylene oxide (EU). Aside from acting as a preservative, it’s even been used in vaccines. Chances are, many of the products you use include it as it’s one of the most popular skin care preservatives in use. You’ll find phenoxyethanol in everything from eye creams to moisturizers, so it’s a good idea to understand what it does and doesn’t do. Is phenoxyethanol safe? Yes, phenoxyethanol is safe. According to the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, when used in concentrations of 1% or less, phenoxyethanol in skin care is safe. This is also the same standard the European Commission on Health and Food Safety uses as well. As phenoxyethanol has become popular as a cosmetics preservative in the last few years, there’s been some debate as to its safety. Although there are some opinions that differ (we’ll get to that in a sec), the general consensus is that phenoxyethanol is safe in skin care, as long as it’s used in concentrations of 1% or less. Many of the studies that have been published in which phenoxyethanol is found to be an irritant, are doing so in reference to much larger concentrations. Think of it this way: carrots are wonderful for you--full of potassium, vitamin C, and all kinds of other great things. That said, if you eat too many of them, your skin can turn orange (literally--it’s a thing!). That’s kind of how phenoxyethanol works. In small concentrations of 1% or less, it’s incredibly beneficial, in enormous quantities over long periods of time, it could cause some issues. The truth is, no ingredient, no matter how natural or free of chemicals , can be completely ruled out as an irritant on the skin of every single person on the planet. The main thing to remember is that any study that considers phenoxyethanol as a preservative using more than a concentration of 1%, isn’t really applicable (like a study that concludes carrots are bad for you if the researchers based it on someone eating 200 carrots a day). That said, what is agreed, is that phenoxyethanol should not be ingested by babies or children under three years old, so make sure not to apply any skin care products with phenoxyethanol on areas of the body where a baby might suckle or even lick the skin. What do Preservatives Do? Preservatives in skin care prevent the growth of yeast, mold, and bacteria. Just like food, skin care, make-up, and fragrances all have a certain shelf life and without some kind of preservative, that shelf life would be very, very short (especially since most skin care and cosmetic products contain a lot of water, an environment in which mold thrives). Sans preservatives, you’d be putting the equivalent of moldy bread on your face every day. If you don’t believe us, put together a little DIY scrub and see what happens after a few days. We’re willing to bet it’s not something you’d want to use! Introduction Antiseptics have been used in clinical and domestic applications for over half a century. Nowadays, the use of antiseptics and disinfectants is questioned, because chronic exposure to such agents can have deleterious effects on human health and can select for less susceptible strains towards biocides and antibiotics (Lin and Hemming 1996; Braoudaki and Hilton 2004). Among cationic antimicrobial agents, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) like benzalkonium chlorides and biguanides like chlorhexidine have different behaviour. The biguanides differ from other cationic biocides in that they interact only superficially with the lipid bilayer altering fluidity through cation displacement and headgroup bridging (Chawner and Gilbert 1989). QACs on the contrary interact fully with the membrane and are therefore susceptible to resistance mechanisms mediated through multidrug efflux pumps (Lambert and Hammond 1973; Heir et al. 1999). QACs can cause various degrees of occular and dermal irritation (Lin and Hemming 1996), whereas the toxicity profile with regard to skin irritancy and hypersensitivity of biguanides is excellent at typical in-use levels (Tupker et al. 1997). Bacteria inside biofilms have increased resistance to antimicrobial agents (Gilbert et al. 2001; Saginur et al. 2006). The biofilm effect onto bacterial resistance is thought to be related to a direct role for the exopolymeric matrix as a diffusion barrier, to a chemical reaction of some chemicals with the biofilm matrix and to physiological differences between fixed and suspended organisms (Mah and O’Toole 2001; Russel 2002). It might be interesting to develop preventive treatments that could inhibit biofilm development to prevent from this biofilm-related antimicrobial resistance. Several studies in the literature have examined prevention of plaque formation in the presence of chlorhexidine (Van der Weijden et al. 2005; Chin et al. 2006; Featherstone 2006; Modesto and Drake 2006). Other studies assessed the activities of chlorhexidine bladder washout procedures in the treatment of urinary tract infections in patients with indwelling catheters (Stickler et al. 1987; King and Stickler 1992). QAC coatings on different surfaces have been shown to be effective in preventing microbial biofilm formation (Nikawa et al. 2005;Mangalappalli-Illathu and Korber 2006; Oosterhof et al. 2006). In the present work, we have investigated whether the biofilm formation of some reference strains of opportunistic human pathogens can be influenced by two cationic antiseptics, benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine, at in-use and sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Materials and methods Bacterial strains Four bacterial strains of opportunistic human pathogens were used in the present study: the uropathogenic Escherichia coli G1473 (Di Martino et al. 2005), hospital Klebsiella pneumoniae CF504 (Di Martino et al. 1995), reference Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (CIP104116) and Staphylococcus epidermidis CIP53124 strains have been purchased from the catalogue of strains, ‘collection de l’institut Pasteur (CIP),’ Institut Pasteur CIP, Paris, France. Antiseptics The antiseptics used in the present study were chlorhexidine diacetate (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) and benzalkonium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, L’Ile d’Abeau, France). Standard MICs were determined by broth microdilution in three unrelated experiments. Briefly, 50?μl of bacterial suspension containing 2?×?106?CFU?ml?1 in Tryptone Soya (TS) medium (Sigma, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) were added to 50?μl of serial twofold dilutions of the disinfectants in TS in microtiter trays. The plates were incubated for 24?h at 37°C and observed for turbidity. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of antiseptic, inhibiting visible bacterial growth. Biofilm assay The biofilm formation assay was done in 96-well microtiter dishes made of polystyrene (Sero-wel; Bibby Sterilin Ltd, Stone, Staffordshire, UK) as previously described (Di Martino et al. 2005). Bacterial cells of overnight cultures at 37°C were resuspended at optical density, OD620?nm?=?0·05 in TS broth supplemented with or without the antimicrobial agent at different concentrations. Plates were inoculated with the bacterial suspensions (100?μl per well) and incubated at 37°C for 24?h. The planktonic growth was determined by measuring the absorbance at 620?nm. After thorough washings with water, 100?μl of crystal violet (1%) was added to each well, the plates were incubated for 30?min at room temperature, rinsed thoroughly and repeatedly with water, the dye was solubilized in SDS 1% (100?μl per well) and the absorbance at 595?nm was determined. Each result represents the mean of at least three separate experiments. Silver ion antimicrobial technology is a silver-based active ingredient that can be incorporated into polymers, coatings, textiles and more to offer continuous product protection against bacterial growth. Chlorphenesin Chlorphenesin is a synthetic compound that belongs to the class of organic compounds called organohalogens. Chlorphenesin is a phenol ether (3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol), derived from chlorophenol containing a covalently bound chlorine atom. Description of this cosmetic preservative by Expertox.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
