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- Создано: 22-02-22
- Последний вход: 22-02-22
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What is a load box?
Описание: What is a load box? When using a tube amplifier, you should always connect it to a speaker cabinet before turning it on – or a loadbox. The speaker cabinet (2, 4, 8 or 16 Ohms) must always be connected to the corresponding speaker output of your amplifier. Not doing so can lead to partial or complete destruction of the output stage of the tube amplifier. Most tube amp designers protect their products with fuses etc, but some amps do not have sufficient protection in place. Our general moto is that “It is impossible to predict the behavior of all the amplifiers on the market in case of use without a load (a speaker cabinet or a load box)”. The electronic term that describes the speaker cabinet with respect to the amplifier is the “load”: we say the cabinet “loads” the amplifier. The term “load box” fits any product that embeds an electronic load. The main parameter of the load box is its impedance, and that is rated in “Ohms”. An 8-Ohm load box must be plugged to the 8-Ohm speaker output of the amplifier. When using a Torpedo load box, the power sent to the load is turned into heat, so please follow the cooling recommendation of the load box – failure to do so may cause overheating which can lead to damage, both to the load box and to the amplifier. The Torpedo Reload, Live, Studio, Captor and Captor X are load boxes. This term indicates that these products feature a load which can electrically replace the speaker cabinet while safely dissipating (transforming into heat) the power coming out of the amplifier. The embedded load in the Torpedo products is reactive: it embeds a specific circuit to simulate the complex impedance of a real speaker. This kind of system is widely used in the industry to silently test amplifiers. Is the use of a loadbox totally silent? We usually talk about “silent recording” when a load box is involved. If we compare the load box solution to a traditional cabinet miking solution, it is obviously several orders of magnitude quieter, but you will still experience some minor sounds, noises, that have to be taken into account: Your guitar or bass strings can be heard. This is obvious, but it can be disturbing, depending on your environment if you are not used to it. You may hear some noise coming out of your Torpedo when playing, like there is a tiny speaker inside the box. This is perfectly normal and there is no reason to worry. The sound is produced when power goes through the coil of the reactive load embedded on the Torpedo. The vibration is related to what power comes out of the amplifier connected to the Torpedo and to the signal’s frequency content (notes played are heard). Your amplifier may also produce similar noise, at the output transformer’s level. Such noise is usually not heard, simply because it is normally overcome by the sound coming from the loudspeaker. The Torpedo embeds a fan, as there is quite a lot of power dissipated into heat inside the box. We selected a “silent fan”, but as it is running fast, it is never entirely silent. This said, you can consider that, in normal use (hearing your guitar through monitors, or headphones), you can barely hear that fan. Care should be taken when using a load box The correct use of your amplifier with a load box requires some precautions. Because of the fact that you may be playing “silently,” it is much easier to accidentally run your amplifier beyond the reasonable limits set by the manufacturer than when you are using an actual speaker cabinet. This can lead to faster tube wear and, in some cases, to more serious issues. Keep in mind that the “sweet spot” — the perfect running point of the amplifier, the one that will give you the tone you are looking for—is rarely obtained at maximum volume. In addition, the volume control of the amplifier is usually logarithmic, which means that the volume goes up quickly on the first half of the potentiometer’s rotation, reaches its maximum at 12 o’clock, and will not change much beyond that point. Therefore, you can reach the maximum volume of your amplifier even if the volume potentiometer is not set at maximum. By reaching the maximum output power of your amplifier, you will hear a lot of distortion, which may not sound as good as you could hope. In fact, most amplifiers do not sound great at maximum volume. Always keep in mind that your amplifier may not have been conceived to be used at maximum volume for a long time. Running an amplifier at high volume will cause premature wear of the tubes and possible malfunctions or damages to the output stage. When first testing the amplifier at high volume, monitor the color of the tubes and the general response of the amplifier. Red-glowing tubes or any appearance of smoke are signs of a problem that may result in partial or complete destruction of the amplifier. The fact that the volume control of your amplifier is not set at maximum doesn’t mean your amplifier is not running at maximum volume. A good habit is to keep the usual volume setup you would use in rehearsal or on stage, rather than just following what the volume potentiometer indicates. High voltage test The high voltage tester (also called dielectric strength test or hipot test) can be carried out using AC or DC. If the high voltage test is performed using DC, it is then combined with insulation; if the high voltage test is made using AC, this is more stressful for the sample and therefore carried out according to the sketch below. Measurement of a high voltage test under alternating current is performed using an alternating voltage (50Hz) adjustable to an effective 50V to 1,500V. As is the case with direct current, the high voltage test detects any sudden rise of current up to a programmed threshold. The short circuit test is maintained by default. The rise time is more than 500 ms and the application time at least one period. Warning: The high voltage test under alternating current is penalised by the capacitive value of the tested equipment. It must be remembered that the generator power is limited to 5 mA. signal generator, electronic test instrument that delivers an accurately calibrated signal at frequencies from the audio to the microwave ranges. It is valuable in the development and testing of electronic hardware. The signal generator provides a signal that can be adjusted according to frequency, output voltage, impedence, waveform, and modulation. Signal generators are of five major types: oscillators, which generate sine waves useful in measuring the response of loudspeakers, amplifiers, microphones, transducers, and acoustic systems; standard signal generators, which generate sine waves over a wide range of output power and modulation, used, for example, to test radio receivers and measure gain, bandwidth, and signal-to-noise ratio; frequency synthesizers, which generate highly precise output frequencies over wide ranges; pulse generators, which produce pulsed signals at precise duration at precise frequencies; and random-noise generators, which produce a wideband noise for various types of electronic, mechanical, and psychological testing. Power analyzer measurements Power analyzers can make a variety of measurements dependent upon the manufacturer and the model, but typically power analyzers are likely to be able to measure parameters including: voltage; current; power; peak, mean and RMS parameters; harmonics; phase, and a variety of other parameters. Some power analyzers are intended for high power measurements and may even have special high power sensors, whereas others may be intended for measuring the standby current parameters for various items of equipment. In view of the many applications for these power analyzers, modern types often have data logging capabilities. Often they can stored the data on board to be downloaded at a later date of displayed in screen - the screens on some power analyzers can be quite large and able to provide very detailed data. It is also normally possible to communicate the data, often via Ethernet or USB with a computer so that further analysis can be undertaken. As power energy analysers can often be used to monitor equipment over a long period of time, possible under a host of different conditions, the data communication capabilities are of great use. Also it is often possible for the power analyzer to be controlled remotely. This enables the instrument to be located close to the item under test, whilst the computer and the engineer are located elsewhere. This can be very useful when an item is undergoing temperature or vibration testing.