Why You Should Be Using Outdoor Fabric for Basically Everything
Описание: Why You Should Be Using Outdoor Fabric for Basically Everything The world of outdoor fabrics has evolved. We are no longer limited to a range of heavy acrylics in tropical prints. Instead of stiff, scratchy cushions, we can enjoy soft, luxurious fabrics outdoors that rival interior textiles. WHAT ARE OUTDOOR FABRICS? Outdoor fabrics are designed to withstand the stress of living outside. The woven textiles are made from a variety of materials including acrylic, synthetic fibers, blends of cotton, polyester and linen. These vary in aesthetics and quality which greatly determines how long they will last outdoors. Most outdoor fabrics are breathable and through manufacturing techniques, they’re designed to repel water. Quality outdoor textiles will be resistant to soiling and water-based stains as well as be resistant to mold and mildew. KEY FEATURES OF OUTDOOR FABRICS When choosing outdoor fabrics, you want to ensure the textile is going to weather well outside. To a great extent, the types of fabric you choose will come down to how you want to use your furniture and where it will be placed outdoors. Some of the key features of outdoor fabrics include: Fade resistant Weather resistant Mold and mildew resistant Waterproof UV resistance Stain resistant Breathable Washable – machine or hand wash THE NEW WAVE OF OUTDOOR FABRICS As we spend more time living outdoors, our desire for comfortable outdoor furniture that can withstand the external environment deepens. As a result, we’re seeing more lounge furniture that would be just as fitting inside come onto the market. Because of this outdoor fabrics are evolving to improve the level of comfort. Our specialist outdoor Belgium linen range highlights a new wave of outdoor fabrics. Unlike the strong, heavy acrylic textiles, the outdoor linen is incredibly soft and gets better with age. It’s such a lovely fabric collection, you could use it inside without anyone associating it with the outdoors. This is a great solution for those with children who desire durable, yet luxurious, fabrics that can withstand dirty feet and sticky hands. WHY YOU SHOULD CONSIDER A WOVEN TEXTILE Woven fabrics not only look great, they’re also more fade resistance than printed acrylics. This is especially important for those pieces that will be regularly exposed to the sun. If you’re worried about fading, consider the color fabric you’re choosing. Dark colors like navy and black and bright shades tend to fade more quickly than light, neutral colors. Another advantage of choosing a woven fabric is that it will disguise any dirt and dust effectively. This is ideal for those pieces you wish to leave outdoors rather than store the cushions away. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATERPROOF AND WATER-RESISTANT? Materials that claim to be waterproof are impervious to water whereas water-resistant textiles are those that repel some water. There is also showerproof fabrics that will withstand exposure to rain showers well and water repellent materials that have been treated with an external coating. It’s worth noting, lady's thin type fabric that has an external water repellant finish will feel different than natural materials such as linen. Also, the coatings will eventually wear off as they are exposed to the elements or washed. CUSHION QUALITY IS JUST AS IMPORTANT AS FABRICS If you’re looking upholstered outdoor furniture, it’s hard to ignore what’s inside that determines it’s comfort and durability. The foam used in cushions is one particular element you want to ensure will be suitable for your furniture piece and it’s end use. When buying outdoor furniture with cushions it’s important to consider their drainage ability. Quality reticulated quick dry foams, for example, will drain extremely well when compared to traditional Dacron foams. Lady's elastic fabric has different elastic properties lengthwise and widthwise. The rate of tension decay of each elastic fabric depends mainly on there properties, as well as the amount and direction of stretch applied to the fabric. For clinical treatment, it is important to maintain the pressure on the affected area, within a specified range according to instructions from doctors or therapists. The deterioration of tension in the elastic fabrics affects the clinical effectiveness of pressure garments. Tension decay in elastic fabrics means the skin-and-garment interfacial pressure will deteriorate gradually. Elastic fabric can provide the required range of skin-and-garment interfacial pressure to the patient during wear. Lining fabric refers to a group of materials inserted into various garments, from skirts and shorts to dresses, jackets and coats and other lining clothes. Such fabrics can be made of natural or synthetic fibers and range from sheer to opaque. While most of them are produced in solid colors, you can still find lots of patterned lining materials. This F. A. Q. section covers the most popular questions about lining fabrics, their types, and properties. The purpose of lining fabric is to make your garment more wearable, long-lasting and comfortable. They are usually lightweight and have a soft or silky texture. Not all items need to be lined, though. Here are some reasons why sewists turn to lining materials: To make the garment less see-through To add warmth and durability To make the inside part of the garment soft and pleasant to the touch To lend a luxury note to a garment To improve the structure of a garment To help the garment slide on easily To conceal seams, padding, interfacing, etc. When choosing the appropriate lining for a project, one needs to pay attention to the stretch factor. If the garment is not stretchy, e.g. a cotton shirt or a wool jacket, non-stretch lining fabric is ok. But if the item is made with elastic materials like jersey, tulle or stretch satin, the lining one ends up choosing should be stretchy as well. Choosing the Right Spoonflower Fabric for Pants I have rounded up all the pants sewing patterns I own so that I can give you an idea of the types of pants that work well with each fabric. These are all pants that I have personally made and can attest to, but I will also give suggestions of other patterns I have not yet tried. The Linen Cotton Canvas is technically a home decor fabric but it has been one of my favorites to work with lately—I also made a Tamarak Jacket out of it!—for apparel. It has the luxury of linen, and the weight of a light canvas, making it perfect for pants and overalls! When making structured non-stretch pants, I have found canvas is a good substitute for denim with most sewing patterns. I used it to make these Jenny Overalls! What is a sport jacket fabric? How would you define one? There is a lot of confusion out there on this casual jacket fabric – which is understandable as since it's inception the sport jacket has been an orphan jacket and the word has come to encompass a wide range of meanings. Originally a suit jacket worn as a mismatched jacket by young men participating in sport, the sport jacket as a garment made without matching trousers was pioneered by the tennis great Rene Lacoste and other stylish men in the 1920 and 30s. Following these guidelines can help you quickly determine if the jacket fabric you'e looking at will make a versatile sports jacket. 1. The fabric should not look like a suit sports and jacket fabric – skip navy blue, shades of grey, and black solids. Keep your trousers grey – not your sport jackets. 2. Avoid striped fabrics – stripes mean business, and sport jackets are stylish casual menswear. 3. Fabrics with a rough or napped texture can be excellent choices as they help distinguish the fabric from worsted wool suit fabrics. 4. Patterns in the fabric and a mixture of colors is a great start – but refrain from selecting a jacket that's too memorable unless you own a few classic style already. Sports Jackets vs Blazers We often come across the use of the term sports jacket, sport coat or blazer. While it seems to refer to the same garment, there are differences and when someone realises this, these differences -between a sports jacket and a blazer- are not always clear. Obviously, they have to be some different characteristics that define them. This article shall become a mini guide of differences between these two types of attire and their appropriate use. SPORTS JACKET Having its origins in the British countryside and horseback riding, the sports jacket is less structured, more casual would say outer piece of an attire. This type of jacket was actually worn for functional purposes and most often in the morning or at weekends at times when the season or occasion didn’t require a man to wear a two piece or three piece suit. Although more casual in style, paradoxically they were also considered a luxury item, a sign of wealth since most men at the time could only afford a tailored suit without many alternatives. This time has passed though and mens dress has become much more casual in style nowadays, This means that a sports jacket is barely considered a casual item but nonetheless, men who take care of their style introduce a number of them in their closet. Such a sport jacket can satisfy any smart casual dress moment such as a dinner at a restaurant or a social gathering, but can do well for a business casual dress code required in a professional environment. The sports jacket has been mixed and matched with garments that some years ago would never be considered right. So, now you see a sports jacket combined with jogger trousers or a hoodie sweater and sneakers. Mix and match of sports jackets initially began with casual garments to end up at today's creative blend with the athletic pieces of clothing and put a sports jacket again in the spotlight of the menswear industry. Speaking technically a sport jacket usually lacks the defined structure of a suit jacket. This means that a sports jacket shall be light. Features of this type are the natural shoulders (missing evident padding),an absence of hard canvas internally and most probably absence of full lining, all details that result in a shirt-like feeling. Pockets in sports jackets are of the patch pockets style, that are externally sewn pockets of a functional character. Generally sport jackets seem and feel relaxed.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
Recycled Fabric : Sustainable Fabric or Not
Описание: Recycled Fabric : Sustainable Fabric or Not Today, many companies are jumping on to the sustainability bandwagon. This is because sustainability has become a need in modern times rather than being an advantage. Everybody knows about the ill effects happening to the Earth and its environment. Sustainable fabrics help everybody to do the little that they can from their part in order to conserve the Earth and its resources. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an inevitable concept of the textile industry. Researches show that the textile industry is the most polluting industry of the world. Almost 2000 different varieties of chemicals are used in this industry. Mere chemical processing in this industry constitutes 70 percent of the overall pollution. The importance of sustainable fabric is recognized by both consumers and manufacturers. Recycling has always been considered an environment friendly practice. A recycled fabric is no less sustainable. One can easily come across recycled fabric in the market. They are made from existing garments that were otherwise destined to be disposed. The ones people give to charity are usually recycled. They do not lead to wastage of the existing clothes even if they are no longer wanted by their owners. It is mandatory to keep cost under check while indulging in sustainability. If the cost of the fabric gets too high, it does not quite fit under the category of sustainable fabrics. Recycled fabric can be considered to fall under this category as it reduces the price of certain fabrics considerably. Since it does not require or require very less raw materials, it proves to be cheaper to consumers. It has been agreed upon that recycled fibers consume lesser energy in order to produce a fabric. Recycled polyester consumes 33 percent to 53 percent less energy in comparison to the normal polyester used for manufacturing clothes. Researches indicate that almost 85 percent of the climatic changes are a result of the energy use on the surface of the Earth. Reducing the energy consumption is beneficial to the environment. A Brief Story on Silk Fabric Among all fabrics available silk fabric is the most expensive and rich. It is considered in all countries irrespective of the culture and dressing sense. Silk may vary from countries to countries, name can be changed but the main material of the fabric that is silk is unchanged and maintains the elegance throughout ages and styles. There are many other types of fabrics like Cotton, Crepe, Georgette, Faux, Art silk, Viscose, Soft Crush, Satin, Chiffon fabric, stretch fabric, Tissue, Brasso ,organza& Jacquard types. Apart from cotton and Silk all others are man made fabrics. Here are some talks on silk fabric. Silk fabric can be used as a clothing fabric or an upholstery fabric. Silk is simply unmatched when its sensuous touch and softness counted. When you will decorate your home, choose the curtains you will like to have silk fabric as your curtain maker. Silk fabric has the natural luster and softness. This natural fabric is also one of the most durable fabrics that are made from silk fibers. Associated with luxury and style, silk fabric has its own style statement. Not only in past but today also silk is the symbol of richness, wealth and success. The durability of silk is proved and tested. Among all natural fabrics used for clothing silk fabric is strongest. The test is simple. At first take a steel filament of a diameter and take a silk fabric of same diameter. You will experience the steel filament getting destroyed earlier than the silk fabric. The other advantages of buying silk fabric is it is lustrous in look and gives all clothes either it is a wedding dress or an evening gown or a party dress. You can choose silk fabric as bridal fabric. You can make beautiful embroidery on the fabric or wear it simple without any embroidery work. Silk fabric is also comfortable and airy as its moisture absorbing capacity is great which makes it cool in summers and warm in winters. Silk fabric is actually protein fabric and its high lustrous quality and softness is because of protein. Silk fabric is such a fabric which is made from threads and it is spun by the silk caterpillars. To produce silk fibers, silk worms are cultivated in large numbers. Silk caterpillars live on some specific tress and eat their leaves to live. These tresses are cultivated in order to cultivate these worms. Before hatching of silk worm into moth the cocoons are soaked in hot water to produce filaments. These filaments are then spun to form silk fibers which are processed to silk fabric. You can find number of silk in market like chiffon fabric, china silk, cotton silk, organza; crape silk, satin silk etc but they are all chemically made. There are mainly four types of natural silk fabrics. These are mulberry silk, taser silk, muga silk and eri silk. Among these mulberry silk is the most popular and expensive one. It is produced by Bombyx mori that completely feeds on the leaves of mulberry plant. Women don't have, and often don't need a multi tool. But they do have a multipurpose accessory that has several functions, allowing them to always look their best in every occasion. I'm talking about a silk scarf. If your closet doesn't contain 3 or 4 silk scarves, then you should drop whatever you're doing and rush out to buy some right now! These