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22
What does “USB” stand for?
Описание: What does “USB” stand for? The acronym “USB” is short for the term Universal Serial Bus, a hardware interface that was developed so that peripheral devices like computer mice, keyboards, printers, digital cameras, scanners, PDA's and MP3 players can be easily connected to PCs. Computer manufacturers first began to replace serial and parallel ports with USB ports in 1997; today, every PC on the market contains at least 4 ports for USB connections. What are typical transmission speeds for USB cables? Generally speaking, USB cables are classified into one of two different bandwidth groups: 1.1, which transfers data at a maximum rate of 1.5 Mbit per second, and 2.0, with a 480 Mbit per second data transfer rate. USB 2.0 is backward compatible with the lower data transmission requirements of 1.1, but the substitution can’t be reversed; 1.1 just can’t deliver the rate of data transfer that USB 2.0-rated devices need. In addition to the bandwidth classifications listed above, USB devices can also be labeled in the following “speed” categories, which specify the amount of bandwidth they need to operate: Low Speed: The “ low speed” rating indicates that a device requires minimal bandwidth (1.5 Mbit/s) to function, so it can be used in conjunction with either 1.1 or 2.0 USB cables. Joysticks, keyboards and computer mice are a few common examples of low speed devices. Full Speed: Devices labeled “full speed” need a signal rate of 12 Mbit per second. Since this is such a common bandwidth requirement, all USB hubs on the market have been designed to support Full Speed. And even though the data transfer speed is higher, Full Speed – like Low Speed – transmits equally well via 1.1 or 2.0 USB cables. High Speed: “ High speed” USB devices run at 480 Mbit per second, and require a 2.0-rated USB cable. What does it mean when USB cables and devices are described as “hot swappable?” One of the most convenient features of USB C PD cable and devices is their ability to be “hot swapped,” which means that they can be plugged into – and unplugged from – a computer as needed, without that computer needing to be powered down first. Is there an organization that sets USB performance standards? The USB Implementers Forum, a non-profit organization otherwise known as the USB-IF, is the group responsible for promoting and supporting USB standards. Made up of companies that developed USB technology, the USB-IF includes notable corporations like Agere Systems, Apple Computer, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, and NEC. Within the USB-IF are four working committees: the Compliance Committee, the Device Working Group, The Marketing Committee, and the On-The-Go Working Group. How many types of USB connectors are there? USB connectors – and, by extension, USB ports – can be found in two different styles: type “A” (for hosts and USB hubs) and type “B” (for peripheral devices). In addition, USB plugs fall into three different size ranges: standard, mini, and micro. Here’s a general breakdown of how connector styles differ by size class, and the applications each is used for: Standard USB: Standard is the original USB connector size, and the largest of the bunch. Standard-size “A” connectors have a long and extremely narrow rectangular shape (approximately 4mm x 12mm), while standard “B” connectors are still oblong, but with shorter and wider proportions (at roughly 7mm x 8mm, they’re closer to being square). Standard USB connectors are typically used with, well, “standard” peripheral devices like printers, keyboards, computer mice and scanners. Mini USB: Developed for use with small, portable peripherals like digital cameras, cell phones, PDA's and MP3 players, Mini USB connectors feature a more compact and space-efficient design than standard USB connectors. Unlike standard A and B connectors, Mini A and B have very similar shapes; however, it’s possible to distinguish one from the other by the upper halves of their vertical edges: Mini A’s sides are straight, but Mini B’s are rounded. Micro USB: In January 2007, the USB-IF approved the most space-conscious connector size to date: Micro USB. Micro USB connectors are approximately 50-60% smaller than mini connectors, and replace Mini USB in many new PDA's and Smartphones. Neckband Headphones: Why Is This Design Becoming So Popular? At some point during the past few years, you've no doubt noticed an intriguing new phenomenon. More and more people are sporting what can only be described as high-tech collars with headphones sprouting out the sides. Call them what you will—"neckband headphones," "behind-the-neck headphones," or even the more obvious "collar headphones"—but this distinctive modern style of in-ear and around-the-neck earphones is all the rage as of late. And if you haven't experienced them yourself, you may be wondering what all the fuss is about. Ultimately, the success of neckband headphones boils down to three essential considerations: a unique combination of convenience, features and battery life unmatched by any other in-ear headphone design. Your Headphones Are Right There Where You Need Them, When You Want Them The first major benefit of neckband headphones is perhaps the most obvious, but it's worth pointing out. Given that the earbuds are hanging around your neck, mere inches from your ears, means you won't have to dig through your bag or your pockets when you want to listen to some tunes or take a phone call. And since virtually all neckband headphones connect to your smartphone or personal media player via Bluetooth, those two tiny little cords connecting the collar to the earphones are the only cables you need to worry about. That means no more rat's nests to untangle. Since those cables aren't extending from your head to your pocket, it also means fewer opportunities to snag them on a doorknob and rip your earphones out of your ears. Or worse yet, break the wires, rendering your precious audio purchase worthless. That Neckband Headphones Are Full Of Surprises While we all appreciate the lightweight and convenience of in-ear headphones, as well as the add-on features commonly found in many popular models these days, those two desires can conflict with one other. After all, the more electronics you pack