perfect women’s accessories and gifts can take your current wardrobe and add an entirely new, multi-functional dimension to it. Which ones should you get? Every woman should have some of the following silk accessory in their closet (and purse and glove compartment and desk drawer). The solid color scarf. You should actually own 3 or 4 of these scarves in bold but subdued colors like blue, green, and orange. Yellow and red can look good, too, as long as they are not too bright. The purpose of this scarf is to coordinate (not match identically) with what you're wearing and to frame your face. If the rest of your clothes are blue and you have a sassy and fashionable pumpkin orange beauty tied jauntily around your neck, it will frame your face and bring attention to your best feature...you! Be sure that at least one of them matches exactly the color of your eyes! Which colors to own? Don't get anything that matches your clothes but rather get ones that coordinate. These scarves can look great with a professional or casual outfit. And on that hot date, be sure to wear the one that matches your eye color. The patterned scarf. You may only need one or two of these, depending on what's in your closet. If a lot of your professional clothes are patterned, don't own or wear too many. It can appear too busy. If your clothes are solid colors (or even a very thin pinstripe) you can opt to wear a patterned scarf. One fantastic looking match is if you are wearing a dark green shirt, a light green jacket, then add a dark green silk scarf that matches your shirt but has a pattern containing another color (red, blue, or yellow could look great). The black and white. Technically these are considered solid colors, too, although your art teacher might disagree. These two are essentials to have for very formal or serious situations. The black scarf is very appropriate at funerals, for example. Redheads may also find a black one worn folded into a strip to hold back your hair can look stunning. The white scarf can look great with a white dress at a formal or semi-formal setting, like a wedding or holiday party. As one of the biggest industries in the world, generating an estimated $1.5 trillion a year, it’s surprising to learn that the way fashion operates today hasn't changed that much in the past twenty years. This is, in part, because it's still easy to source low-cost manual labor in many countries and to outsource any pricey production costs. However, the rising concerns about fair wages, pollution, as well as the need to satisfy the hyper-connected consumers of today, have given way to new exciting technologies. Indeed, we live in the 'insta-age' of technology. Social media is changing how fashion is consumed and has trained customers to want instant access to the latest trends, as soon as they hit the catwalks. At the same time, younger generations, who want to stand out from the crowd, seek products that can be tailored to their needs and preferences. Moreover, 'mass-made' clothing or ‘fast-fashion’, seems to be gradually losing its appeal. As this trend continues to rise, it makes less and less sense for companies and brands to keep producing large quantities of fashion apparel, months in advance, with no certainty of how well it will sell. Those brands that pick up the pace and become more responsive to market needs will be the likely winners in this fast-changing modern environment. As customers' real lives' become increasingly intertwined with the digital world, many designers and brands must embrace the latest technologies to push the limits of manufacturing, production, marketing and wearability. From the latest in artificial intelligence to the boom of mobile commerce, 3D printing and blockchain, we've rounded some of the top tech advancements being used in fashion today.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
What is a Power Relay?
Описание: What is a Power Relay? A power relay is a switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close a circuit. The basic design of a relay utilizes an electromagnet coil, an armature, a spring and one or more contacts. If the power relay is designed to normally be open, the circuit is not completed when in the off state. As power is applied to the power relay, generally from a battery source, the electromagnet attracts the armature, a movable arm often made of iron. The armature, which was held in place by the spring, is pulled in the direction of the coil until it reaches a contact, thus closing the circuit. If the relay is normally closed, then the coil pulls the armature away from the contact, opening the circuit. A power relay can be operated using a low amount of voltage but can also conduct a higher amount of voltage. For this reason, power relays are used for many different applications, including audio amplification, automotive electronics and telephone systems. Power relays were also used in early computer systems and in telegraph systems to relay the signal from one circuit to the next. Automobiles contain many electrical devices and systems, all powered by a 12-volt battery, which makes power relays ideal for use in automobiles. Many cars contain 20 or more relays that operate everything from the horn to the power train system and windshield wipers. While the relays in an automobile can be situated throughout the vehicle, those that can wear out and are most likely to be replaced are often found in the fuse box. This location makes it easy to find and replace power relays as needed.There are many types of power relays, including electromechanical, reed and mercury wetted relays. A reed power relay uses a coil wrapped around two reed switches, surrounded by an inert gas and encased in a glass tube. When the coil is energized, the overlapping ends of the switches that contain the contacts move toward each other. Once they are no longer energized, the switches move apart, breaking the circuit.A mercury wetted power relay works in much the same way as a reed relay. The difference is that instead of being surrounded by an inert gas, the reed switches are wetted in mercury. Mercury wetted power relays are very expensive and have to be kept vertical at all times. Because of their high cost and physical limitations, mercury wetted relays are seldom used. Signal relays for low level current switching A signal relay is composed of coil that is secondary molded, which provides high insulation performance between the coil and the contact. Signal relays mainly have c-contact structure due to their purpose to switch current. These are compatible with reflow mounting and surface mount devices. Our signal relays are used for load switching typically under 2A and offer contact reliability, even if for a small signal load, due to their gold-plated contacts and bifurcated crossbar structures. Signal relays are commonly used in industrial devices such as machine tools, molding machines, welding machines, mounters, security devices, gaming machines, and testing and measuring devices. Automotive Relays - What Are They And Why Do You Need Them? What is a relay A relay is an electromechanical or electronic device through which a heavy load can be switched ON & OFF with a nominal input of current & voltage. This article focuses on electro-mechanical relays used in automotive applications. How does a relay work? The utility and function of a relay can be best understood by thinking of a lever. A lever is inserted at a corner of a heavy load and by placing a wedge (fulcrum) under the lever, the heavy load can be easily lifted by a small amount of effort. Similarly, a heavy electrical load drawing heavy current can be switched on & off by applying a small amount of current through a coil(solenoid). What happens is this - the coil gets magnetized with the current and attracts or repels a plunger(a rod passed through the coil). The attracting or repelling of the plunger either connects two switching contacts in the relay (also known as NO or Normally Open/Single Throw/Form A) or separates them (NC or Normally