into one of those little housings, the bulkier, heavier and more cumbersome it gets. That's the definition of defeating the purpose. Housing all their electronics inside the neckband headphones allows for additional features, without dragging down your ears or increasing discomfort. These features include: Active noise cancellation: It's a feature we all love, but there's a good reason it's more commonly found in full-sized, over-ear headphones. Good noise cancellation requires sophisticated electronics, and those electronics must go somewhere. That's why most in-ears with active noise cancelling capabilities either come with a gigantic in-line control box, or bulge way out of your ears. Moving that circuitry to inside the neckband headphones means the bits you stick in your ears can stay compact and light, without any sacrifices in terms of the quality of noise cancellation. What's more, the neckband headphones allows for a combination of features you rarely ever see in in-ear headphones otherwise: active noise cancellation and Bluetooth wireless connectivity. More convenient controls: Granted, in-line controls have been a feature of headphones since smartphones have existed. But have you ever found yourself fumbling your way down your headphone cables in search of the controls, only to forget which button does what? With neckband headphones, that's generally not a problem. With the controls right around your neck and easy to reach, you'll likely find yourself using them to pause, play, fast-forward and accept calls. Enhanced telephony: If you regularly rely on a Bluetooth wireless connection, you've no doubt experienced this at some point—you're taking a break from listening to your tunes or podcasts, but didn't bother to unpair your headphones or turn them off. An important phone call comes through, and you miss it. What Charger Can I Use? As long as you're using the right cable or the right wireless standard (and it's difficult not to), you can use just about any wall charger with your phone. Modern-day handsets will regulate the power draw to keep the battery protected, so there's no danger of blowing up your phone by using a charger that's too powerful for it. That said, be wary of using cheap, no-brand chargers, or chargers that have been sitting around for years, as they may not necessarily stick to the same safety standards as the rest. We're not saying all of these chargers are dodgy, but to be safe it's always worth going with a newer charger from a reputable manufacturer or accessories maker, even if it's a little bit more expensive. The bottom line is that while just about any new-ish charger will work with just about any new-ish phone at this point, you won't necessarily see the maximum charging speeds or the most efficient charging rate if you're not using kit made by the same company. As we alluded to above, this is particularly true when it comes to fast charging, as phone makers like to deploy their own standards and methods—for the maximum fast charging rates, you'll usually need to plug in the charger specifically made for your phone. Use other chargers if you need to, but the official charger when you can.
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22
How to Choose the Right Rake
Описание: How to Choose the Right Rake Where would we be without the humble rake? Leaves and garden debris would go ungathered and soil would remain lumpy and difficult to sow in — all in all, garden chores would be a lot more difficult. Take a look at the rakes below and you’ll probably see some that look familiar and maybe some that don’t. It turns out, there are many types, and choosing the right rake for the task at hand will make things a lot easier on you. Let’s take a look at a few rakes you can use to make your lawn and borders look beautiful! What to look for in a shrub rake A plastic head and lightweight aluminum handle make a shrub rake like this lightweight and easy to haul around with your hand tools. Hand held shrub rake models can also be handy in the garden. How to use a shrub rake The 8-inch head on this rake is narrower than others so it gets in between plants without a problem. The long handle reaches into the backs of borders that are hard to reach otherwise. Once you’ve gotten rid of all the debris, use this handy rake to help spread mulch or compost on the beds and around your plants without tearing leaves or breaking stems. Thatch rake Thatch, the accumulated debris that builds up at the base of your turf grass, is a problem. It can harbor pests and disease, doesn’t have much nutrition and won’t hold water or protect roots from the cold in winter. So removing this accumulated debris is the job of the thatch rake. What to look for in a thatch rake Some thatch rakes are one-sided but this model has two — the sharp crescent-shaped blades remove debris, and the round side is for cultivating. Use it when you’re done to prep the area for seed. Adjustable lawn rakes let you choose the angle that works best for the amount of thatch you have. How to use a thatch rake Thatch ? inch deep or more needs raking. In large areas you may want to use a power dethatcher. But in small spaces put the tip of the razorlike tines just barely into the soil and pull toward you to remove the thatch and push it away to get the debris out of the teeth. Repeat across your lawn. Plastic leaf rake You can cover a lot of ground relatively quickly in the fall when you use a wide-headed plastic leaf rake—this one is 30 inches across! What to look for in a plastic leaf rake Because of the repetitive nature of leaf raking, comfort is key when you’re choosing one of these tools. There are actually lots of different features and widths available — try several out at the store before you buy. Check out those with curved handles and assess the weight and balance. The one in these photos has another interesting feature — the tines are joined together so the head won’t get clogged with leaves. How to use a plastic leaf rake With a sweeping motion gather any leaves or debris in your lawn. Be sure to take frequent breaks so you can avoid repetitive motion-related injury. Metal leaf rake Clean up the lawn or your border with leaf rakes. What to look for in a metal leaf rake These rakes come in a variety of widths and some are even adjustable. Look for one that has an enamel-coated head to avoid rust. And a stress distribution bar helps keep tines from twisting. How to use a metal leaf rake This is a good multipurpose rake. Its springy nature is perfect for working debris out of evergreen and deciduous shrubs, carefully fluffing up a ground cover in spring or working the thatch out of the lawn if you don’t own a thatch rake. It’s also good for raking leaves from the lawn but the narrow tines can sometimes get clogged with skewered leaves or snag on a vine or ground cover. Additional Features Rakes have various extra features that influence convenience and usability. If you plan on using the tool frequently, one or more of these features may be worth considering. A telescoping handle allows users to adjust the handle length to suit their preference or to accommodate multiple users with varying heights. Adjustable rakes heads allow users to adjust the spread of the tines for different tasks. A grabber tool built into the head eliminates the need for bending down to retrieve swept leaves. A padded grip, usually made of rubber or foam, provides additional comfort and reduces hand fatigue. A collapsible handle saves space and makes it easier to store the rake in a garage or shed. What Customers Are Saying This bow rake has close to 400 customer reviews on Amazon. Ninety-three percent of those reviews are 4- or 5-star reviews and only 5% are 1- or 2-star reviews, giving the products an average score of 4.7 stars out of 5. While customers said the product was heavy, they liked that most of the weight was in the head. They said that this allowed the head to break through compact soil without requiring too much force. However, some customers expressed a desire for the handle to be longer. Our Experience This rake came fully assembled, allowing our team to quickly unwrap it and start using it. Since bow rakes are designed for raking and leveling fine materials like dirt and sand, we tested this product with dirt. We were able to rake dirt into a pile and level it with the back of the head without any dirt collection on the tines. The rake was also easy to use. We liked that the rubber gripping went several inches down the handle because that allowed it to accommodate larger hands. However, our arms felt slightly tired after using the rake because of its heavy metal head. 5 Different Types of Chain Saws A chain saw is a portable, mechanical tool that has the ability to cut through tree trunks, branches, and other woods with its rotating sharp-edged metal teeth. It is typically used for limbing, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, harvesting firewood, bucking, and felling. This powerful tool consists of two main parts. One of the parts is the saw blade that is built in the chain and has a long metal guide bar wrapped around it. The other part is the small cylinder for gasoline or petroleum, but sometimes it has a battery pack or cord, depending on what kind of chain saw it is. The difference between a chain saw and a hand saw is that a hand saw functions when it is being pulled back and forth manually to cut the wood, whereas a chain saw is powered by a metal chain that keeps rotating to cut through the wood. A chainsaw is portable and –most of the times- it can be used anywhere. Although the first chain saw was created during the 1920s, a lot has changed since there. Purchasing the right kind of chain saw can be a difficult task for individuals, especially those who lack the experience. This is why it is important to be aware of the different types of chain saws before spending on one. Types of Chain Saws Even though they all have the same purpose, a lot of thinking goes into making the decision of choosing the right chain saw. Questions like “how often will I use it?” “What is my budget?” “Do I want one where I have to refill the tank or one where I can just plug it into the wall?” begin to linger in mind. To take away these queries, below are the different types of chain saws mentioned that can aid you in getting your hands on the right one. Gas-powered chain saws are the most popular option amongst occasional and professional users. As the name suggests, a gas powered chain saw is powered by gas. This type of chain saw has a 2 cycles or a two-stroke engine that mixes oil and gas together so it can be used. The oil is used as lubrication for the internal part of the engine while preventing wear and damage, and the gas is used for combustion. These chain saws require regular maintenance so they can work properly. Power: The engine provides the chain saw with a higher power-to-weight ratio, making gas-powered chain saws effective and powerful. This chain saw cuts wood faster than any other chain saw. In addition, gas-powered chain saws are considered to be a heavy duty which causes them to produce vibration and make noise. They also need regular servicing and fueling as compared to the other models. Cost: These chain saws are expensive and they can cost up to twice as much as other chain saw options. Corded electric chain saws run on electricity and have a plug-in power cord. Since they are not running on fuel, they do not have engines. Corded electric chain saws are considered to be immobile because they need to be plugged in when they are being used. Luckily, with the help of a portable generator, you can make the most of this chain saw. With a long extension cord, you can plug the chain saw in and use it. Keep in mind, though, a corded electric chainsaw cannot be used for certain tasks including felling in tree woods. Power: Corded electric chain saws have less power and can be limited tasks (the ones that do not require much more) as compared to gas-powered chain saws. But, compared to battery-powered chain saws, these ones are more powerful and they can do tasks like cutting and sawing small trees, limbs, and thick branches. Corded electric chain saws do not produce fumes or noise compared to gas-powered chain saws. Additionally, since they are lightweight, they can be used by new, inexperienced users as they are great to perform basic tasks around the house. What you do need to keep in mind is that they require special extension cords so they can perform to their fullest potential.
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22
What is rust prevention technology for steel coils?