Closed/Double Throw/Form C), as required. As soon as the energisation of the coil is stopped, the main contacts go back to their original position. In automobile applications relays of different configurations with single or multiple contacts are used for different applications. Why is a relay required? Apart from switching a circuit with heavy load, on & off, automotive relay is required to 1. Conserve energy 2. Prolong the life of device 3. Improve the efficiency of a device. For example let us take the switching of two headlamps of an automobile. If the same is switched on through a normal switch at the dashboard, the voltage drop from the battery to the lamps through the switch will be enormous and the heat generated in the circuit due to resistance will be considerable. The heavy current will be drawn by the lamps which will not only heat the circuit but also drain the battery heavily. Where should a relay be installed? Wherever manual switching has been used for direct switching of a Lamp or Motor or any gadget exceeding 10 Amps of load, a suitable relay must be put in the circuit. It is best if the relay can be kept as near as possible to the load (but not in a hot area surrounding near the engine) How should a relay be installed? 1. Wires connected to the manual switch should be connected to any Coil terminal of the Relay. 2. The load should be connected to any one contact terminal of the Relay (unless Positive/Negative are specified) and the other to the positive terminal of the battery (for Negative Ground circuit), with an appropriate Fuse. Bad Car AC Relay A bad car AC relay remains a common problem for many years, make and model automobiles. We have a lot of car air conditioning articles posted on the site that aim at getting your mobile cooling unit working again. In many of these articles we focused on some of the worst AC problems an old car can have. This time we get to share some good news with motorists. What if the root cause of your air-conditioning problem came from a part costing around $15? Furthermore, what if the repair involved simply plugging in a new relay at the convenience center of your automobile? If this is the malfunction, it results in a repaired AC system. Here we'll discuss how to diagnose a failed compressor relay and point to some of the automobiles that commonly enjoy this problem. Although it's never fun when the AC stops working, it’s the absolute best case scenario when all it needs is a relay to make it work again. The two foreign cars that jumped off the map included two of the most reliable Japanese cars. Honda automobiles like the Accord, Civic and Honda Pilot make this list. In fact, the last Accord I worked on also needed a Honda VTec Solenoid replaced. Surprisingly, the once bulletproof Toyota product line also has a high rate of AC relay failure in the Camry and Corolla models. Digging into the message boards I found that often these relays work intermittently before they give up altogether. It’s difficult to track down intermittent electrical malfunctions. We'll get more into this in the diagnosis section below. There’s a common misconception that if you hear the relay click that it must be good. In the close-up picture on the right you see an image of a bad car AC relay. This relay clicked as it became energized by the ECM. However, you can see a hairline crack in the brass contact strip that allows current to flow to the AC compressor. This means the relay clicked, but did not work as intended. This is an extreme example, but it just goes to show that you can't apply simple rules to every situation. A quick and dirty way to test a car air-conditioning relay is to locate it and then swap it out with the same type of relay. Often car manufacturers use the same exact part number relay in many different locations. This applies to all the vehicles mentioned above. Although it’s not a permanent solution, it remains one of the fastest ways to test it out. If you swap it out and the compressor is not kicking on you have a different problem. In isolated situations where the AC compressor clutch relay has a unique part number we test it the old-fashioned way. Remove the component from the socket and test for a power signal and a good ground at the proper terminals. You can also use a jumper wire to jump the two terminals that pass electrical current onto the air conditioning compressor. You have to remember that an automotive relay is nothing more than a remotely operated switch. It uses the magic of magnetism to complete the opening and closing action. When the relay energizes it creates a magnetic field that pulls the contact closed. Turning off the power to the relay collapses the field and the switch becomes naturally open. There are many different reasons that a relay can fail to operate. When the part itself fails, look into possible causes like corrosion buildup between the contacts. This is a repairable condition. You can take an emery board or fine grit sandpaper and clean these contacts.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)?
Описание: What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? A technical committee under ASTM international finally defined these processes appropriately as Additive Manufacturing (AM), as the technology builds 3D parts by adding material, as compared to subtractive manufacturing. According to ISO/ASTM 52900-2015, Additive manufacturing is commonly given to the technologies that use successive layers of material to create a three-dimensional object. By using various techniques the printer builds the 3D geometry by constructing a thin 2D plane layer by layer. There are seven main categories of AM technologies viz Vat photopolymerisation, Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Binder Jetting, Powder bed fusion, Direct energy deposition and Sheet lamination. Additive manufacturing technology types Many companies have invented and introduced new techniques and Because the technology is fairly new, the companies who develop and introduce different techniques come up with their own marketing terms for the process, even though the core technique might be the same. As per ISO/ASTM standards AM can be divided into the following seven process categories or types according to the techniques used to create those layers. Though companies who have developed some of the AM technologies have their own names. Vat Photo Polymerization In this process, a liquid photopolymer is selectively cured by light-activated polymerization to create a 3D part. It is based on the curing and hardening of photopolymers on exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The main types of this technology are Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP) and Continuous Digital Light Processing. Only Plastic can be printed using these technologies. Binder jetting process As the name implies this technique selectively deposits the bonding agent a binding liquid to join the powder material together to form a 3D part. This process is different to any other AM technology as it does not employ heat during the process like others to fuse the material. Directed energy deposition Direct energy deposition uses focused thermal energy such as a laser, electron beam, or plasma arc to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited. Types include LENS, EBAM. Benefits of cosmetics While some people believe that cosmetic and personal care products are a recent invention, discoveries of their use and widespread benefits go back thousands of years. Today, Europe’s 500 million consumers use them to protect their health, enhance wellbeing and boost their self-esteem. Functional benefits Cosmetics contribute to wellbeing and healthy lifestyles. Our hands carry pathogens from contaminated sources; so simple tasks such as washing hands with soap can help prevent serious illness. Indeed, multiple studies have shown that the leading causes of child mortality in developing countries, diarrhoea and respiratory infections, can be prevented by hand washing with soap. The use of toothpaste, particularly when containing fluoride, reduces the prevalence of dental caries. Toothpaste reduces plaque and tartar, which can lead to tooth damage and gum disease. Beyond health, there are economic advantages to dental care: there is strong evidence that the benefits of preventing tooth decay far exceed the costs of treatment. Indeed, if we assume that, without toothpaste, total expenditure on oral health would be 5% higher, the total benefits of using toothpaste (in terms of avoided costs) would be approximately €26.5 billion by 2020. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the only established exogenous causal factor for melanoma, a type of skin cancer that can spread to other organs of the body. Consistent and optimal use of sunscreen may prevent the incidence of melanoma. A study carried out between 1992 and 2006 and reported in ‘Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomised trial follow up’ in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011) examined the cancer rates of two groups of adults aged between 25 and 75 years old. One used sunscreen daily and the other did so at their discretional frequency. It was found that invasive melanoma was reduced by 75% for approximately 15 years after trial cessation in the group that applied sunscreen daily. Emotional benefits Beyond physical health, cosmetics can help to improve our mood, enhance our appearance and boost our self-esteem. They can also help to exhibit personal style and, as such, are an important means of social expression. In a study by FEBEA, over 60% of respondents claimed that cosmetics have a positive impact on well-being, image, self-confidence and mood, with a large proportion (+40%) also identifying benefits in terms of social life, love life, family life, professional life and health. A study published by IKW, the German Cosmetic, Toiletry, Perfumery and Detergent Association, assessing the self-perception of adolescents and young adults, found that 73% believe body and beauty care is very important in their lives. Moreover, 85% feel safer when they use cosmetics products, and 63% feel more attractive when they do so. Synthetic Chemical Synthetic chemicals are usually applied as additives in everyday products, which can help to improve the flexibility and versatility of these materials. For instance, plasticizers and flame retardants are commonly used in plastic products and electronic products respectively. However, many of the chemicals used in these products will inevitably enter the environment. Some synthetic chemicals can exhibit environmental persistence and possess characteristics of bioaccumulation, which can induce acute or chronic toxicity for organisms and further influence both ecological and human health. Therefore, despite the fact that the chemicals in these products play an important role for promoting the development of human society, the risks they pose to the environmental health of our planet must not be neglected. Biopeptide Basics Proteins and peptides alike are made of strings of proteinogenic, or standard, amino acids-22 organic chemical building blocks found in the human body. Depending whom you ask, a protein-to gain its moniker-must have more than 20, 40, or 50 amino acids; an average protein in the human body, though, is much larger than this, with somewhere around 500 amino acids. A peptide is any string of at least two amino acids that has fewer than this designated cut-off-a few dozen building blocks rather than a few hundred. The differences between proteins and peptides, while they are rooted in size, do not end with how large or small they are. Because peptides are so short, they generally do not fold into complex structures like larger proteins; instead of forming helices, sheets, large complexes, and globules, peptides remain a loose, two-dimensional string inside cells. And because of both their small size and lack of organized structure, peptides tend to be able to sneak through spaces where larger proteins can't fit-they can penetrate the walls of the intestines, human skin, and in some cases even the membranes surrounding cells. For drug makers or food engineers, this is one of the most appealing qualities of biopeptides; they can quickly get to the bloodstream to go where they are needed. In addition, short peptides can be simpler and cheaper to produce compared to complicated, larger proteins. To make proteins, machinery inside a cell's nucleus first transcribes a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into a corresponding strand of messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid; mRNA). Next, in association with ribosomes outside of the nucleus, each triplet of m RNA, or codon, is translated into an amino acid that makes up a growing protein. Finally, the protein might be processed by the cell through the addition of chemical entities on the string of amino acids or the removal of sections of the strand. When it comes to peptides, a few are produced through this classical protein-making pathway. But the vast majority come from elsewhere: the food we eat. When you drink a glass of milk or chow down a burger, your digestive system is faced with thousands of proteins from the food. In the process of digestion, many of these proteins are broken down into smaller, manageable chunks: peptides. Some of these have no immediate function-they will go on to be further processed so the body can later use their building blocks. But others are bioactive peptides; bioactive in the sense that they can cause a change to a cell's functioning. It is these that have caught researchers' attention. What Are Consumables? Consumables are goods used by individuals and businesses that must be replaced regularly because they wear out or are used up. They can also be defined as the components of an end product that is used up or permanently altered in the process of manufacturing such as semiconductor wafers and basic chemicals. Stocks of companies that make consumables are considered safe harbors for equity investors when the economy shows signs of weakness. The reasoning is simple in that people always need to purchase groceries, clothes, and gas no matter what the state of the broad economy. Many of the items measured in the basket of goods used to calculate the consumer price index (CPI) are consumables. Inflation in these items is closely watched because it can lower the discretionary income people have to spend on items such as cars, vacations, and entertainment. Since staple goods are consumed at all times, they are considered non-cyclical, while more discretionary products are cyclical and can vary in demand with the economy. Consumables Examples While certain consumables like food, gasoline, clothing, and personal hygiene products are ubiquitous, the world of consumables also has some interesting niche areas and sectors. Here are just a small set of examples.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
Organic Chemistry Introduction