Описание: What is rust prevention technology for steel coils? A steel coil is manufactured by processing a steel sheet and winding it into a coil. Regarding rust prevention technology for steel coils, the treatment agents are named differently depending on the application. An agent that is used for coating after treatment is called a prime coating agent, and an agent that is used independently is called a temporary rust preventive agent. ① Prime coating agent A prime coating agent forms a film of about 0.1 μm thick on zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating to impart coating film adhesion and corrosion resistance. It is used mainly for outdoor electric home appliances and construction materials, such as switchboards, roofing materials, shutters, and unit baths. ② Temporary rust preventive agent (fingerprint-resistant agent) A temporary rust preventive agent forms a film of 1 to 2 μm thick on the surface of zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating to prevent the development of white rust until workpieces are processed into final products. It also prevents the adhesion of fingerprints during processing and corrosion caused by chemicals, such as acids and alkalis. It is used mainly for construction materials and electric home appliances, including TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners. Stainless steel plate is often referred to as 'corrosion-resistant steel' - it does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as normal carbon steel. It would however be misleading to say it is corrosion-proof. It differs significantly from standard carbon steel due to the amount of chromium present, which limits surface corrosion unlike carbon steel which will rust when exposed to air and any moisture in the atmosphere. Due to its anti-oxidation qualities, stainless steel is often a popular solution. What are the key features of this technology? ① Prime coating agent A prime coating agent is made mainly from inorganic compounds and organic resins. The following functionality is imparted by mixing a rust preventive agent (special inhibitor) with an adhesion-imparting agent, which have been developed over many years, achieving performance equivalent to that of chromate. 1. Suppression of corrosion reaction by adsorption of an inhibitor on the plating surface (corrosion resistance) 2. Processing adhesion due to strong bonding with the coating film (adhesion) ② Temporary rust preventive agent (fingerprint-resistant agent) The following functionality is imparted by mixing a thermal cross-linking resin binder with a rust preventive agent (special inhibitor), achieving performance equivalent to that of chromate. 1. Suppression of corrosion reaction by adsorption of an inhibitor on the plating surface (corrosion resistance) 2. Strong bonding with plating achieved by an adhesive functional group (adhesion) 3. Suppression of penetration of corrosive factors by increasing the film density (barrier performance) Contribution to the solution of social issuesChromate treatment has been widely used for zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating due to superb corrosion resistance and coating adhesion. It is still used for products that require rigorous corrosion resistance. However, chromate treatment uses hexavalent chromium, which is hazardous to the human body and adversely affects the environment. We were quick to launch a project to develop alternative solutions. We have a full lineup of completely chromium-free surface treatment agents free from hexavalent chromium and chromium compounds. Steel coils are indispensable materials for all metal products, and are therefore an integral part of our daily lives. We contribute to realizing a sustainable society where steel products can be used safely over the long term in an environmentally friendly manner. What is Steel Pipe? Steel pipe has been produced in the US since the early 1800s. Pipe is a hollow section with a round cross-section, primarily made for the transportation of products including fluids, gas, pellets, powders, and more. But steel pipes are used in a variety of ways. They are used underground for transporting water and gas throughout cities and towns. They are also specified in construction to protect electrical wires. Steel pipes can be strong, but lightweight. This makes them great for bicycle frames. They are also used in the making of parts for automobiles, refrigeration units, heating and plumbing systems, flagpoles and street lamps, just to name a few. The most important dimension for a pipe is the outer diameter (OD) together with the wall thickness (WT). OD minus 2 times WT (schedule) determines the inside diameter (ID) of a pipe, which determines the liquid capacity of the pipe. In our industry, when we talk about pipe, we tend to call out an (ID) and schedule, like 2 inch schedule 40, or 14 inch extra heavy. Examples of walls or schedules are Sch. 40, Sch. 80, Sch. Standard (STD), Sch. XS/XH, and Sch. XXS. Most pipe is sold in 21 or 42 foot lengths. What is Steel Tube?The word tube refers to round, square, rectangular, and oval hollow sections that are used for pressure equipment, for mechanical applications, and for instrumentation systems. Steel tubing can be made from various raw materials, like iron, carbon, manganese, vanadium, and zirconium. Like pipe, tubing can be produced as either seamless or welded. Seamless tubing is a solid block of steel that is rolled into a round shape and then pierced and stretched into its final length. Think of having a wad of play dough and rolling it into a cylinder. Then push your finger through the middle and make it longer with the extra dough. That’s how it’s produced, but it’s hot and spinning and completely done with machines. Welded steel tubing, on the other hand, is made from the coil. The coil is slit and then rolled up into a round shape and the ends are welded together. From there, the tubing can simply be cut to a certain length as round tubing, or it can be further deformed into other shapes, such as square, rectangular, oval, etc. What’s the opposite of scaffolding a lesson? Saying to students, “Read this nine-page science article, write a detailed essay on the topic it explores, and turn it in by Wednesday.” Yikes! No safety net, no parachute—they’re just left to their own devices. Let’s start by agreeing that scaffolding a lesson and differentiating instruction are two different things. Scaffolding is breaking up the learning into chunks and providing a tool, or structure, with each chunk. When scaffolding reading, for example, you might preview the text and discuss key vocabulary, or chunk the text and then read and discuss as you go. With differentiation, you might give a child an entirely different piece of text to read, or shorten the text or alter it, or modify the writing assignment that follows. Simply put, scaffolding is what you do first with kids. For those students who are still struggling, you may need to differentiate by modifying an assignment or making accommodations like choosing a more accessible text or assigning an