Описание: Organic Chemistry Introduction Organic chemistry is more than simply the study of carbon or the study of chemicals in living organisms. Organic chemistry is everywhere. What Organic Chemistry Is Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and the study of the chemistry of life. Since not all carbon reactions are organic, another way to look at organic chemistry would be to consider it the study of molecules containing the carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond and their reactions. Why Organic Chemistry Is Important Organic chemistry is important because it is the study of life and all of the chemical reactions related to life. Several careers apply an understanding of organic chemistry, such as doctors, veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists, chemical engineers, and chemists. Organic chemistry plays a part in the development of common household chemicals, foods, plastics, drugs, and fuels most of the chemicals part of daily life. What Does an Organic Chemist Does An organic chemist is a chemist with a college degree in chemistry. Typically this would be a doctorate or master's degree in organic chemistry, though a bachelor's degree in chemistry may be sufficient for some entry-level positions. Organic chemists usually conduct research and development in a laboratory setting. Projects that would use organic chemists would include the development of a better painkilling drug, formulating a shampoo that would result in silkier hair, making a stain resistant carpet, or finding a non-toxic insect repellent. What are Life Sciences? The simplest way to define life sciences is the study of living organisms and life processes. At NCBiotech, we see it as science involving cells and their components, products and processes. Biology, medicine and agriculture are the most obvious examples of the discipline. However, as science becomes ever more complex, it is more difficult to find clear definitions and boundaries. What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the most prominent component of the life sciences. Simply put, biotechnology is a toolbox that leverages our understanding of the natural sciences to create solutions for many of our world problems. We use biotechnology to grow food to feed our families and to make medicines and vaccines to fight diseases. We are even turning to biotechnology to find alternatives to fossil-based fuels for a cleaner, healthier planet. Brewing Biotech Often we think of biotechnology as a new area for exploration. But its rich history dates back to 8000 B.C. when the domestication of crops and livestock made it possible for civilizations to prosper. Some timelines date biotech to the Sumerians brewing beer. The 17th-century discovery of cells and later discoveries of proteins and genes had a tremendous impact on the evolution of biotechnology and life as we know it. How Biotechnology Works Biotechnology is grounded in the pure biological sciences of genetics, microbiology, animal cell cultures, molecular biology, embryology and cell biology. The discoveries of biotechnology are intimately entwined in the life sciences industry sectors for development in agricultural biotechnology, biomanufacturing, human health, precision medicine and medical devices and diagnostics. For example, biomedical researchers use their understanding of genes, cells and proteins to pinpoint the differences between diseased and healthy cells. Once they discover how diseased cells are altered, researchers can more easily develop new medical diagnostics, devices and therapies to treat diseases and chronic conditions. What is a catalyst? Catalysts are the unsung heroes of the chemical reactions that make human society tick. A catalyst is some material that speeds up chemical reactions. With a helping hand from a catalyst, molecules that might take years to interact can now do so in seconds. Factories rely on catalysts to make everything from plastic to drugs. Catalysts help process petroleum and coal into liquid fuels. They’re key players in clean-energy technologies. Natural catalysts in the body — known as enzymes — even play important roles in digestion and more. During any chemical reaction, molecules break chemical bonds between their atoms. The atoms also make new bonds with different atoms. This is like swapping partners at a square dance. Sometimes, those partnerships are easy to break. A molecule may have certain properties that let it lure away atoms from another molecule. But in stable partnerships, the molecules are content as they are. Left together for a very long period of time, a few might eventually switch partners. But there’s no mass frenzy of bond breaking and rebuilding. Catalysts make such a breaking and rebuilding happen more efficiently. They do this by lowering the activation energy for the chemical reaction. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to allow the chemical reaction to occur. The catalyst just changes the path to the new chemical partnership. It builds the equivalent of a paved highway to bypass a bumpy dirt road. A catalyst doesn’t get used up in the reaction, though. Like a wingman, it encourages other molecules to react. Once they do, it bows out. Enzymes are biology’s natural catalysts. They play a role in everything from copying genetic material to breaking down food and nutrients. Manufacturers often create catalysts to speed processes in industry. Transition metals are any of various metallic elements such as chromium, iron and nickel that have valence electrons in two shells instead of only one. A valence electron refers to a single electron that is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom. Transition metals are good metal catalysts because they easily lend and take electrons from other molecules. A catalyst is a chemical substance that, when added to a chemical reaction, does not affect the thermodynamics of a reaction but increases the rate of reaction. Effect of Catalysts Catalysts work by catalytic pathways into the reaction. They increase the frequency of collisions between reactants but do not change their physical or chemical properties. Catalysts affect the rate of reaction without affecting the thermodynamics. Catalysts thus provide an alternative, lower-energy pathway for the reaction to take place. A catalyst affects the transition state of a reaction by providing the transition state a lower-energy-activation path. Transition Metals Transition metals are often confused with "d-block" metals in the periodic table. Although transition metals belong to the d-block of the periodic table of the elements, not all d-block metals can be called transition metals. For instance, scandium and zinc are not transition metals, although they are d-block elements. For a d-block element to be a transition metal, it must possess an incompletely filled d-orbital. Solvents often get sidelined in chemistry. While the choice of solvent does matter hugely, there seem to be no clear-cut rules on why a reaction sometimes works better in one solvent than another. I can say from experience that searching for the perfect solvent through seemingly endless screening is not something many chemists enjoy. So I was surprised to discover that a class of solvents was once voted the ‘British innovation most likely to shape the 21st century’ in a nationwide poll run by science museums and learned societies, sharing the honour with things like the Higgs boson, 3D-printed organs and the Raspberry Pi computer. But the compounds that won the vote aren’t just any old solvent; they’re probably some of the most fascinating liquids on the planet, not made from individual atoms, but entirely from anions and cations. That means these liquids are essentially salts, and that – at least according to high school science textbooks – means they should form nice solid lattice structures, not be liquid at room temperature. Enter ionic liquids. Here’s Jason Bara, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Alabama. Jason Bara Sodium chloride can be an ionic liquid if you get it hot enough. But I guess the modern definition is organic salts that melt below 100 degrees Celsius. And then after that, it kind of became salts that melt below room temperature, so then those are the ones that got really a lot of interest over the last 20 years or something like that is the ones that are liquids at room temperature. So in a sense, ionic liquids are nothing more than molten salts. But when you think of ‘salts’, you might think of ‘sodium chloride’ and it’s ridiculous 800°C melting point. A new description was needed – and the phrase ‘ionic liquid’ was born. Other names include liquid salts, ionic melts, fused salts, or, if you want to be particularly elegant, ionic glasses. The most common ionic liquids are made up of an organic cation, usually an alkylated amine, and an inorganic anion, often a borate, sulfate or phosphate. The reason they’re liquid? Simple sterics.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21
Why ETFE wire material is gaining popularity?