alternative project. Scaffolding and differentiation do have something in common, though. In order to meet students where they are and appropriately scaffold a lesson or differentiate instruction, you have to know the individual and collective zone of proximal development (ZPD) of your learners. Education researcher Eileen Raymond says, “The ZPD is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance.” So let’s get to some scaffolding strategies you may or may not have tried yet. Or perhaps you’ve not used them in some time and need a gentle reminder on how awesome and helpful they can be when it comes to student learning. We’ve been asked by some riders with bikes with flat handlebars if they should change to riser bars. The large majority of handlebars on mountain bikes are either ‘riser’ or ‘flat’. On downhill and most longer travel bikes (140 mm or more of rear travel) riser bars are prevalent. However, on more racey, cross country style bikes, both riser and flat bars are common. In this article we’ll examine the difference between the two bars and offer some insight into whether you should consider changing from flat bars to riser bars. For the purpose of the article, we will assume that the bike in any example given has a stem with little or no rise itself and is not overly short or long. More about stems and how they affect the bike/bars later. What is a ‘flat’ bar? A flat mtb handlebar is pretty as the title suggests; a flat handlebar that doesn’t bend upward. Flat bars usually have a small amount of back sweep angle. Back sweep is a slight backward bend to provide a more comfortable grip angle for your hands than if it was flat/straight across the full length of the bar. Advantages of a flat bar A flat bar keeps your hand position down low and inline with your stem. On a bike built for outright racing, this low position puts you easily into a forward, racey body position for driving down on the pedals. It also provides a better position for standing up and sprinting. This low and forward position also pushes weight onto your hands and into your front wheel for traction. Note: It should be noted that much of this can be achieved with risers bars by adjusting your riding technique. Disadvantages of a flat bar On the right bike, set up correctly for the rider, a flat bar may offer no disadvantage whatsoever. However, for many riders, the more forward position and subsequent weight on the hands and wrists can be a source of numbness or pain on longer rides. The forward weight also inhibits the rider from pulling the front wheel up, more so than when using a riser bar.
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22
Understanding the Basics of Pallet Racking
Описание: Understanding the Basics of Pallet Racking Shelving for your warehouse can seem unnecessarily complicated for a very straightforward task. From the immense amount of different names for the same, products to the handful of available styles, it can feel like a whirlwind trying to make an informed decision on the subject. At ToyotaLift Northeast, we want to clear things up so you can be sure your company has the proper racking system based on your operation’s needs. Our goal is to break-down only the important elements of pallet racking, alleviating confusion when it comes time to narrow down your specific needs. Pallet racking seemingly has an endless list of other names. We often hear it referred to as bulk storage racks, storage shelving, teardrop racks, warehouse shelving racks, warehouse racking systems, warehouse mezzanines, warehouse racks, rivet shelving racks, and industrial shelves. What is Pallet Racking? Pallet racking is simply a storage system that stores pallets of material in rows on metal shelves. The systems feature multiple levels of shelving that are accessible by forklifts. These systems are used to increase storage density by using vertical space. Think of the benefit of building skyscrapers in a city with limited space as the concept is the same. The Basic Components of Pallet Racking Due to its long list of available styles and sizes, pallet racking is an extremely flexible storage option. Pallet racking systems have two main parts, which are upright frames and cross beams. The upright frames are vertical columns that run from the floor to the top shelf of the system. The upright frame will have a series of holes, allowing the ability to change the shelf size based on needs. The height of a frame should be the height of a loaded pallet + height of a beam + 4 inches for clearance. This number then gets multiplied by the number of levels you need. The cross beams connect into the upright frame on both ends, creating a shelf for pallets and material to be stored on. It takes two cross beams to make a shelf. Styles of Pallet RackingThe most popular rack style is teardrop pallet racking. This style utilizes a tear-shaped hole where the crossbeam’s connectors are inserted. The unique shape allows the horizontal beams to be locked to the vertical upright frames for simple slide-in assembly. The teardrop shape allows for the use of boltless beams, making assembly fast and easy as bolts, clips, and fasteners are not needed. There are two forms of pallet racks made, rolled formed and structural style. The rolled form is made by cutting and rolling cold sheet metal, while structural is made using hot sheet metal. Structural is the stronger and more durable system of the two, but it is more expensive. Accessories and additional components are often added to racking systems to improve the system to better fit the owner’s needs. Below is a list of popular accessories on the market. What Are The Benefits Of Steel Pallets? Steel is an incredibly strong and durable material. It's used to build cars, skyscrapers, and tools. But steel is also perfectly suited for making pallets. All the properties of steel which make it useful as a building material are also useful properties for pallets. This makes steel pallets an essential part of materials handling for many industries. Here are the benefits and advantages of using steel pallets instead of other types of pallets. The benefits of steel pallets Steel pallets are designed to be a robust and durable option for industries with specialist materials handling needs. Using steel to construct pallets means that they are much stronger than regular pallets, they are easy to sterilise, and do not rot or carry pests. The benefits of steel pallets include:High load capacity Longer lifespanHygienic and easy to sterilise Easy to stack Can be exported without quarantine issues Corrosion and weather resistant Recyclable These benefits make steel pallets extremely useful to a wide range of industries. Steel pallet product details Our steel pallets have the following specifications: Dimensions: 1,200mm x 1,000mm Find out more about our steel pallets. Steel pallet industry applications Steel pallets are extremely useful for a wide range of industries which need very strong pallets for heavy duty uses or pallets which are not made of organic material. Industries that use steel pallets include:Construction – Large and heavy materials must be moved and stored on strong pallets. Chemical industries – Requires pallets to withstand harsh environments and be safe to use in the production and storage of chemicals.Long term outdoor storage – Pallets must be weather proof for outdoor materials storage. Food preparation and handling – Pallets need to be easily sterilised so they do not contaminate food during production or storage. Export industries – Pallets must not carry pests and must be ISPM 15 compliant. There are businesses in all kinds of industries which require the unique advantages of using steel pallets. Steel pallet pricingBecause of their material and specialist applications, steel pallets are more expensive than other types of pallets. Depending on the details of your order, prices range from around to around. Please note: this information is for illustrative purposes only and does not constitute a quote. To get a quote for your order, get in touch with Plain Pallets. For more information bout pallet pricing, see our pricing guide. Plain Pallets are your steel pallet suppliers At Plain Pallets, we have a great deal of experience with all types of pallets. Whether you need steel, wooden, or plastic pallets, we can supply your business with high-quality pallets covered by our full public liability insurance. What is Cantilever Rack? Cantilever Rack allows for the storage and organization of items not easily stored on pallets. Warehouses use cantilever uprights that support cantilever arms. This allows for longer and heavier items to be stored horizontally across multiple arms. This is the key difference between cantilever racking and pallet racking. Pallet racks have vertical uprights that restrict the length of stored items. This doesn’t mean a cantilever racks can’t store traditional pallets. Depending on the needs of your warehouse, you can configure a cantilever racking system to store both traditional pallets and oversized items. However, you can only store pallets one-deep per row. If your warehouse stores nothing but traditional pallets, you can still use cantilever rack but it won’t utilize your space as efficiently. How do Cantilever Racks Work? A cantilever rack consists of four main components: the base, uprights, arms and supports. The base is heavy and often made of steel. It gives strong support and extends out from the bottom of the rack to counter-balance the heavy weight of the stored items. The uprights are extremely strong vertical posts that support the arms. The arms themselves are the “shelves” that extend from the uprights. They store your inventory. Supports connect the uprights to give the racks extra strength. Are Cantilever Racks Right for My Warehouse? The major benefits of cantilever racking depend upon your storage needs. If your business only stores small products that are easily stacked on pallets, cantilever racks may not be for you. Pallet racks offer more options for that type of storage and allow for more efficient usage of available space. Does your warehouse store larger, bulkier items or currently use any floor stacking for items that don’t fit on pallets? Cantilever racks can give you the flexibility you need to store all of your goods. Cantilever racks are easy to install, relatively easy to reconfigure, and easy to arrange in ways pallet racks can’t. What Forklifts and Planning Do I Need for Cantilever Racks? There are a few considerations you must keep in mind when considering a cantilever racking system. First, you must have the right forklifts. Because the arms of a cantilever are only supported by one connection to the uprights, they are limited in their possible length. If the arms are too long, they lose their strength. This means your warehouse will need more rows of cantilever racks to store your inventory, which also means narrower rows. Front-driving forklifts will require rows wide enough to move the long items you are storing. This results in a lot of unused space for the forklifts to maneuver. Before considering a cantilever racking solution, you must first consider side loader or multi-directional forklifts, which usually come at a premium. Finally, you’ll want to work with a warehouse efficiency partner to plan and design your warehouse solution.
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22
What is a Water Storage Tank and How Does It Work?
Описание: What is a Water Storage Tank and How Does It Work? A water storage tank holds clean water from your reverse osmosis system or other filter systems until you're ready to use it. Pressurized storage tanks force water out on demand, while atmospheric tanks require a booster pump to supply pressure. Water storage tanks exist in a vast array of sizes, designs, and specifications, and can be used residentially, commercially, and for large-scale industrial or municipal enterprises. What is a water storage tank? A water storage tank collects water and stores it for later use and timely access. When you turn on your kitchen faucet, water is carried from the tank to your tap, providing you with fresh water on demand. Reverse osmosis systems work slowly, purifying water one drop at a time. A reverse osmosis storage tank ensures you can access this water whenever you need, without waiting for the system to painstakingly fill up your glass. Many wells are low-pressure and low-recovery and are tasked with providing pressurized water throughout a household or business. A well pressure tank ensures that when you turn your shower on or flush your toilet, you have immediate access to pressurized water. They also help extend the life of the well pump by protecting the pump from short-cycling. Water storage tanks come in all shapes, sizes, and configurations, and are used for a variety of purposes across the water treatment industry. From a small, 5-gallon reverse osmosis tank stored neatly under your sink to a towering 120-gallon well pressure tank, water storage tanks are an integral part of many household water systems. Large, outdoor atmospheric tanks can store thousands of gallons of rainwater, well water, or be used for fire suppression. These tanks are usually equipped with UV inhibitors, preventing sunlight from facilitating algae and bacterial growth within the tank. Thermal expansion tanks prevent water heaters on closed water supplies from leaking and bursting. How does a water storage tank work? A water storage tank holds clean water from your reverse osmosis system until a demand for water is initiated in the house or business. Water is pumped into the tank from the water source, like a well or a reverse osmosis system. The tank accumulates water until it is full. When you need access to water, be it to fill your glass up with crystal clear water, run a bath, or irrigate a field, the storage tank provides you with instantaneous access to water. Water storage tanks are generally either pressure tanks or atmospheric tanks. Point-of-use applications, like reverse osmosis storage tanks, usually implement pressure tanks. Outdoor applications or large scale municipal water storage operations usually use atmospheric