Описание: Why ETFE wire material is gaining popularity? ETFE is one of the most robust materials out there and that is the reason behind it being used to manufacture high-quality wires. Here are some of the major factors that contribute to the gaining popularity of ETFE wire material. ETFE is the acronym for ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer which is a plastic derivative of Teflon. It is a fluorine-based plastic that is frequently used as a building material in the form of ETFE membranes. It is created by extruding Teflon wires into thin films or wires. ETFE was invented by DuPont, an American conglomerate and one of the world’s largest chemical companies, in terms of sales. The material was initially used as an insulation material for the aeronautics industry. Soon it started gaining popularity as a building material as an upgrade for the regular polythene sheets. It is largely used as a replacement for glazing due to its high light transmission properties. Some of the reasons as to why ETFE is considered as an exciting material in the electrical and electronic industry include: High Heat Insulation: ETFE wires are highly flame retardant as they have a melting point of 270°C. They have excellent resistance to extremes of temperature. Self-Cleaning: The material has self-cleaning quality. The special surface structure of ETFE insulated wires ensures that wind and rain are sufficient to remove dirt, reducing the cost of periodical maintenance and cleaning. Lightness: These wires are lightweight. They weigh approximately 1% of the weight of glass. Durable: It has a life span of more than approximately 25 years due to its durability against UV, air pollution and environmental conditions. Extensive laboratory and field research have suggested that the material can even extend its life span in excess of 40 years. High light transmission: ETFE material is highly translucent and has light permeability of 85-95%. Environment-friendly: The material is eco-friendly as it 100% recyclable. Elasticity: The wires made from ETFE are high in elasticity as they continue their structural resistance as they can extend by up to 600% until torn. Flame retardant: ETFE insulated wires are also fire resistant and have low smoke and flame characteristics. Thus the wiring material is safe. The material has excellent chemical resistance and is odorless and nontoxic. Energy-efficient: From extrusion to assembly, they consume significantly less energy than glass. Weatherproof: The wires exhibit outstanding resistance to weather and aging Wires made from ETFE material show excellent dielectric properties. Now we know that ETFE has excellent electrical and chemical properties. Hence ETFE wires are especially suited for applications requiring high mechanical strength, high chemical resistance, and superior thermal and electrical properties. Thus it is a highly popular material to make electrical wires. PVC Wire PVC wire and cable are not necessarily terms you might hear every day, but they are vital elements in the makeup of cable assemblies and other manufactured products. The usual mass of cables that manufacturers and prototype designers have to deal with is one of the main reasons why we provide neat, efficient and effective cable assemblies all over the globe! But here, we’re going to provide some insight and information on what PVC wire and cables are, the various types and their uses. Plus much more. But first, here’s the quick summary for you, then we’ll dive into more detail. What Is PVC Wire And Cable? PVC wire and cable are where a thermoplastic material called Polyvinyl Chloride also referred to as PVC is used for wire insulation or cable jackets. PVC wires and cables are widely used due to excellent properties such as chemical, heat and water resistance, robustness, durability, and versatility. The only specialty in PVC wires and cables is the insulation or sheathing material used. PVC is becoming a commonly used material for many wires and cable constructions recently. Because of this, a variety of PVC wire and cable types are now available in the market to best suit customer needs. Let’s take a look at them in detail. Teflon Wires Uses and Benefits Teflon is branded for its superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, which allows these cables to resist higher temperatures than other hook-up wire varieties. These are considered the best heat resistant wires. There are numerous categories of Teflon wires, and each of them is considered best to a high temperature of 200 oC. Furthermore, these wires are used in many situations, where the temperature is between -65 oC and 250 oC. Teflon wires are suggested for use in miniature cable applications and internal wiring-soldering applications where insulation melting is a significant concern. This wire insulation is better equipped to defy oil, oxidation, heat, sunlight, and flame, while also remaining flexible at low temperatures. Teflon wires provide unparalleled resistance to ozone, alcohol, water, alkalis, gasoline, acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, and solvents. Each Teflon wire is dual-rated for Mil-spec and UL AWM styles to well suit an individual’s specific needs. Depending on which standard you need, the cables are rated to specific voltage and temperature ranges. Sometimes, these ratings differ between the Mil-Spec and UL standards. Stranded Hook-Up Wire, FEP FEP wire, has good resistance to extremes of temperature, compression and repeat flexing. Suitable for use in whole sealed cooking appliances, auto headlamps, internal combustion engine and mercury switches, when shock or sharp casing edges are a “wear and tear” factor. What Is Silicone Wire? When it comes to wires, there are enormous varieties and choices. Especially with technological developments and other related innovations, choosing a wire can be confusing. However, when there’s a discussion about wires, Silicone wires are always one that appears. What Is Silicone Wire? Silicone wire is a wire where silicone (a type of rubber) is used as the insulator around the wire. Silicone wire is well known for its flexibility and heat resistance and is highly recommended within extreme temperature environments. These wires usually have a temperature resistance up to + 250°C. Many people are unaware of how silicone wire can perform better than other types of wires in some circumstances. Especially with the relatively expensive cost, silicone wire has less buying frequencies among many other wires for general purposes. However, there are many performance abilities and benefits that come with this wire. Let’s take a look. How Silicone Wire Performs As we mentioned, silicone wire is insulated with silicone, which is a type of rubber. This rubber element makes the wire more flexible around rough and tough environments. This flexibility supported by the rubber property also enables the silicone wire to keep its shape/structure when influenced by high temperature or any other rough environmental conditions. Also as mentioned, the silicon insulation has a higher melting point than many others. This gives the wire the ability to get much hotter than melting the insulator or catching on fire. This performance of better temperature handling is safe and reliable, especially to avoid dangerous explosions. In fact, silicone wire is an ideal choice for using in high-temperature environments ranging from 103°F to 482°F. However, to get the maximum performance related to high-temperature resistance and flexibility, you’ll have to choose the right wire. Usually, a thinner silicone wire has more heat resistance and flexibility compared to thicker ones. Thinner wires mean less-weight and so the flexible performance of the wire is high. The only way a silicone wire can result in a disastrous output is if you choose the wrong wire, which can be too thin. When the wire is too thin, the PVC insulator melts quickly and the bare copper wires short, causing the battery to explode. Therefore make sure to use a thin wire but not too thin or thick. Also to mention here, one downside of this wire is obviously the price which can be expensive, plus then its ability to attract static. Attracting static makes the wire have a tendency to attract dirt outside the cable. This makes silicone wires get dirtier more easily when compared to other wires. Now that we know how silicone wire performs and the possible downsides it has, let’s get into the benefits of using this wire. It’s important to understand the benefits to the investment in this wire and how they’re worth the higher price tag. Automotive wire is generally coated with either general purpose thermoplastic (also called GPT or PVC) or cross-link insulation, so named because the insulation material is extruded under heat and pressure, changing the molecular structure and allowing it to withstand higher temperatures. GPT insulation is more cost-efficient, while cross-link insulation is more durable and heat resistant. As a rule, look at how the wire is being used. Applications that are likely to face extreme high temperatures like engine compartments should use cross-link wire; general in-the-cabin applications can use GPT/PVC-insulated wire.
Дата Публикации: 24-12-21