tanks. How do pressure tanks work? Pressure tanks use compressed air to create water pressure within the tank. A pressure tank is constructed with an air chamber or bladder and comes with a pressure pre-charge. As the tank fills up with water, the weight of the water will begin to compress the air. As the air continues to compress, the pressure within the tank builds. When the tank reaches a certain internal pressure, it signals to the feed source to cease delivery. When you open a faucet in your kitchen, the air pressure bears down on the water as it is released from the tank, propelling pressurized water through your pipes and out of your kitchen sink. When water exits the tank, the air will start to expand again, reducing the tank pressure, and signaling to the water source to recommence delivery. If the pressure tank is being used to store well water, this means the tank will signal the well pump to turn back on. If the storage tank is collecting RO water, lowering pressure will signal the reverse osmosis system to restart production. These tanks are known as hydropneumatic tanks because they use the combined power of water and air to generate pressure within a tank. Pressure tanks allow for pressurization without the aid of pumps. Since air will compress and water will not, the air within the tank will organically increase the pressure of the water as the tank fills up. There are also pressure tanks that do not rely on hydropneumatic pressure. These are known as constant pressure tanks. Constant pressure tanks provide city-like water pressure at all times, regardless of how many appliances are demanding water. A hydropneumatic tank can become overwhelmed if too much water is being drawn from it and sent to multiple sources concurrently (for example, if the shower is running at the same time as the dishwasher.) This results in a loss of pressure throughout the home. Constant pressure tanks use a sensor to monitor water pressure and keep the water in the tank at a stable, consistent pressure. The optimal shape and dimensions for mixing tanks can be summarized in two words: It depends. While the various components of a mixing system are often manufactured separately, determining the optimal specifications for any one of them requires an understanding of the entire system. The tank’s ideal shape and dimensions and the agitator’s ideal size and location are interdependent – and they all depend on the system’s specific purpose. To find the optimal shape and dimensions for a mixing system, it is important to keep that purpose in mind, while considering the advantages and disadvantages covered in this article. Determining the optimal height To find the optimal height to diameter ratio for a mixing tank, it is important to keep in mind the tank’s specific purpose. Generally, both narrow and wide tanks have their advantages and disadvantages. The narrower a tank is, the better its heat transfer will be – a factor that can be critical for certain mixing scenarios. Additionally, wider tanks require wider agitators – and because wider agitators need more torque, they require larger shafts and gears, which are more expensive. On the other hand, a narrower tank will require a higher-speed agitator with a longer shaft, giving the tank a lower critical speed – a factor that can be a major problem for certain mixing purposes. Considering cylinders Cylindrical tanks are a common choice, not least of all because they are relatively inexpensive to manufacture. In a cylindrical tank with a centrally positioned agitator, low-viscosity liquids can begin to swirl – a phenomenon that can prevent a solution from becoming homogeneous. In order to prevent swirling, it is common to install a baffle within this type of tank. But while baffles are an effective solution to the problem of swirling, they also complicate the clean-in-place (CIP) process, making it take more time. Working principle of different filling machines Automatic filling machines can use a number of different filling principles to get the product into the bottle. Each filling principle has its own unique benefits or advantages. While more than one type of liquid filler may work for a given project, each project will ultimately have an ideal filling machine, or filling principle, for the job to be completed. Overflow Filling Machine The principle behind the overflow filling machine is the ability to fill to a specific level on each and every bottle, even if small discrepancies exist in individual bottles. This filling machine offers obvious aesthetic value to products that are packaged in clear containers, such as bottled water and window cleaners. As with all of the filling machines discussed in this article, overflow fillers can be manufactured to meet almost any production demand, as tabletop, semi-automatic or fully automatic bottle fillers. The overflow filler will almost always be the ideal filling machine for products that are packaged in clear containers. However, the machine will be limited by the viscosity of the product. Overflow fillers work well with thin to medium viscosity products and even products that foam. Special nozzles allow the overflow filler to fill each and every bottle to the same level, regardless of slight differences in the interior volume of the container. For products in clear containers, a level, consistent fill leads to good shelf appeal, adding aesthetic value to the filling process. Growth of conveyor systems Conveyors are growing in use and popularity. The conveyor market is estimated to reach $10.07 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 4.5% over the forecast period 2020-2025. In the commercial and civil sector’s businesses are rapidly increasing the implementation of conveyors at places like airports, shopping centres, stadiums, and restaurants. Conveyors are highly popular in the manufacturing and packaging industries as well as production plants and with the amount of demand for these products going up, the systems excel at allowing businesses to meet consumer demand and for that reason are more in need in a manufacturing process than ever. Commonly purchased type of conveyors are line shaft roller conveyors, chain conveyors, and a conveyor belt system. Industries that use conveyor systems It’s easy to see why an increasing amount of companies and industries are using conveyor systems with the numerous benefits they provide. We’ve listed some of the major benefits below. Benefits of using a conveyor system Can safely transport materials from one level to another through elevated conveyors Can be installed in most situations while usually being able to add value and increase the safety of the workplace due to automation, failsafe’s, and safeguards Conveyors can move high quantities of items in various shapes, sizes, and weights Have advanced safety features that prevent accidents and injuries while increasing throughput of the system Variety of options to run the conveying systems, including the hydraulic, mechanical, and fully automated systems which are equipped to fit individual needs
Дата Публикации: 22-02-22